EXAMS 1 Flashcards
Brain abnormalities can be related to:
more than 2,000 disorders.
All the nerve processes radiating out beyond the brain and spinal cord as well as all the neurons outside the brain and spinal cord constitute the:
peripheral nervous system
- Which is NOT part of the peripheral nervous system?
the spinal cord
- The set of brain structures responsible for most of our unconscious behaviors is called:
the brainstem
The postulation that we make subliminal movements of our larynx and muscles when we imagine was expounded by:
Edmond Jacobson
- “Behavior consists of patterns in time” is a definition of behavior expounded by:
Irenäus Eibl-Eibesfeldt.
Patterns in time can be made up of:
C) both movements and thinking.
- Animals with smaller brains and simpler nervous systems have mostly _____ behaviors, whereas animals with larger brains and more complex nervous systems have mostly _____ behaviors.
inherited; learned
Crossbill birds have a beak that is designed to eat pine cones. If we trim the beak, the behavior disappears. This example illustrates:
fixed behavior.
- The sucking response observed in newborn human infants is an example of a(n):
inherited response.
Which statement is the MOST accurate?
B) Humans share many inherited behaviors but are mostly influenced by learning.
The hypothesis that the psyche is responsible for behavior was expounded by:
Aristotle.
Mentalism is:
the notion that the mind is responsible for behavior.
The _____ is a nonmaterial entity that is responsible for intelligence, attention, awareness, and consciousness
mind
- The notion that the mind resides in the pineal body comes from:
René Descartes.
According to the philosophy of dualism:
the pineal body influences the body by directing fluids from the ventricles to the muscles.
Subsequent research indicated that the pineal body was responsible for _____ rather than controlling human behavior.
biological rhythms
The difficulty in explaining how a nonmaterial mind can influence a material body is called:
the mind-body problem.
Descartes’s followers would argue that
young children do not have minds
The notion that all behavior can be explained by the workings of the brain is commonly referred to as:
materialism.
The notion that all living things are related was put forward by:
both Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace.
The notion that differential success in the reproduction of characteristics results from interactions between organisms and their environment is known as:
natural selection.
- Images of blood flow in the brain in monkeys have demonstrated that:
humans and monkeys use the same brain areas for language.
Individual variation in plants and animals was first explained by:
Gregor Mendel
The study of how genetic expression is related to the environment and experience is known as:
epigenetics.
Neuroscientists study the nervous systems of other animals such as slugs, snails, fruit flies, rats and monkeys because:
if all animals are related then all nervous systems are related and we can learn about the human brain by studying other animals.
Inherited behavior:
includes emotional expressions in humans.
Of the 100,000 people in the United States who may become comatose in a given year, how many recover consciousness?
20 percent
A person who can display some rudimentary behaviors such as smiling or blinking but is otherwise not conscious is described as being:
in a minimally conscious state
In a study with a patient in a minimally conscious state, Schiff and colleagues found that _____ led to dramatic improvements in the patient’s behavior.
deep brain stimulation
The first humanlike brain evolved
6 million years ago
The first brain evolved approximately:
250 million years ago
Humans are of the order ____ and the family_____.
primates; great apes
Which sequences is correct?
phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
The branch of biology that is concerned with naming and classifying species is
taxonomy
Humans, monkeys, Neanderthals, and chimpanzees—all belong to the same:
order
Humans, tigers, dogs, and monkeys are all part of the same:
class
Insects have
enough ganglia to be called a brain
The correct order of organisms from the least complex to the most complex nervous system is:
sea anemone, flatworm, squid, frog
Animals with both a brain and a spinal cord are called
chordates.
Humans are unique in that they have the
largest brain to body size ratio of any living animal
- More advanced nervous systems often have similar structures on the left and right sides (e.g., the left and right hemispheres of the brain). This concept is known as:
bilateral symmetry
A notochord is a
longitudinal flexible rod in the back.
Chordates are any organisms that have:
a brain and a spinal cord
The correct order of the evolution of nervous systems from simple to complex is:
nerve net, segmentation, ganglia, spinal cord, brain.
- Other than humans, which chordate has the largest forebrain?
birds
Increased brain size and increased folding are most prominent in which chordate species?
both primates and dolphins
- The primate order contains approximately:
275 species.
- Humans and chimpanzees shared a common ancestor approximately:
5–10 million years ago
- Humans are most closely related to:
chimpanzees.
