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biology module 3- exchange and transport > exchange > Flashcards

exchange Flashcards

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1
Q

define an exchange surface

A

a specialised area which is adapted to make gas exchange more efficient

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2
Q

which type of organisms complete gas exchange by diffusion

A

single celled

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3
Q

how can single-celled organisms use diffusion for gas exchange

A

they have a very high surface area to volume ratio

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4
Q

why do larger organisms need specialised systems for gas exchnage

A

because they do not have a high enough surface area to volume ratio to meet the needs of their metabolic rate

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5
Q

volume of a cuboid=

A

length x width x height

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6
Q

sa of a cuboid=

A

(4 x length x height) + (2 x height x width)

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7
Q

volume of a cylinder=

A

πr^2 x height

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8
Q

sa of a cylinder=

A

(2πr x height) + 2πr^2

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9
Q

volume of a sphere=

A

4/3πr^3

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10
Q

sa of a sphere=

A

4πr^2

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11
Q

3 features of a good exchange surface are…

A
  • high sa to volume ratio
  • thin walls
  • maintain steep concentration gradient
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12
Q

what practical is relevant to exchange surfaces

A

the agar cube practical

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13
Q

describe the agar cube practical

A
  1. pink phenolphthalein dye placed into agar cubes
  2. agar cubes of varying sizes placed into hydrochloric acid
  3. pink phenolphthalein turns from pink to colourless in hydrochloric acid
  4. demonstrates how sa to volume ratio affects rate of diffusion
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14
Q

Fick’s law describes

A

rate of diffusion

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15
Q

Fick’s law: rate of diffusion=

A

surface area x concentration / diffusion distance

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16
Q

the 6 levels of the human airway are…

A 
1→ trachea
2→ bronchus
3→ bronchioles
4→ alveolar duct
5→ alveolar sac
6→ alveoli
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17
Q

what is the 1st level of the human airway

A

trachea

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18
Q

what is the 2nd level of the human airway

A

bronchus

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19
Q

what is the 3rd level of the human airway

A

bronchioles

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20
Q

what is the 4th level of the human airway

A

alveolar duct

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21
Q

what is the 5th level of the human airway

A

alveolar sac

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22
Q

what is the 6th level of the human airway

A

alveoli

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23
Q

how many adaptations do alveoli have

A

5

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24
Q

what are the 5 adaptations of alveoli

A

1- contain macrophages
2- elastic fibres and collagen with fibroblast cells
3- dense surrounding network of capillaries
4- type 1 epithelial cells make up alveolar wall
5- type 2 epithelial cells secrete surfactant

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25
Q

why do alveoli contain macrophages

A

to engulf and digest pathogens which have been breathed in and reached the alveoli

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26
Q

which alveoli contain macrophages

A

large

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27
Q

why do alveoli have elastic fibres and collagen with fibroblast cells

A

allowing for stretch and recoil in the alveoli to accommodate inhaled air and to expel air

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28
Q

why do alveoli have a dense surrounding network of capillaries

A

increases the surface area for gas exchange

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29
Q

why are alveolar walls made up of type 1 epithelial cells

A

they are very thin, so to reduce the distance for gas to exchange over (0.6 micrometers)

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30
Q

why do alveoli have type 2 epithelial cells

A

to release surfactant, which reduces the surface tension preventing alveoli from collapsing, kills bacteria and speeds up exchange of gases

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31
Q

what is surfactant

A

a mixture of lipids and proteins

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32
Q

what can surfactant do

A

reduce surface tension in alveoli, kill bacteria and speed up gas exchange

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33
Q

the trachea function is

A

a tube for inspired air to travel down

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34
Q

what are the 3 tracheal adaptations

A

1- c shaped ring of cartilage
2- contains goblet cells
3- contains ciliated epithelium

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35
Q

why does the trachea have a c shaped ring of cartilage

A

to keep the trachea always open so air can always be inspired

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36
Q

why is the cartilage in the trachea c shaped

A

so that food can travel down the adjacent oesophagus

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37
Q

why does the trachea have goblet cells

A

to trap any foreign particles inspired, which could damage delicate alveoli later on

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38
Q

how do goblet cells work

A

they use sticky mucus to trap particles

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39
Q

why does the trachea have ciliated epithelium

A

to waft mucus from the goblet cells up into the mouth to be swallowed and broken down

