Exams Flashcards
How do you calculate work?
Force x Distance
What is work measured in?
Joules.
Force is measured in what?
Newtons.
What is power?
The rate which energy is transferred.
How do you calculate power?
Power=work/time
What is power measured in?
Watts.
What is a machine?
A device that makes work easier.
What is mechanical advantage?
The number of times the machines multiply force.
How do you calculate mechanical advantage?
Output/input.
What is mechanical efficiency?
Comparing work output to work input.
How do you calculate mechanical efficiency?
(Work output/work imput) x 100.
What is a simple machine?
Only one machine.
What is a compound machine?
2 or more simple machines.
Name 5 simple machines.
Lever Pulley Wheel and axle Wedge/inclined plane. Screw
Name five compound machines.
Scissors Can opener Wheel barrow Pencil sharpener Crane Escalator Elevator.
Name the stages of the water cycle.
Evaporation, transpiration, condensation, precipitation, and runoff.
What are the 4 stages of a river?
Old river, youthful river, rejuvenated river, and mature river.
What is a youthful river?
A thin stream with fast currents and steep sides. And has a “v” shaped bottom with no flood plane.
What is a mature river?
A mature river has a small flood plane, a “U” like shape to the bottom, moves at a medium speed, and is not very curvy in its path.
What is an old age river?
A old age river flows slowly, has many twists and turns, opens to a delta, has a broad “U” shape, and a wide flood plane.
What is a rejuvenated river?
A river whose depth increases very suddenly and drops off.
What is thermal energy’s impact on ocean currents?
When water is heated, it is attracted to cooler places, such as the poles. When the water cools, it goes to the equator, spreading heat to cool places and cooling down warm places.
What are the planets in order.
Mercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto
How does the moon impact the tides?
The gravitational pull from the moon makes the water rise and fall depending how far away the moon is.
Why does the moon shine?
The sun reflects light onto the moon.
Does the moon have night and day?
Yes.
How long does it take for the moon to orbit earth once?
27.3 days.
How many days does it take for the moon to turn once?
27.3 days.
True or false, the moon moves east to west.
True
Why does the moon move?
It is caused by the rotation of the earth.
Does the moon waxing follow a new moon or a full moon?
New moon.
True or false, it is a full moon when the entire surface of the moon is not lit.
False.
What is waning?
When the portion of the moon we see gets smaller.
What is a new moon?
When the whole surface of the moon is dark.
What are craters?
Large pits created by asteroids.
What is a Maria?
Large, dark, lava filled pits.
What are highlands on the moon?
The areas around a Maria.
How do people think the moon got here?
The capture hypothesis,
The binary accretion
The fission theory
The giant impact theory.
What is the atmosphere?
Layers of gas that keeps the earth’s oxygen in.
What are the four layers of the atmosphere in order?
Troposphere.
Stratosphere-ozone layer.
Mesosphere.
Ionosphere
What is the atmosphere made of?
- 99% water vapour
- 91% Argon.
- 54% oxygen
- 55% nitrogen.
Why isn’t the atmosphere mostly oxygen?
Oxygen is highly flammable when pure. So without nitrogen, everything would be burning.
What is Temperature inversion?
The point when temperature starts only increasing in the stratosphere and includes the ozone layer.
What is work?
When force causes an object to move in the direction the force pushes it.
What is the geosphere?
Everything that is made of soil rocks or anything hard on earth
What is another name for the geosphere?
The Lithosphere.
What are the three parts to the rock cycle?
Metamorphic, sedimentary, and igneous rock.
What is an igneous rock
When magma cools and hardens.
What is a sedimentary rock?
Rocks formed from things settling to form layers.
What makes a metamorphic rock?
It is formed inside the earth by heat and pressure.
What is geological time?
Time on earth, when things happened and formed.
Who cares about the geosphere?
Geologists, paleontologists, and archaeologist.
What is the cryosphere?
All the frozen water on earth.