- The first primate to walk upright similar to humans was:
Australopithecus
- The correct order of these early hominids from smallest to largest brain size is:
B) Homo habilis, Homo erectus, Homo neanderthalensis.
The oldest fossils that have been identified as human are approximately:
2 million years old
- Which of our human ancestors had the largest brain size?
B) Neanderthals
Tools are associated with:
All of the answers are correct.
Modern humans appeared approximately:
200,000 years ago.
- Homo sapiens coexisted with:
Neanderthals
Which sequences is correct?
Homo habilis, Homo erectus, Homo sapiens
Modern Europeans may have acquired genes that helped them adapt to the cold and absorb more vitamin D through interbreeding with:
Neanderthals
The idea that species exhibiting more complex behaviors will possess relatively larger brains is summed up by:
A) the principle of proper mass.
The encephalization quotient is determined by:
relating actual brain size to expected brain size.
- Which living animal has an encephalization quotient that is closest to modern humans?
Dolphin
- Which has the largest encephalization quotient?
Dolphin
- The human cerebellum contains about ____ as many neurons as the cerebrum.
four times
Although the elephant brain contains many more neurons than the human brain, most of these additional neurons are located in the elephant’s:
cerebellum
- Climate change may have placed pressure on apes to adapt to their environment. Specifically, apes that lived in _____ climates may have begun to walk upright.
drier
Dunbar proposed that group sizes of _____ tend to be correlated with increased brain size in primates.
about 150
Vegetation eaters have:
smaller brains than fruit eaters
Eating fruit favors a larger brain because it:
All of the answers are correct.
Fruit-eating primates:
forage more than vegetation eaters and thus have a larger brain.
Howler monkeys have smaller brains than equally sized spider monkeys. This is thought to stem from the fact that
howler monkeys eat less fruit than spider monkeys.
You have discovered a new breed of monkey in the jungles of South America. The diet of these monkeys appears to consist mainly of fruit. Based on what you know about evolution and other fruit-eating monkeys, which statement is likely to apply to this newly discovered breed of monkey?
All of the answers are correct
- How much of the body’s resources does the brain use?
20 percent
Humans are classed as:
fruit eaters.
- _____ allowed humans to maximize caloric gain and spend less time foraging.
Cooking food
- The radiator hypothesis is a theory relating to:
cooling of the brain by blood flow.
Compared with Australopithecus skulls, human skulls contain holes through which blood vessels could pass. This would have led to:
both better brain cooling and increased brain size.
Stedman and colleagues argue that size reductions in facial muscles and facial bones in early hominids may have led to:
changes in diet.
Our small face, vaulted cranium, upright mobility, and distribution of hair are features that link us with juvenile chimps. This illustrates:
neoteny.
One of the benefits of neoteny is that it allows:
A) time for more brain cells to be produced.
Brain size is correlated with:
All of the answers are correct
If one person has a brain weighing 1000 grams and another has a brain weighing 1500 grams, the difference most likely reflects:
body size.
- A behavior that is typical of all members of a species is called:
species-typical behavior.
- Which of the following is NOT correlated with brain size?
Intelligence
You and your grandfather both take the same intelligence test and you score almost 20 points higher! This is an example of the _____ and it is likely due to _____.
Flynn effect; differences in education and/or life experiences
Comparing intelligence between species is difficult because we are typically reduced to comparing:
differences in species-typical behaviors.
Studies of the brains of very intelligent people (e.g., Albert Einstein) have revealed that intelligent people’s brains:
have no size relation to intelligence
- _____ is the complex learned behaviors passed on from one generation to another.
Culture
The acquisition of culture by humans stems most directly from:
A) an evolved ability for high mental flexibility.
The first artistic relics were made by modern humans approximately:
30,000 years ago.
Reading and writing were invented approximately
7000 years ago.
_____ are ideas, behaviors, or styles that spread from person to person in a culture and can be influenced by brain structure.
Memes
According to Mesoudi, language, music, mathematics, and art may have spread through cultures by way of:
memes.
The cerebellum contains _____ of all the neurons in the adult human brain.
80%
- Neural agenesis refers to:
the failure of a structure to develop
- If a tree falls in the forest, does it make a sound if no one is present?
No, because sound is a fabrication of your brain
- Phenotypic plasticity refers to:
A) how an organism’s genotype can be influenced by environmental factors.