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40
Q

bronchus function

A

a tube which carries area from the trachea to the smaller bronchioles

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41
Q

bronchus adaptation

A

a full ring of cartilage

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42
Q

why does the bronchus have a ring of cartilage

A

to ensure that the tube always stays open so air can reach the lungs

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43
Q

how come the bronchus can have a full ring of cartilage

A

it doesn’t have to accommodate for the oesophagus

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44
Q

does the bronchus have a smaller or wider diameter than the trachea

A

smaller

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45
Q

does the trachea have a thinner or thicker diameter than the bronchus

A

thicker

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46
Q

2 adaptations of bronchioles are

A
  1. large bronchioles have goblet cells

2. contain elastic fibres and smooth muscle

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47
Q

why do bronchioles not need a cartilage ring

A

they are narrow enough to support themselves

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48
Q

why do large bronchioles have goblet cells

A

to trap foreign particles with sticky mucus

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49
Q

why do smaller bronchioles not have goblet cells

A

there has been plenty of opportunity already to trap foreign particles

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50
Q

why do bronchioles contain elastic fibres and smooth muscle

A

to adjust the diameter of airways to increase or decrease airflow as needed

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51
Q

for gas exchange in the alveoli, we must

A

maintain a steep concentration gradient

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52
Q

co2 concentration must be - in the blood

A

higher

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53
Q

oxygen concentration must be - in the blood

A

lower

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54
Q

how do we maintain steep concentration gradients?

A

by breathing to constantly refresh the blood supply in the alveoli

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55
Q

during inspiration, internal intercostal muscles -

A

relax

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56
Q

during inspiration, external intercostal muscles

A

contract

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57
Q

during inspiration, the movement of muscles causes the ribs to move

A

upwards and outwards

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58
Q

during inspiration, the diaphragm

A

contracts and moves downwards

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59
Q

during inspiration, the volume of the thorax

A

increases

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60
Q

during inspiration, the pressure in the thorax

A

decreases

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61
Q

during inspiration, decreased thoracic pressure causes air

A

to enter the lungs

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62
Q

inspiration is - process

A

an active

63
Q

during expiration, internal intercostal muscles

A

relax

64
Q

during expiration, external intercostal muscles

A

relax

65
Q

during expiration, ribs move

A

inwards and down

66
Q

during expiration, the diaphragm

A

relaxes and returns to a dome shape

67
Q

during expiration, the volume of the thorax

A

decreases

68
Q

during expiration, the pressure in the thorax

A

increases

69
Q

during expiration, increased thoracic pressure causes air

A

to move out of the lungs

70
Q

expiration is - process

A

a passive

71
Q

during forced expiration, external intercostal muscles

A

relax

72
Q

during forced expiration, internal intercostal muscles

A

contract

73
Q

during forced expiration, ribs move

A

even further inwards

74
Q

during forced expiration, the diaphragm

A

moves further upwards into a dome shape

75
Q

during forced expiration, the diaphragm moves with the aid of

A

abdominal muscles

76
Q

during forced expiration, the volume of the thorax

A

decreases further

77
Q

during forced expiration, the pressure in the thorax

A

further increases

78
Q

during forced expiration, the pressure in the thorax causes

A

even more air to exit the lungs

79
Q

forced expiration is - process

A

an active

80
Q

a spirometer is a device used to

A

measure and record the volumes of air inspired and expired over time

81
Q

what records the volume of a spirometer

A

a kymograph

82
Q

what is the kymograph

A

a piece of paper that records volume on a spirometer

83
Q

what 5 precautions are needed with spirometers?

A
  1. healthy subject
  2. soda lime to absorb co2
  3. subject wears a nose peg
  4. sterile mouthpiece
  5. water chamber not over filled
84
Q

what absorbs co2 in a spirometer

A

soda-lime

85
Q

when inspiring, the trace goes

A

down

86
Q

when expiring, the trace goes

A

up

87
Q

the peak of expiration to the low of inspiration shows us

A

the volume of the patient’s single breath

88
Q

what shows us the volume of the patient’s single breath

A

the peak of expiration to the low of inspiration

89
Q

tidal volume (TV)-

A

the volume of air breathed in and out in one breath at rest

90
Q

tidal volume (TV) is usually around

A

500cm3

91
Q

expiratory reserve volume (ERV)-

A

the maximum volume of air that can be forced out after a normal tidal expiration

92
Q

the maximum volume of air that can be forced out after a normal tidal expiration is the

A

expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

93
Q

inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)-

A

the maximum volume of air that can be inspired over and above a tidal respiration

94
Q

the maximum volume of air that can be inspired over and above a tidal respiration is the

A

inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

95
Q

residual volume (RV)-

A

the volume of air left in the lungs after breathing out as far as possible

96
Q

why do we have residual volume in the lungs?

A

due to surfactants, and to keep the alveoli partly inflated so that gas exchange can still occur between breaths

97
Q

vital capacity (VC)-

A

the greatest volume of air you can move into and out of your lungs in one breath

98
Q

how do we calculate vital capacity (VC)

A

IRV+ TV + ERV

inspiratory reserve volume + tidal volume + expiratory reserve volume

99
Q

total lung capacity-

A

the total amount of air in the lungs at any time

100
Q

how do we calculate total lung capacity?

A

vital capacity + reserve volume

101
Q

pulmonary ventilation rate is a measure of

A

the volume of air moved into the lungs in one minute

102
Q

how do we calculate pulmonary ventilation rate?

