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(18) Biology 2 > Exchange and Transport in Animals > Flashcards

Exchange and Transport in Animals Flashcards

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1
Q

Give an example of how organisms exchange substances with their environment? (3)

A
  • cells need oxygen for respiration which produces carbon dioxide as a waste product (gases move between cells and the environment by diffusion)
  • water is taken up by cells through osmosis, (in animals) dissolved food molecules and mineral ions diffuse with it
  • urea (a waste product from proteins) diffuses from cells to the blood plasma for the removal from the body by the kidneys
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2
Q

What do SA-V ratios show?

A

how easy it is for an organism to exchange substances with its environment (- the larger the organism, the smaller its SA-V ratio so its more difficult to exchange substances)

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3
Q

How do you find the SA-V ratio?

A

find the organisms surface area and ratio and then
surface area : volume
(thats literally it)

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4
Q

Why do multicellular organisms need exchange surfaces?

A

multicellular organisms have a small SA-V ratio so it is difficult to exchange substances to their entire volume across their surface area alone - need an exchange surface and mass transport system to move substances between the exchange surface and the rest of the body (these are adapted to maximise substance intake e.g. the alveoli)

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5
Q

How do alveoli work?

A
  1. lungs contain millions of air sacs (alveoli) where gas exchange takes place
  2. blood arriving at the alveoli has just returned to the lungs from the body, so there is lots of CO2 and not much O2 - maximising the concentration gradient (between alveoli and gases) so they will diffuse faster
  3. O2 diffuses out of the air into the alveoli (where O2 concentration is high) and into the blood (where O2 is lower)
  4. CO2 diffuses in the opposite direction to be breathed out
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6
Q

How is the alveoli adapted for efficient gas exchange? (3)

A
  • moist lining for dissolving gases
  • thin walls minimises distance gases have to move
  • good blood supply to the alveoli maintains the concentration gradients of 02 and CO2
  • enormous surface area
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7
Q

What are the four main parts of blood?

A
  • red blood cells
  • white blood cells
  • platelets
  • plasma
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8
Q

What is the job of red blood cells?

A

red blood cells carry oxygen from the lungs to all the cells in the body

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9
Q

How are red blood cells adapted to transport oxygen around the body?

A
  • no nucleus (means more room to carry oxygen)
  • biconcave disc shape (to give large surface area for absorbing oxygen)
  • contain haemoglobin (red pigment that contains iron)
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10
Q

What does haemoglobin do?

A

in the lungs, haemoglobin binds to oxygen, beaming oxyhaemoglobin, it reaches tissues where it splits up into haemoglobin and oxygen, releasing oxygen into the cells

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11
Q

What are the types of white blood cells?

A

phagocytes - change shape to engulf unwelcome microorganisms (called phagocytosis)
lymphocytes - produce antibodies against microorganisms (sometimes antitoxins to neutralise any toxins produced by them)

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12
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

when phagocytes (type of white blood cell) engulf unwelcome microorganisms

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13
Q

What do white blood cells do when the body has an infection?

A

multiply to fight it off - so a blood test would who’s a high white blood cell count

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14
Q

What do platelets do?

A
  • platelets are small fragments of cells with no nucleus
  • help blood to clot at a wound so not much blood is lost and no microorganisms can get in
  • lack of platelets cause excessive bleeding and bruising
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15
Q

What is plasma and what does it carry?

A

straw-coloured liquid that carries:

  1. red/white blood cells, platelets
  2. CO2
  3. nutrients e.g. glucose and amino acids (soluble products of digestion that are absorbed from the gut and taken to cells)
  4. urea
  5. hormones
  6. proteins
  7. antibodies and antitoxins (produced by white blood cells)
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16
Q

What are the types of blood vessel and what do they do?