The CNS includes the _____, whereas the PNS includes the _____.
spinal cord and brain; autonomic nervous system and somatic nervous system
The somatic nervous system includes the _____, whereas the autonomic nervous system includes the _____.
D) cranial nerves and spinal nerves; sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
The subdivision of the nervous system that controls the gut is called the:
enteric nervous system
The term afferent refers to _____ signals.
incoming
Efferent is to afferent as:
motor is to sensory.
Afferent is to efferent as:
in is to out.
Moving from superficial layers to deep layers, in what order are the meninges found?
dura mater, arachnoid layer, pia mater
Brain nomenclature can be very confusing. This is because:
All of the answers are correct.
Structures atop the brain or a structure within the brain are_____:
dorsal.
The ventral portion of a structure is sometimes called:
inferior
Rostral is to caudal as:
anterior is to posterior.
Coronal section is to horizontal section as:
frontal view is to dorsal view.
What best characterizes the composition of cerebrospinal fluid?
sodium chloride and other salts
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flows between:
the arachnoid layer and pia mater.
The functions of the temporal lobes lie mainly in:
hearing, language, and music
Following a brain injury Greg has difficulty in understanding language and music. He is most likely to have suffered damage to his:
temporal lobe.
The frontal lobes are responsible for controlling:
decision making.
Following a brain injury Suzanne experiences difficulty with problem solving and decision making. She is most likely to have suffered an injury to her:
frontal lobe.
The parietal lobes primarily control:
sensory processing and directing movements toward objects.
Following a recent stroke Jim experiences difficulty with directing movements toward objects. The stroke is most likely to have occurred in his:
parietal lobe.
The occipital lobes are responsible for:
visual processing.
During a recent car accident Allison suffered a brain injury that left her blind even though her eyes are working fine. She is most likely to have suffered damage to her:
occipital lobe.
Sulci are:
the cracks between the bumps on the brain.
Gyri are:
bumps on the surface of the cortex.
Which of the following is NOT a symptom associated with meningitis?
aggressiveness
Sulcus is to gyrus as:
crack is to bump.
The symptoms of the “sleeping sickness” that arose during World War I are caused by lesions to the:
substantia nigra.
Which of the following arteries does NOT act as a major supplier to the cerebrum?
superior
The artery that provides blood to the lateral, temporal, and frontal lobes is the _____ cerebral artery.
middle
The artery that provides blood to the occipital lobes is the _____ cerebral artery.
posterior
A disruption of the blood supply to a brain region causes:
a stroke
- _____ is mainly composed of cell bodies and capillaries.
Gray matter
_____ is(are) mainly composed of nerve fibers with fatty coverings.
White matter
CSF is made in
the ventricles.
The large cavities inside the brain are known as:
ventricles and are filled with CSF.
What is the most unlikely function of CSF?
aiding cell transmission in the brain
Ischemic stroke is caused by:
a clot.
A hemorrhagic stroke is caused by:
a ruptured blood vessel.
- Tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) is effective for treating:
ischemic stroke
When observing a sagittal brain section at the midline, what is the prominent feature composed of white matter?
corpus callosum
- Cutting the brain from front to back will give:
a sagittal view.
According to Descartes, the seat of the mind was located in the:
pineal gland.
The role of glial cells is primarily:
to modulate the activity of neurons
- CNS is to PNS as:
tract is to nerve.
- The prosencephalon is sometimes referred to as:
D) the front brain.
In the human brain the basal ganglia, limbic system, and olfactory bulbs are considered part of the
telencephalon.
In the human brain the mesencephalon contains:
tectum and tegmentum.
The thalamus and hypothalamus are considered part of the:
diencephalon.
Which of the following structures is NOT part of the metencephalon?
the medulla
Which of the following is NOT part of the hindbrain?
the tegmentum
Awakening from sleep is a function of:
D) the reticular formation.
The reticular formation is primarily made up of:
gray matter and white matter.
The primary function of the cerebellum is:
control of movement
Orienting responses (e.g., turning your head to locate the source of a sound) are controlled by:
the superior and inferior colliculi.
The red nucleus, substantia nigra, and periaqueductal gray matter are parts of the:
tegmentum.
Regulation of breathing and the cardiovascular system is primarily controlled by:
the medulla.
