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Macro Final > Exams > Flashcards

Exams Flashcards

1
Q

When an individual has a respiratory quotient of 1 they are oxidizing glucose over protein and lipids.

A

True

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2
Q

The __________________ allows for pyruvate to be decarboxylated to form acetyl CoA.

A

pyruvate dehydrogenase complex

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3
Q

Which of the following downregulates the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex?

A

Acetyl CoA

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4
Q

The citric acid cycle generates 3 NADH and 1 FADH2 as reducing equivalents and 1 GTP (or ATP) by substrate level phosphorylation.

A

True

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5
Q

NADH forms more ATP than FADH2 during oxidative phosphorylation because NADH donates its electrons to Complex 3 allowing for larger generation of the electrochemical gradient.

A

False

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6
Q

Amphibolic reactions serve both anabolic and catabolic functions.

A

True

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7
Q

The major fuels used by the body during the postabsorptive phase (between meals or at an overnight fast) include all of the following except

A

liver glycogen, non-esterified FA from adipose tissue, glycerol from adipose tissue, MUSCLE GLYCOGEN

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8
Q

Non-esterified fatty acids are higher during starvation than the fed state.

A

True

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9
Q

Which of the following is false regarding glucokinase (or hexokinase 2)?

A

IT IS SUBJECT OF FEEDBACK INHIBITION BY ITS PRODUCTS, It responds to a high influx of glucose, It traps glucose in the cell , It has a high Michalis Menton constant

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10
Q

Digestive enzymes are secreted from which cells in the pancreas?

A

acinar cells

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11
Q

Which of the following is not a function of insulin?

A

increases lipogenesis
increases glycogen storage
increases net protein synthesis
INCREASES HORMONE SENSITIVE LIPASE

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12
Q

The presence of cyclic AMP in the cell upregulates all of the following except

A

glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis,
beta-oxidation, CHOLESTEROL BIOSYNTHESIS

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13
Q

Malonyl CoA is an important regulator of lipid metabolism. Which of the following is not true about malonyl CoA?

A

It can be used for ketone body synthesis

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14
Q

Which of the following is a key stimulator of muscle protein synthesis?

A

mechanistic target of rapamycin complexes

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15
Q

Glucose metabolism can be regulated in the liver by sequestering glucokinase (hexokinase 2) into the nucleus when glucose concentrations are elevated (~5 mmol/L)

A

FALSE

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16
Q

Which is not a gluconeogenic precursor?

A

ACETYL COA
alanine
glycerol
lactate

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17
Q

The monosaccharides galactose and fructose from the diet are converted into glucose in the small intestine.

A

FALSE

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18
Q

In the pancreas, hexokinase 4 “senses” glucose which facilitates insulin release in the blood.

A

TRUE

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19
Q

Which glucose transporter (GLUT) requires insulin before glucose can enter the cell?

A

4

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20
Q

Which glucose transporter (GLUT) requires insulin before glucose can enter the cell?

A

erythrocytes

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21
Q

The direct fate of glucose 6 phosphate in the liver includes all of the following except

A

-removal of the phosphate to enter the blood
-enter the pentose phosphate pathway
-form glucose 1 phosphate for glycogen synthesis
**form glycerol 3 phosphate for triacylglycerol synthesis

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22
Q

The step the “commits” glucose to glycolysis is

A

6 phosphofructo-1 kinase

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23
Q

The formation of 2-fructo-6-bisphosphate (or fructose 2,6 bisphosphate) by insulin stimulates the activity of 6-phosphofructo-1-kinase (or phosphofructokinase 1 or PFK-1) to keep glycolysis active.

A

True

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24
Q

The formation of pyruvate to lactate via lactate dehydrogenase is important to maintain NAD+ concentrations in the cell to be used by glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase in glycolysis.

A

True

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25
Q

The liver can store more glycogen by weight than muscle, but whole-body muscle content is greater than the liver, thus provides more glycogen stores.

A

true

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26
Q

Which of the following stimulates glycogen synthase?

A

Insulin

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27
Q

List the 2 main functions of the pentose phosphate pathway.

A
  1. Generate ribulose 5 phosphate (or ribose 5 phosphate) for ribonucleotide synthesis
  2. Generate NADPH as a reducing agent for anabolic processes
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28
Q

Glycogen phosphorylase is inactive when phosphorylated.

A

False

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29
Q

To form new glucose via gluconeogenesis,
_________
, ___________
, and
____________________
in glycolysis are irreversible and must be bypassed.

A

hexokinase

PFK-1

pyruvate kinase

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30
Q

Gluconeogenesis can occur in which 2 tissues?

A

liver and kidney

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31
Q

What transports long chain fatty acids into the cell from the blood?

A

cluster of differentiation 36

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32
Q

What is necessary for long chain fatty acids to be transported from the mitochondrial intermembrane space to the matrix for beta-oxidation?

A

carnitine

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33
Q

The oxidation of saturated fatty acids produces less ATP than monounsaturated fatty acids with the same number of carbons.

A

False, Saturated fatty acids produce more ATP than MUFA of the same carbon length.

