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Biology, Module 3 OCR > Exchange surfaces > Flashcards

Exchange surfaces Flashcards

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1
Q

Vital capacity (2)

A
  • Maximum volume of air inhaled/ exhaled in one breath

- tidal volume + IRV + ERV

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2
Q

Residual volume

A
  • amount of gas remaining in lungs after expiration

- 20% of lung capacity

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3
Q

Tidal volume

A
  • amount of gas inspired and expired during normal breathing
  • 7-8% of TLC
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4
Q

Inspiratory reserve volume

A

Gas inhaled above tidal inspiration (above normal breathing)

60% TLC

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5
Q

Expiration reserve volume

A

Exhaled beyond tidal capacity

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6
Q

Equation for VC

A
  • TV + IRV + ERV
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7
Q

Features of the Trachea (6)

A

Hyaline cartilage (incomplete, c-shaped rings)

Smooth muscle

Elastic fibres

Cliated epithelium

Goblet cells

Mucous glands

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8
Q

Features of alveoli (5)

A

Elastic fibres

Provides larger surface area

Thin layer of squamous epithelium allows quick diffusion

Network of capillaries for good blood supply and maintains steep conc.grad

Lung surfactant to maintain inflation at inner surface and elasticity.

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9
Q

Features of the larger bronchioles (4)

A

Smooth muscle: constriction

Elastic fibres

Ciliated epithelium

Goblet cells

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10
Q

What parts of the lungs contain cartilage (2)

A

Trachea

Bronchi

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11
Q

Features of bronchi (6)

A

Cartilage

Smooth muscle

Elastic fibres

Ciliated epithelium

Goblet cells

Mucous glands

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12
Q

Features of smaller Bronchioles (2)

A
  • smooth muscle

- elastic fibres

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13
Q

Lung features with smooth muscle (4)

A

Teaches

Bronchi

Larger bronchioles

Smaller bronchioles

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14
Q

Features of smallest bronchioles

A

Elastic fibres

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15
Q

What structures contain elastic fibres

A

All of them

Name all 6

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16
Q

Describe function of cartilage (5)

A
  • connective tissue
  • supports and gives strength to trachea and bronchi
  • flexible
  • resistant tension and compression
  • Holds airway open
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17
Q

What structures contain mucous glands (2)

A

Trachea

bronchi

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18
Q

What structures contain goblet cells (3)

A

Trachea

Bronchi

Larger bronchioles

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19
Q

Role of ciliated epithelium in lungs (3)

A

Secrets mucus via goblet cells to trap dust and bacteria

This moved to top of oesophagus by beating of cilia

Sealed by digestive tract to be disposed

20
Q

Structures that contain ciliated epithelium (3)

A

Trachea

Bronchi

Larger bronchioles

21
Q

Role of goblet cells in lungs

A

Produces mucus at surface of; Trachea, Bronchi and larger bronchioles

Mucus traps foreign particles like pathogens and dust.

22
Q

Function of smooth muscles (4)

A

Found in; Trachea, Bronchi and lager bronchioles

Allow expansion for extra oxygen

Contracts to constrict the airways

23
Q

Function of elastic fibres (3)

A

In all lung tissue

Provides elasticity for ‘elastic recoil’ in passive expiration

Helps to expel air

24
Q

Function of the trachea (3)

A

Main airway

Flexibly allows easy movement of food in oesophagus

Contains c.epithelium to trap dust and bacteria before entering lungs

25
Q

Total lung capacity (TLC)

A
  • Amount of gas in the lungs after max inspiration
26
Q

How is the nose adapted maximise gaseous exchange (3)

A
  • hairy lining secretes mucus to trap dust and bacteria
  • moist surface; denses air to prevent evaporation
  • warms air to body temperature
27
Q

Describe the process of Inspiration in mammals (4)