What are the 5 types of frozen water in the cryosphere?
Glaciers, see ice/iceberg, permafrost, ice sheets, and snow cover.
What problems are facing the cryosphere?
Warming temperatures and melting sea ice
Who cares about the cryosphere?
Glaciologists, biologist, and climatologists
What is energy?
Energy is the ability to do work.
True or false, energy converts from one thing to another.
True
What is the law of conservation of energy?
It’s the law that states that energy cannot be created nor destroyed.
What are two chemical conversions of energy?
Digesting food, and photosynthesis.
What are the eight types of energy?
Kinetic, potential, sound, thermal, nuclear, chemical, mechanical, and electrical.
What is kinetic energy?
Kinetic energy is the energy of an object’s motion.
True or false, in kinetic energy, the greater the mass the greater the energy?
True.
What is potential energy?
The energy of an object due to its position.
What is an example of potential energy?
A ball on top of a hill, or a bow and arrow
What is mechanical energy?
The total energy of motion or position.
What is thermal energy?
All of the Kinetic Energy due to the random motion of the particles that make up an object.
What is chemical energy?
Energy in a compound that changes as its Atoms are rearranged.
What is electrical energy?
The energy of moving electrons.
What is sound energy?
The energy made from sound waves caused by objects.
What is light energy?
Vibrations of electrically charged particles.
What is nuclear energy?
Energy that comes from changes in the nucleus.
What is a cell?
The smallest unit of life.
What are the three parts of the cell theory?
All organisms are made of one or more cells.
The cell is the basic unit of living things.
All cells come from pre-existing cells.
Who contributed to the cell theory?
Schlieden
Schwann
Hooke
Leeuwenhoek
What did Schwann discover?
That animals were made of cells.
What did Schlieden contribute to the cell theory?
He discovers plants were made of cells.
What did Hooke contribute to the cell theory?
Used the first microscope to discover the cell.
What did Antonie Van Leewennkoek do to contribute to the cell theory?
He found cells in plants and animals in 1673.
What is the cell membrane?
The cell membrane controls what comes in and out of the cell.
What is the cell wall?
The structural support of a cell found in plants
What is the flagella?
The tail attached to prokaryote cells
What is the mitochondria?
Part of the cell that does CR.
What is chloroplast?
The organelle that does photosynthesis.
What is the nucleus of a cell?
The control center for the cell.
What do ribosomes do?
Make proteins.
What is the difference between a prokaryotes and eukaryote cell.
A eukaryote cell has a nucleus, A prokaryotes cell does not.
What is the difference between a plant and animal cell?
A plant cell has a cell wall and chloroplast
What is ecology?
The study of living things and how they interact with their environment.
What is an abiotic component of the environment?
A component that was never was and never will be living.
What is a biotic components of the environment?
A component that is a living thing, but can be dead.
What is the difference between and abiotic and biotic component?
And abiotic component cannot and never will live, but a biotic component is or did live.
What are the five levels of ecological organization?
Organism, population, community, ecosystem, and the biosphere.
What are producers?
Organisms that make their own energy from photosynthesis.
What are consumers?
Organisms that need to eat for energy.
What are the different types of consumers?
Herbivores, carnivores, and omnivores.
Why do organisms need energy?
To perform life functions.
In what three ways do we show energy?
Food chain, a food web, and an energy pyramid.
What is the equation for photosynthesis?
H2O+CO2+light=sugar and oxygen
What is the equation for cellular respiration?
C6H12O6+O2= Co2+H2O+ energy.
How is photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration connected?
Photosynthesis expels oxygen, Cellular respiration needs that oxygen and produces the carbon dioxide needed for photosynthesis to happen.
What are the seven land biomes?
Temperate Deciduous Forest.
Coniferous forest.
Tropical Rain forest.
Temperate Rain forest
Grasslands
-temperate grasslands
-savannahs
Deserts.
Tundras.What are the two main types of water biomes?
Salt water and fresh water.
What are the three saltwater biomes?