What are the functions of the superior and inferior colliculi respectively?
visual and auditory
Which of the following is part of the tegmentum?
the substantia nigra
The hypothalamus is NOT primarily involved in:
sensory input.
Sexual behavior is a primary function of:
the hypothalamus.
The _____ acts as a sensory relay station for signals arriving from sensory receptors that are being sent to the cortex.
pons
Thalamus is to hypothalamus as:
sensory input is to body maintenance.
The lateral geniculate nucleus deals with:
vision.
The primary function of the thalamus is:
transmission of sensory inputs to the cortex.
Which of the following is NOT part of the forebrain?
the tectum
The basal ganglia primarily controls:
voluntary movement.
Cognition is usually attributed to:
the neocortex.
Deficits in processing basic visual information (e.g., luminance) are caused by damage to the:
occipital lobe
A person who has trouble locating the source of stimulation on the skin most likely has damage to the:
parietal lobe.
Trouble recognizing sounds is most commonly associated with damage to the
temporal lobe.
Following a brain injury Steven has trouble organizing himself and has difficulty formulating plans to accomplish goals. Steven is most likely to have damaged his:
frontal lobe.
Six layers of gray matter on top of a layer of white matter would describe:
the neocortex.
Cortical regions:
have different specific chemical characteristics.
Motor output signals are sent through layer(s) _____ of the cortex.
V and VI
Integrative functions are processed by layer(s) _____ of the cortex.
I to III
Sensory inputs are transmitted through layer(s) _____ of the cortex.
IV
Memory and emotion are processed by the:
limbic system.
The caudate nucleus and the putamen are part of the:
basal ganglia.
Parkinson disease and Tourette syndrome are neurological diseases associated with the:
basal ganglia.
The hippocampus and the amygdala are part of the:
limbic system.
The hippocampus and the cingulate cortex participate in performing _____ functions.
D) memory
Which of the following structures is NOT part of the limbic system?
putamen
Removal of the amygdala in cats leads to:
emotional changes.
There are _____ pairs of cranial nerves.
8
Sensory and motor signals from the head and neck travel through:
the cranial nerves.
Sensory and motor signals to the arms are sent through _____ sections of the spinal cord.
cervical
Sensory and motor signals from the head and neck are sent to _____ sections of the spinal cord.
Sensory and motor signals from the head and neck are sent to _____ sections of the spinal cord.
Dermatomes are associated with the:
spinal nervous system.
The law of Bell and Magendie states that the:
dorsal spinal cord is sensory and the ventral is motor.
Motor output from the spinal cord travels via the:
ventral spinal cord.
Sensory input to the spinal cord travels via the:
dorsal spinal cord.
Increases in heart rate and inhibition of digestion are controlled by the:
sympathetic nervous system.
The _____ nervous system works to help us “rest and digest,” whereas the _____ nervous system helps initiate fight-or-flight responses.
parasympathetic; sympathetic
The vagus, facial, and oculomotor nerves are the primary components of the:
the parasympathetic nervous system.
The _____ contains a sheet of neurons lining the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and colon.
enteric nervous system (ENS)
Language control is usually situated in the:
left hemisphere.
The left hemisphere primarily controls functions on the _____ side of the body.
contralateral
Spatial navigation is controlled by _____ of the brain.
C) the right hemisphere
The brain appears to have:
a combination of serial and parallel systems.
The notion of segregation of sensory and motor functions in the nervous system was postulated by:
François Magendie and David Bell.
Memory seems to be located:
throughout the brain.
Changes in balance between excitation and inhibition account for symptoms in:
both Tourette syndrome and Parkinson disease.
- ______ is the technique that allows researchers to label different neurons by highlighting them with distinct colors.
Brainbow
The Golgi stain made use of ______ to stain neurons so they could be viewed under a microscope.
silver nitrate
Based on their observations of stained neurons, Golgi put forward the ______ hypothesis, whereas Cajal proposed the ______ hypothesis.
nerve net; neuron
In the central nervous system there are approximately:
100 / 86 billion neurons.
Neurons:
have only one axon.
The ______ is the core region of the cell that contains the nucleus
soma
______ are branches extending out of a neuron’s cell membrane that allow it to collect information
Dendrites
______ are single fibers that carry messages to other neurons.
Axons
Which of the following is not part of a neuron’s function?
production of myelin
The action potential typically originates at the:
axon hillock
The junction of the axon and the soma of a neuron is called:
the axon hillock
The part of the axon that conveys information to other neurons is the:
terminal button.