A

arteries - carry blood away from the heart
veins - carry blood tovards the heart
capillaries - involved in the exchange of materials at tissues

17
Q

How are arteries adapted? (3)

A

heart pumps the blood out at high pressure so…

  • thick walls compared to the lumen
  • thick layers of muscle make them strong
  • elastic fibres allow them to stretch and spring back
18
Q

How are capillaries adapted? (3)

A

arteries branch into capillaries that supply food and oxygen to cells and take away CO2:

  • small and narrow (so can squeeze into gaps between cells so they can exchange substances with every cell in the body)
  • permeable walls (substances can diffuse in and out)
  • walls are one cell thick (increases rate of diffusion by decreasing the distance over which it occurs)
19
Q

How are the veins adapted? (3)

A

capillaries usually join up to form veins:

  • walls are thinner than arteries as blood is at a lower pressure
  • bigger lumen than arteries to help blood flow (despite the low pressure)
  • have valves (to stop the back flow of blood)
20
Q

What is a double circulatory system?

A
  • the heart pumps around the body in two circuits
  • the first circuit pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs to take in oxygen
  • the second circuit pumps Oxygenated blood around the other organs in the body to give cells oxygen
21
Q

What are fish an example of?:)

A

a single circulatory system - blood from the fish’s body travels to the heart which pumps it right round the body again (in a single circuit via the gills)

22
Q

Explain how the heart works?

A
  1. deoxygenated blood travels from the body and through the vena cava
  2. right atrium receives deoxygenated blood
  3. deoxygenated blood moves through the right ventricle which pumps it through the Pulmonary Artery to the lungs
  4. lungs pass oxygenated blood through the pulmonary vein to the left atrium
  5. oxygenated blood moves through the left ventricle which pumps it through the aorta and to the rest of the body
23
Q

Why does the left ventricle have a thicker wall than the right ventricle?

A

because the left ventricle needs more muscles as it pumps blood around the whole body at high pressure - where as the right ventricle only has to pump to the lungs

24
Q

What do valves do in the heart?

A

prevent the back flow of blood (e.g. bicuspid/tricuspid valves)

25
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

cardiac output is the total volume of blood pumped by a ventricle every minute

26
Q

How do you calculate cardiac output?

A

cardiac output = heart rate (bpm) x stroke volume (cm3)

27
Q

What is respiration?

A

the process of transferring energy from the breakdown of organic compounds

28
Q

What is energy produced in respiration used for?

A
  • metabolic processes e.g. making larger molecules from smaller ones (e.g. proteins from amino acids)
  • contracting muscles (animals)
  • maintaining steady body temperature (in mammals and birds)
29
Q

What are the two types of respiration?

A

aerobic (with oxygen)

anaerobic (without oxygen)

30
Q

What is the equation for aerobic respiration?

A

glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water

31
Q

What is the symbol equation for aerobic respiration?

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O

32
Q

When does anaerobic respiration occur?

A

when vigorous exercise is done and the body can’t supply enough oxygen to your muscles for aerobic respiration

33
Q

What are the features of anaerobic respiration?

A
  • transfers less energy so it is less efficient
  • glucose is only partially broken down
  • lactic acid is produced which builds up, is painful and leads to cramp
34
Q

What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration in animals?

A

glucose -> lactic acid

35
Q

What is the equation for anaerobic respiration in plants?

A

glucose -> ethanol + carbon dioxide

36
Q

What do you use to measure rate of respiration?

A

a respirometer

37
Q

How can you investigate respiration?

A
  1. soda lime granules added to 2 test tubes (absorbs CO2)
  2. ball of cotton wool is placed above the soda lime - organisms are placed on top of the cotton wool in 1 tube, glass beads with the same mass as the organisms are used in the control tube
  3. respirometer is set up, a manometer connects the two tubes, it has a fluid in it (volume set by syringe) and a ruler is placed in the middle
  4. apparatus is left for a set time in a water bath at 15ºC - there will be a decrease in the volume of air in the organism test tube - so the liquid moves towards the organism
  5. repeat with different temperatures to see how temperature effects rate of respiration
  6. rate of respiration can be found by finding the volume of oxygen taken in per minute

(18) Biology 2 (5 decks)

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