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34
Q

Methylmalonyl CoA mutase requires _________________ to form succinyl CoA from propionyl CoA.

Correct!

A

vitamin B12

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35
Q

Describe in 2-3 sentences how acetyl CoA moves from the mitochondria matrix to the cytosol for fatty acid synthesis.

A

In the matrix, Acetyl CoA combines with oxaloacetate (OAA) to form citrate. Citrate is then transported from the matrix to the cytosol via the citrate transporter. Then, citrate lyase (ATP-dependent) cleaves citrate to re-form OAA + Acetyl CoA. Now Acetyl CoA can be carboxylated by Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (ACC) the regulated enzyme for fatty acid synthesis.

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36
Q

Which of the following serves as a negative or down-regulator for acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC)?

A

AMPK

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37
Q

Ketone bodies are made in the liver and can be oxidized by all tissues except the liver.

A

True

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38
Q

The predominant ketone body made is

A

3-hydroxybutyrate

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39
Q

In 1-2 sentences describe the primary purpose of using ketone bodies as a fuel source during starvation.

A

The main purpose is to reduce the brain’s dependence on glucose for energy. Another answer may include to reduce protein break down in the muscle, in which the AA would be used as gluconeogenic precursors.

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40
Q

The product of fatty acid synthesis is

A

palmitic acid

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41
Q

Catecholamines stimulate the de-phosphorylation of both perilipin and hormone sensitive lipase to break down triacylglycerol to fatty acids + glycerol in adipose tissue.

A

False

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42
Q

Which of the following is false regarding eicosanoids.

A

they have long half-lives

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43
Q

Proinflammatory eicosanoids are usually derived from arachidonic acid while anti-inflammatory eicosanoids are usually derived from eicosapentaenoic acid.

A

False - the anti inflammatory eicosanoids are derived from docosahexaenoic acid (DHA).

44
Q

Chylomicrons are absorbed from the small intestine into the lymph because they are too large to enter the portal blood.

A

True

45
Q

Which lipoprotein is the major source of cholesterol transport to the cells?

A

LDL

46
Q

In the blood, HDL exchanges cholesterol esters for triacylglycerol (TAG) with other lipoproteins.

A

True

47
Q

Describe in detail how cholesterol is regulated at the gene level in the cell when:

a) endoplasmic reticulum (ER) cholesterol concentrations are at 0% mol. (4 points)

b) endoplasmic reticulum (ER) cholesterol concentrations are at 100% mol. (3 points)

A

a) When ER cholesterol concentrations are DEPLETED, cholesterol is not associated with SCAPs cholesterol sensing domain (because levels are low). Thus, SCAP is associated with SREBP, and is transported from the ER via COP2 vesicles to the Golgi. In the Golgi, SREBP2 is cleaved, and the transcription factor is released. The transcription factor enters the nucleus and binds to the promotor region of the genes that transcribe enzymes to increase cholesterol synthesis (e.g., HMG-CoA reductase)

b) When ER cholesterol concentrations are ADEQUATE, cholesterol binds to the SCAP/SREBP2 complex which associates with INSIG. INSIG prevents the complex from being transported from the ER to the Golgi for further processing. INSIG also binds to the reductase and tags it for ubiquination.

48
Q

Which apolipoprotein activates the enzyme that cleaves fatty acids from triacylglycerol so they can be taken up by tissues?

A

Apo C2

49
Q

After eating a high-fat meal, chylomicrons will peak in the blood

A

at 4 hours

50
Q

HDL cholesterol is formed by which apolipoprotein?

A

Apo A1

51
Q

7-dehydrocholesterol in the skin is a precursor to which steroid hormone?

A

1,25 di-hydroxyvitamin D3

52
Q

List 2 reasons why cholesterol is esterified in the cell.

A

Maintain cholesterol homeostasis in the cell
Free cholesterol is toxic
Provides cholesterol to the cell when needed
Can be incorporated into lipid droplets that eventually donates to lipoproteins for secretion

53
Q

Why are bile acids conjugated in the liver?

A

To make them more amphipathic and able to act as an emulsifier and more soluble in the micelle.

54
Q

Bile acids serve as a nuclear receptor so it can regulate the amount of bile that is synthesized and excreted.

A

True

55
Q

Describe in 2-3 sentences how excreting bile acids in the feces lowers blood cholesterol levels.

A

Bile acids are efficiently reabsorbed in the ileum and returns to the liver for re-circulation (enterohepatic circulation). When less bile is absorbed, more must be made in the liver. Cholesterol is used to make new bile in the liver, thus, lowering blood cholesterol levels.

56
Q

HDL can cross the arterial wall and provoke an inflammatory response, which can lead to plaque formation.

A

False

57
Q

Ketone bodies can provide all of the brain’s requirement for glucose.

A

False

58
Q

Long-chain fatty acids that cross the blood brain barrier are used for the generation of ATP in the brain.

A

False

59
Q

The minimum amount of glucose consumed by the brain in energy-balanced individuals is

A

100 g/d

60
Q

The Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR) for carbohydrate is
45-65%
and lipids is
20-35%
.

A
61
Q

Which of the following is not a reason to limit added sugars?