Which of the following defines a synapse?
end foot, space, dendrite
What is the most common sequence of information flow through a neuron?
dendrite, nucleus, axon hillock, axon
What is the best analogy for a neuron?
a multi-input computational device with one output wire
_____ carry information from receptors to the brain.
Sensory neurons
______ and _____ cells are examples of different types of interneurons
All of the answers are correct.
____ are also called association cells because they link up sensory and motor neurons.
Interneurons
______ are known for having the largest cell bodies and the longest axons.
Motor neurons
______ are a special type of interneuron found in the cerebellum.
Purkinje cells
The simplest neuron is a(n):
bipolar neuron.
Which of the following is not characteristic of a pyramidal cell?
one set of dendrites
Interneurons:
are involved in processing sensory information and sending information to the motor neurons.
Stellate cells are:
interneurons.
Which of the following is not an interneuron?
Schwann cell
Glial cells are primarily responsible for:
the support of neurons
______ act as “glue” that helps bind neurons together
Glia
According to the text, which of the following statements is correct?
Both some new neurons and many new glial cells are formed throughout life.
Which of the following glial cells are responsible for producing cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?
ependymal cells
Ependymal cells are associated with:
the production of CSF.
Hydrocephalus is usually caused by blockage at:
the fourth ventricle.
______ are glial cells that have nutritive and supportive functions.
Astrocytes
Brain tumors often result from the unregulated growth of:
glial cells.
______ are tumors that begin in one part of the body and spread to another part of the body.
Metastatic tumors
The blood-brain barrier is made up of ______ attached to neurons and blood vessels.
astrocytes
Chris has been feeling very ill lately. He has had a severe headache for a week now and has been vomiting, has had trouble concentrating, and has started losing some of his vision. This morning he had a seizure. You tell Chris he should go to the hospital immediately because he probably has:
a brain tumor.
The fluid in which the cell’s internal structures are suspended is called:
intracellular fluid
Astroglia are not associated with:
removal of dead tissue.
Which glial cells operate as part of the brain’s immune system?
microglia
Phagocytosis, or the breakdown of any foreign tissue or dead brain cells, is carried out by:
microglial cells.
Microglia originate in:
the blood.
Greg accidentally cuts his fingertip with a knife. The next day he notices that his fingertip seems numb to the touch. Greg is very concerned about this, but you tell him not to worry because:
nerves in the PNS regenerate thanks to Schwann cells.
______ help generate myelin in the CNS, whereas ______ help generate myelin in the PNS.
Oligodendroglial cells; Schwann cells
Myelin is produced by which of the following cells?
oligodendroglia and Schwann cells
Myelin around axons:
speeds up transmission of information
Multiple sclerosis symptoms are caused by
loss of myelin on axons.
Melissa, a 23-year-old female living in Alaska, has been having tingling sensations in her right arm and leg for a few weeks. Today when she woke up she realized that she could barely move her right arm. She had a similar set of symptoms a couple of years ago, but they went away, so she thought everything was fine. Your advice to Melissa is to go to the doctor because:
she may have multiple sclerosis.
Which of the following statements is correct?
In the peripheral nervous system Schwann cells serve as guideposts to show axons where to terminate when regeneration occurs.
Which three elements constitute more than 90 percent of a cell?
oxygen, hydrogen, carbon
The smallest quantity of an element that retains the properties of an element is a(n):
atom.
______ is a structure that gathers, stores, and releases energy.
The mitochondrion
The ______ contain(s) the chromosomes and genes of a cell
nucleus
The place where protein packages are wrapped and shipped in a cell is called:
Golgi body.
Mitochondria and lysosomes are analogous to:
power and transportation.
______ are involved in transporting molecules and help give the cell its shape
Tubules
Cell wastes are handled by:
lysosomes.
The cell membrane is important because:
it controls the amount of water in the cell and regulates the concentration of salts on two sides
The ______ help(s) regulate the concentration of different ions inside and outside of the neuron.
cell membrane
All of the cells in our body are made from a book of blueprints contained in:
chromosomes of each individual cell.
The code for the synthesis of proteins is contained in:
genes.
Membranes of a cell are made of special molecules called:
phospholipids.
DNA is composed of four nucleotide bases. Which one of the following is not a nucleotide base?
histamine
Human cells contain:
46 chromosomes.