A

tidal volume x breathing rate

103
Q

how do we find the breathing rate?

A

count how many breaths per minute

104
Q

insects have an endo/ exoskeleton

A

exoskeleton

105
Q

can gases diffuse through the exoskeleton

A

no

106
Q

insects have hemolymph, so they don’t have - to carry oxygen

A

blood pigments

107
Q

in insects, air enters through

A

spiracles

108
Q

spiracles are

A

small openings on insects

109
Q

the problem with spiracles is that they

A

lose water

110
Q

to reduce water loss, spiracles have

A

sphincters

111
Q

sphincters allow insects to

A

open and close spiracles

112
Q

why are sphincters needed

A

to reduce water loss while allowing air to enter insects

113
Q

what leads away from spiracles

A

tracheae

114
Q

tracheae diameter?

A

1mm

115
Q

tracheae are lined by

A

chitin

116
Q

why do tracheae have chitin?

A

to keep the tubes always open so air can always move through the insect

117
Q

chitin is - to gas

A

impermeable

118
Q

because chitin is impermeable to gas,

A

no gas exchange occurs in the tracheae of insects

119
Q

trachea branch into

A

tracheoles

120
Q

tracheoles diameter?

A

0.6 micrometres

121
Q

in insects, where does gas exchange occur?

A

tracheoles

122
Q

tracheoles run

A

between cells

123
Q

tracheoles are spread

A

throughout tissue in insects

124
Q

3 tracheoles adaptations:

A
  • small and vast numbers
  • moisture along the systems
  • tracheal fluid
125
Q

why is it good that tracheoles are small and vast numbers

A

high sa to volume ratio

126
Q

why is it good that tracheoles have moisture along the systems

A

allows oxygen to dissolve and then diffuse into surrounding cells

127
Q

why is it good that tracheoles have tracheal fluid

A

allows lactic acid to diffuse out during anaerobic respiration, exposing a greater surface area for gas exchange when needed

128
Q

all oxygen needed by the insect’s cells is provided by

A

the tracheal system

129
Q

some insects, such as - have higher energy demands

A

grasshoppers, bees

130
Q

some larger insects have more

A

specialised ventilation systems

131
Q

large insects have 2 extra systems…

A
  1. abdominal movement

2. collapsible tracheae and air sacs

132
Q

why do large insects have abdominal movement

A

to change internal pressure, causing air to be drawn into or pushed out of the tracheal system

133
Q

why do large insects have collapsible tracheae and air sacs

A

to can provide a reserve of air for the insect

134
Q

what difficulties do fish have to overcome

A

water is far denser and more viscous than air

135
Q

what is the organ of gas exchange in fish

A

gills

136
Q

3 gill adaptations:

A
  • large surface area
  • good blood supply
  • thin layers
137
Q

an operculum is

A

a bony flap

138
Q

2 functions of operculum are

A

protects the gills and maintains water flow over the gills

139
Q

to maintain flow of water over the gills, the mouth

A

opens

140
Q

to maintain flow of water over the gills, the buccal cavity floor

A

is lowered

141
Q

to maintain flow of water over the gills, buccal cavity volume

A

increases

142
Q

to maintain flow of water over the gills, buccal cavity pressure

A

decreases

143
Q

as pressure in the buccal cavity decreases,

A

water rushes into the buccal cavity

144
Q

after water flows into the buccal cavity, the opercular valve

A

shuts

145
Q

after the opercular valve shuts,

A

the opercular cavity expands

146
Q

when the opercular cavity expands, the pressure

A

decreases

147
Q

after the opercular cavity expands, the buccal cavity floor -, and the volume -, so the pressure -

A

moves upwards , decreases, increases

148
Q

as a result of the buccal cavity pressure increasing and opercular cavity pressure decreasing, water

A

rushes over the gills into the opercular cavity

149
Q

3 fish gas exchange specializations

A

1- mouth opening system
2- gill filaments overlap
3- countercurrent flow

150
Q

the steps of mouth opening. system are

A

→ the mouth opens, and the buccal cavity floor is lowered
→ volume of the buccal cavity is increased
→ pressure in the buccal cavity decreases, so water moves in
→ the opercular valve shuts and the opercular cavity expand
→ the opercular cavity pressure decreases
→ the buccal cavity floor moves up, increasing the pressure in the buccal cavity
→ water rushes over the gills into the opercular cavity

151
Q

why do gill filaments overlap

A

to increase resistance, which means that water flows slower so there is more time for gas exchange to occur

152
Q

what does countercurrent flow mean

A

blood in the gills flows in the opposite direction to the water

153
Q

countercurrent flow maintains a

A

very steep concentration gradient

154
Q

countercurrent flow means that a higher

A

oxygen saturation can be achieved

biology module 3- exchange and transport (1 decks)

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