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Distributed again¨ > examquiz > Flashcards

examquiz Flashcards

1
Q

What does ‘Concurrency Transparency’ mean in distributed systems?

A

It hides that an object may be shared by several independent users.

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2
Q

What are the types of overlay networks?

A

Structured overlay and Unstructured overlay.

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3
Q

What is ‘Interoperability’ in the context of distributed systems?

A

It refers to the extent in which two implementations of a system/component from different manufacturers can co-exist and work together.

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4
Q

What is the difference between Static and Dynamic Scheduling?

A

Static Scheduling makes decisions before execution begins and does not change, while Dynamic Scheduling makes decisions on the fly during execution, adapting to changing conditions.

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5
Q

What are the ACID properties in distributed transaction processing?

A

Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, and Durability.

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6
Q

What is the primary difference between a Thread and a Process?

A

Threads share the same data space within a process, while processes have separate data spaces.

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7
Q

What is a consistency model in distributed systems?

A

A contract between a distributed data store and processes, specifying what the results of read and write operations will be.

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8
Q

What is ‘Client-centric consistency’?

A

Models like Monotonic Reads, Read-your-Writes, Writes-follow-Reads, which ensure consistency from the perspective of a single client.

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9
Q

Define Edge Computing and give a use case.

A

Edge computing processes data near the source rather than a centralized cloud, reducing latency. Use case: Augmented reality.

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10
Q

What is Kubernetes and what is its role?

A

Kubernetes is an open-source container orchestration platform that automates deployment, scaling, and operations of application containers.

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11
Q

What is container migration, and when is it required?

A

Container migration involves moving a running container from one host to another, required during load balancing or system maintenance.

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12
Q

What is Docker Hub?

A

A container registry for storing and sharing Docker images.

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13
Q

What is the primary function of the kube-controller-manager in Kubernetes?

A

It ensures that the desired state of the cluster matches the actual state by monitoring cluster nodes.

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14
Q

What is a ‘Pod’ in Kubernetes?

A

The smallest deployable unit in Kubernetes, which can encapsulate one or more containers.

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15
Q

What is the purpose of a Dockerfile?

A

To build container images.

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16
Q

Explain the concept of ‘Resource Virtualization.’

A

It allows multiple virtual resources (like virtual CPUs) to appear as distinct resources, even though they share the same physical hardware.

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17
Q

What is the difference between Vertical and Horizontal Distribution in distributed systems?

A

Vertical Distribution splits different components across machines, while Horizontal Distribution splits the same component or service across machines.

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18
Q

What are the benefits of cloud computing over traditional on-premises IT infrastructure?

A

Scalability, cost-efficiency, and flexibility.

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19
Q

What is a use case for edge computing that involves dense geographic distribution?

A

Real-time analytics at a large scale, such as location-based services.

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20
Q

What is the main difference between ‘Federated Clouds’ and ‘Hybrid Clouds’?

A

Federated Clouds are initiated by third-party providers, while Hybrid Clouds are initiated by the users and involve combining private and public cloud resources.

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21
Q

What is the role of namespaces in container security?

A

Namespaces provide isolation between containers, preventing one container from accessing another’s resources.

22
Q

What are the drawbacks of long-term plan techniques in resource provisioning?

A

Over-provisioning, under-provisioning, and limited agility.

23
Q

What is ‘Heuristic Scheduling’ and when is it used?

A

A scheduling method that finds a good-enough solution quickly, often used when an exact solution is impractical.

24
Q

What is the role of CGroups in Linux container security?

A

CGroups limit resource usage by containers, protecting the host from being overwhelmed.

25
Q

In distributed systems, what can a computing element (node) be?

A

A hardware device, a software process, or both.

26
Q

What does ‘Relocation Transparency’ mean in distributed systems?

A

It hides that an object may be moved to another location while in use.

27
Q

What is a ‘Structured Overlay’ in overlay networks?

A

It is when nodes are organized in a tree or logical ring.

28
Q

How is the reduction of the number of wrappers typically facilitated?

A

Through middleware.

29
Q

In object-based architectures, what is true about interfaces and objects?

A

It is possible to separate between interfaces and the objects implementing these interfaces.

30
Q

What is true about Network File System (NFS)?

A

NFS has been implemented for a large number of different operating systems.

31
Q

In which ways can virtualization take place?

A

Two ways: process virtual machine and native virtual machine monitor.

32
Q

Which of the following is NOT a valid class of naming systems?

A

Home-based Naming.

33
Q

What is the name of an access point?

A

Address.

34
Q

What consistency model does ‘The effect of a write operation by a process on data item X will always be seen by a successive read operation on X by the same process’ describe?

A

Read-your-writes.

35
Q

Which cloud characteristic enables cloud customers to access any cloud service from any platform or device at any time?

A

Ubiquitous access.

36
Q

What does classification learning involve?

A

Mapping input variables to discrete output variables called labels or categories.

37
Q

In hybrid clouds, how can a cloud customer use public and private clouds together?

A

Run a mission-critical workload within a private cloud, but use the database services of a public cloud provider for non-critical data.

38
Q

What kind of policy handles workload bursts in PaaS environments?

A

Resource throttling methods.

39
Q

What distinguishes ‘federated clouds’ from ‘hybrid clouds’?

A

Federated clouds are initiated by third parties, while hybrid clouds are typically initiated by providers or users.

40
Q

Which container platform uses the Root daemon privilege model?

A

Docker.

41
Q

What kind of environment is composed of a mixture of private clouds, public clouds, fog, or edge devices?

A

A hybrid-cloud environment.

42
Q

What technique is most beneficial for both federated and elastic cloud computing?

A

Spot instances.

43
Q

What kind of scheduling scheme gives an exact solution for a specific domain of a problem but cannot solve hard optimization problems?

A

Heuristic scheduling.

44
Q

What is Docker Hub?

A

A container registry.

45
Q

What is the primary advantage of using processes over threads?

A

Processes have the important advantage of separating the data space.

46
Q

What container lifecycle states are there?

A

Paused, killed, and stopped.

47
Q

In distributed systems, dealing with independent nodes leads to fundamental questions regarding what?

A

Synchronization and coordination.

48
Q

What are the key services offered by cloud computing models?

A

Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS), Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS), and Software-as-a-Service (SaaS).

49
Q

What is the role of ‘Interoperability’ in distributed systems?

A

It allows different implementations of a system/component from different manufacturers to coexist and work together.

50
Q

What is ‘vertical distribution’ in client-server architectures?

A

Splitting up a client or server into logically equivalent parts, operating on their own share of data.

Distributed again¨ (2 decks)

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