Coral reefs
Estuaries
Polar ice.
What are the 5 freshwater ecosystems?
Streams, rivers, lakes, ponds, and wetlands.
What makes up the temperate deciduous forest?
It’s where we live.
Has four distinct seasons
Trees that go dormant and loose leaves in the winter.
What makes a carnivorous forest?
Lots of cone producing trees.
What classifies a tropical rain forest?
Largest diversity of living things, rain, and humid heat
What classifies a temperate rain forest?
It’s the north west United States
It has enough trees and raid to classify it as a ring for us, but seasons like a coniferous forest.
What classifies a grassland?
Grass in the land.
What is the difference between a temperate grassland, and the savanna?
A temperate grassland is like the plains of North America and buffalo roam there. The savanna has specific wet and dry seasons.
What classifies a desert?
Hot and dry and have specific animals they’re not found anywhere else, it is widespread and is hot during the day and cold at night.
What classifies a tundra?
Is like a frozen desert
Is characterized by permafrost and has reindeer and is part of northern Canada and Alaska.
What does life in the ocean depend on?
Plankton, temperature and depth and sunlight.
Classify a coral reef.
Found in shallow, warm waters and have the greatest diversity of sea life.
What are Estuaries?
Where freshwater meets saltwater.
Describe the biome of polar ice.
The Arctic Ocean.
What classifies ponds and lakes?
Ponds are usually by themselves and lakes usually open up into something. They are broken into three zones and life depends on temperature and light.
What classifies a wetland.
Marshes and swamps.
Marshes have no trees and swamps have trees
Does waning follow a new or full moon?
Full moon
What is the fission theory?
The theory that the moon was once part of the earth and somehow separated.
⭐️fission, they were fused together⭐️
What is the capture hypothesis consist of?
That the earth stopped an asteroid and captured it in its gravitational pull.
What is the binary accretion theory?
That the moon was accreted by itself (formed layer by layer).
What is giant impact theory?
That a Mars sized object hit the earth and the core and layers of the earth are ejected out and around the rock and form the moon.
What is a lunar eclipse?
When the earth passes between the sun and moon.
What is a solar eclipse?
When the moon is directly between the sun and earth.
How can you tell if work is easier?
Look at the work input, then look at the work output. If the work input is less, it is not easier.
What is gravitational potential energy?
When work is done to oppose gravity.
What is an energy conversion?
A change from one form of energy to another.
Where is the ozone layer located?
In the stratosphere.
How is the atmosphere heated?
The sun.
Where does the atmosphere’s heat go?
30% is released into space.
20% is absorbed into the atmosphere.
50% is absorbed by us
What is the greenhouse effect?
When gasses like methane, carbon dioxide, and other gasses trap heat warming the surface of the earth.
What is latent heat?
When water changes state.
What are the 3 random causes of the warming earth.
Warm and cold air moving places
Latent heat
Heat trapped in the earth’s surface.
What is the biosphere?
The sum of all ecosystems.
What are biomes divided by?
Similar flora and fauna, latitude, and climate .
What is flora?
Plant life.
What is fauna?
Animal life.
Who cares about the biosphere?
Biologists
Microbiologists.
Zoologists.
What is hydrology?
The study, movement of, and distribution of water.
What percentage of the earth is salt water?
97%
True or false, the hydrosphere changes constantly?
False, there is always the same amount of water on earth, just in different forms.
What are the causes of currents?
Temperature Rotation of the earth. Breaking waves Wind Tides Depth changes Shorelines.
How do the atmosphere and ocean go together?
Work to move heat and fresh water.
How is energy and the atmosphere connected?
solar heat heats up the water in the equator. The water then moves to the poles. It cools then goes back to the equator.
What effects the the moon have on the earth?
tides, eclipses, moon phases.
What is a solstice?
when earth rotational axis is tilted directly towards, or away from the sun.
what is cytoplasm?
Cell jelly or the fluid that holds the organelles