A

they can replenish glycogen stores for athletes after a long workout

62
Q

The Adequate Intake (AI) for dietary fiber is

A

14 g/1,000 kcal/d

63
Q

According to research by Miketinas and Patterson, 2021, US adults with diabetes consume more fiber than healthy adults.

A

True

64
Q

One-third of the brain’s essential fatty acid content consists of _________ and _________.

A

docosahexaenoic acid + arachidonic acid

65
Q

Aspirin modifies the cyclooxygenase 2 enzyme; therefore, pro-inflammatory leukotrienes are epimerized to pro-resolving leukotrienes.

A

True

66
Q

Saturated fatty acids intake should be replaced with the following:

A

polyunsaturated fatty acids

67
Q

The conversion rate of alpha-linoleic acid to eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid in our bodies is very efficient; therefore, the need to supplement eicosapentaenoic acid to docosahexaenoic acid in some populations is not necessary.

A

False

68
Q

The majority of added sugars in the US diet come from which of the following?

A

sugar-sweetened beverages

69
Q

Glucose is the preferred fuel for enterocytes.

A

Glutamine is the preferred fuel for enterocytes.

70
Q

The recommended intake of dietary fiber is 15 g per 1,000 kcal daily.

A

False

71
Q

Fructose is absorbed from the small intestinal lumen into the enterocyte by

A

GLUT 5

72
Q

Highly fermented fibers include all of the following except

A

*cellulose
pectin
oat bran
inulin

73
Q

Digestion of starch by amylase begins in the mouth by hydrolysis of what type of linkage?

A

alpha (1–>4)

74
Q

The function of fiber in the large intestine depends on which of the following

A

degree of fermentation
type of fiber
resident microflora

  • all of the above
75
Q

Which of the following is NOT true when describing cholecystokinin (CCK)?

A
  • it is released into the lumen of the small intestine
    it stimulates digestive enzyme release from the pancreas
    it functions as a hormone in the GI tract
    it stimulates bile release from the gallbladder
76
Q

Which of the following is NOT a function of gel forming fibers?

A

binding bile and removing it from the body
improved satiety
attenuate nutrient absorption

*increase gastric emptying

77
Q

Which of the following sugars is NOT a disaccharide?

A

sucrose
*amylose
maltose
lactose

78
Q

Resistant starch escapes digestion in the small intestine and enters the large intestine to be fermented by microbiota.

A

True

79
Q

Which of the following is not absorbed in the stomach?

A

AMINO ACIDS, alcohol, salts, butyrate

80
Q

The duodenum absorbs most nutrients except Fe and Ca

A

False

81
Q

Bile acids can be ______ with glycine and taurine making them more polar prior to form micelles that aid in emulsifying dietary fat

A

true

82
Q

Major functions of stomach

A

secretion of HCl, zmogens, endocrine hormones, and intrinic factor

regulation of chyme entry into SI

temporarily storing food and liquid

83
Q

Which stomach cells release HCL and intrinsic factor?

A

Parietal

84
Q

Leptin is released from the stomach during fasting and stimulates food intake

A

false

85
Q

The ileum absorbs ______ and _____

A

vitamin b12 and bile acids

86
Q

zwitterion

A

AA has a net charge of zero

87
Q

Type of reaction that occurs when two amino acids form a peptide bond

A

condensation

88
Q

The primary structure of a protein directs the folding of the protein in its 3D shape

A

true

89
Q

Vitamin C and zinc are necessary for the hydroxylation of lysine and proline so collagen can mature

A

false

90
Q

Which of the following can lead to the impairment of starch digestion and cause GI distress?

A

Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors

91
Q

Incretins do all of the following except

A

stimulate insulin release
INHIBIT DIPEPTIDYL PEPTIDASE-4
proliferate pancreatic beta cells
effect food intake via the vagus nerve

92
Q

What is required for pancreatic lipase to break down triacylglycerides in the presence of bile acid

A

colipase

93
Q

30% of phytosterols are absorbed in the enterocyte

A

false

94
Q

apolipoprotein associated with chylomicrons

A

APO B48

95
Q

The most appropriate way to classify dietary fiber by physiological function is by solubility

A

false

96
Q

During the fed state, the brain uses _____ percent of glucose for energy

A

10

97
Q

which of the following is not a gluconeogenic substrate

A

glycerol
alanine
lactate
ACETYL COA

98
Q

adipose tissue has glycerol kinase

A

false

99
Q

which glut is expressed in the brain

A

GLUT3

100
Q

Hexokinase primarily acts as a glucose sensor in which tissue

A

pancreas

101
Q

gluconeogenisis occurs in which two tissues

A

liver, kidney

102
Q

primary regulator of glycolysis

A

fructose 2-6 bisphosphate

103
Q

glycogen synthase is activated when phosphorylated

A

false

104
Q

glycogen contains amylose and amylopectin

A

false, contains 1-4 and 1-6 branches but not called amylose and amylopectin

105
Q

glycogen synthase adds glucose to the non-reducing end of existing glycogen molecule

A

true

106
Q

net ATP from glucose alanine cycle

A

4

Macro Final (1 decks)

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