A
  • Air pressure moves from high on atmosphere to low in thoracic cavity
  • Diaphragm contacts and flattens
  • Thoracic cavity increases
  • Intercostal muscles contract, causing ribs to move upwards and outwards.
28
Q

Describe the process of expiration (4)

A
  • Air moves from high pressure in thorax to a lower pressure in the atmosphere
  • Diaphragm relaxes, turning into a dome shape
  • Thoracic cavity volume decreases
  • intercostal muscles relax, causing ribs to move down and inwards
29
Q

Need to specialised exchange surfaces in larger organism (3)

A
  • Metabolic activity is high therefore there is high oxygen demand
  • as well as high CO2 production
  • have small SA:V ratio, diffusion alone is not enough due to slower rate
30
Q

Features of efficient specialised exchange surfaces (4)

A
  • Increased surface area (eg root hair cells, villi)
  • Thin layers; short distance and therefore quicker rates for diffusion (eg alveoli)
  • Good blood supply; steeper concentration gradient allow quicker diffusion. Substances are constantly being delivered and removed (eg alveoli, gills)
  • Ventilation; maintains steep concentration gradient (alveoli, fish)
31
Q

Spiracles (3)

A
  • opening along thorax of insects
  • air enters and leaves
  • water is lost here
32
Q

Sphincters

A

Open (to lose water) and close (to avoid water loss) spiracles, in insects

33
Q

Describe gas pathway in insects (3)

A
  • Tracheal system; no blood pigments to carry oxygen
  • air enters via spiracle
  • travels down tracheae
  • into the small trachioles which supplies gas to the tissue
34
Q

Tracheae (3)

A
  • Tube that leads from Spiracle in insects
  • carries air into the body
  • lined with chitin
35
Q

Tracheoles (3)

A
  • Single cell exchange surface
  • no chitin so that it is permeable to gas
  • supplies tissue with gas, therefore very abundant for increase SA
36
Q

Mechanical tracheal system

A
  • in larger insects
  • air pumped by muscles in the thorax
  • air pressure changes in tracheal components
37
Q

Close gas exchange cycles in insects (3)

A
  • spiracle close
  • O2 diffuses into cells while CO2 diffuses out
  • held in ‘buffering process’
38
Q

Open gas exchange cycle (3)

A
  • usually when high CO2 is built up
  • spiracle open to allow quick diffusion of CO2 out
  • pumping could also occur in the thorax to maximise this process
39
Q

Fluttering gas exchange cycle (2)

A
  • allows fresh air in without losing water

- spiracle opens and closes very rapidly

40
Q

Advantages of discontinuous gasps exchange

A
  • reduces fungal spore entry
  • reduces water loss
  • helps insects in enclosed spaces
41
Q

Describe the adaptations of gills for an efficient exchange surface (4)

A

Thin layer- short diffusion

Good blood supply- steep concentration

Overlapping tips- more resistance to slow water down for more time for gaseous exchange

Large surface area- increases rate of diffusion

42
Q

Ram ventilation

A
  • continuous movement in order to ventilate gills

- usually in cartilaginous fish.

43
Q

Compare main organ for gaseous exchange in fish, mammals and insect

A

Fish- Gills

Mammals- lungs

Insects- Tracheae and Trachioles

44
Q

Describe ventilation in fish

A
  1. The mouth of the fish opens, which lowers the buccal cavity. The increases the volume and decreases the pressure in the buccal cavity.
  2. The pressure in the buccal cavity is lower than the surrounds. The causes water to move into the mouth.
  3. The mouth closes which decreases the volume and increases the pressure in the buccal cavity.
  4. This causes the operculum to open and causes water to be pushed passed the gill filaments.
  5. Water moves out of the operculum
45
Q

Peak flow meter

A
  • fastest rate of air flow from lungs
46
Q

Structure and function of squamous epithelium for gaseous exchange (2)

A
  • Thin layer, lining for gaseous exchange

- provides a short distance for a diffusion pathway

Biology, Module 3 OCR (3 decks)

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