Which of the following sequences is correct?
chromosomes, genes, proteins, enzymes
A chain of amino acids forms a:
protein
Proteins are assembled in:
endoplasmic reticulum.
Which of the following is part of the cells’ membranes?
endoplasmic reticulum
A series of amino acids is called a:
polypeptide chain.
Humans require _______ amino acids for the synthesis of proteins
20
Any one neuron may use as many as _____ protein molecules.
10,000
Golgi bodies package ______ and ship them to other parts of the neuron via ______.
proteins; microtubules
Golgi bodies essentially act as ______ for neurons.
an internal postal service
An analogous term for receptor is:
keyhole.
Protein molecules can:
All of the answers are correct.
Membrane channels are made up of:
proteins.
Some membrane channels can selectively allow in one type of ion (e.g., K+) but not others. The ability to restrict the passage of only certain ions largely depends on:
the size and shape of the channel.
Humans have approximately:
20,000 genes.
Expressed genetic traits of an individual are referred to as their:
phenotype.
The gene that is most common in a population is called a:
wild-type gene.
The ______ chromosome pair determines our sexual characteristics.
twenty-third
______ is a term that means having two different alleles for the same trait
Heterozygous
________, caused by a genetic mutation, can help prevent malaria.
Sickle-cell anemia
In ______, an allele’s own trait and that of the other allele in the gene pair are expressed completely.
codominance
A child who has seizures, blindness, and degenerating motor and mental ability and who dies at an early age most likely has:
Tay-Sachs disease.
Since the mutation that leads to Tay-Sachs disease is recessive, the probability that a child of two parents who both carry the recessive Tay-Sachs allele will later develop Tay-Sachs disease is:
25 percent.
Because the gene that leads to Huntington’s disease is dominant, a child who has one parent with Huntington’s disease has a _____ chance of developing the disorder.
50 percent
Huntington’s chorea leads to the death of cells in the:
basal ganglia and cortex.
A patient who, previous to death, showed abnormal involuntary movements and loss of memory most likely suffered from:
Huntington’s disease.
Ashley, a 36-year-old female, has recently had trouble controlling the movement of her arms. For example, sometimes her arms will flail about as if they are reaching for something even though she does not want them to. She has also started having memory problems and changes in her personality. Her father had similar symptoms in his thirties but died before he turned 40. You tell Ashley to go to the doctor because she might have:
Huntington’s disease.
Down syndrome is caused by (an) extra ______ chromosome(s)
twenty-first
Characteristic facial features, short stature, heart defects, and mental retardation are signs of:
Down syndrome.
The simplest way to select for specific genetic traits in animals (e.g., dogs) is through the use of:
selective breeding.
One genetic technique that could be used to produce new tissue or organs for transplant to the original genetic donor is:
cloning
Transgenic animals are:
produced by adding a gene to the genome.
If you are interested in testing the role that a specific gene plays in a disorder, you can eliminate the gene and observe the effects using:
knockout technology.
If you want to study the role of a specific gene on a particular behavior, you could take the gene from one species and insert it into the genome of another species. This is referred to as:
knock-in technology.
Chimeric animals are the result of
combining genes from two different species.
The notion that two individuals with the exact same genes could end up developing differently is explained by:
phenotypic plasticity.
______ is the study of how the environment can influence the expression of different genes.
Epigenetics
Which of the following is not one of the ways in which epigenetic mechanisms can influence the expression of a particular gene?
ribosome modification
The simplest way to select for specific genetic traits in animals (e.g., dogs) is through the use of:
selective breeding.
One genetic technique that could be used to produce new tissue or organs for transplant to the original genetic donor is:
cloning.
Transgenic animals are:
produced by adding a gene to the genome.
If you are interested in testing the role that a specific gene plays in a disorder, you can eliminate the gene and observe the effects using:
knockout technology.
If you want to study the role of a specific gene on a particular behavior, you could take the gene from one species and insert it into the genome of another species. This is referred to as:
knock-in technology.
Chimeric animals are the result of:
combining genes from two different species.
The notion that two individuals with the exact same genes could end up developing differently is explained by:
phenotypic plasticity.
______ is the study of how the environment can influence the expression of different genes.
Epigenetics
Which of the following is not one of the ways in which epigenetic mechanisms can influence the expression of a particular gene?
ribosome modification
