Examples Flashcards
Yesterday I met a girl [From Italy]
Adjunct or modifier
Yesterday I met a student [Of physics]
Complement
John suggested [that we should work on Sundays]
Complement Clause
The suggestion [that we should work on Sundays] [that you proposed] was rejected.
Adjunct clauses
[I] broke my computer (Semantic Role)
Agent
He broke [my car] (Semantic Role)
Affected
[The earthquake] destroyed the city (Semantic Role)
Force
I opened the door with [this key] (Semantic Role)
Instrument
The window was broken [with a stone] (Semantic Role)
Instrument
The window was broken [by a stone] (Semantic Role)
Force
[I] Love her (Semantic Role)
Experiencer
I love [her] (Semantic Role)
Stimulous
[Mary] lives in London (Semantic Role)
Located
Mary lives in [London] (Semantic Role)
Locative
[The meeting] is tomorrow (Semantic Role)
Eventive or event
The meeting is [tomorrow] (Semantic Role)
Time
I painted [my flat] myself (Semantic Role)
Affected (It already exists)
Picasso painted [this picture] (Semantic Role)
Effected (just created)
She gave [me] 200$ (Semantic Role)
Beneficiary
She gave [me] 200$ for you (Semantic Role)
Recipient
She gave me 200$ for [you] (Semantic Role)
Beneficiary
I found the door [open] (Semantic Role)
Current attribute, the action comes from the past and extends up to the present.
I broke the door [open] (Semantic Role)
Resulting attribute, an action causes a resulting state.
Mary expected to win
Subject-controlled PRO
Mary asked him to come
Object-controlled PRO
My brother, spreaking frankly, is very lazy
Speaker-conrtolled PRO
Smoking is dangerous
Generic PRO
The attachment rule
A syntactic rule which establishes that, in adverbial clauses, (except from disjuncts), if they are subjectless, subject-controlled PRO always applies.
Disjuncts are excluded because they are only speaker-controlled PRO.
Mary happened to be rich
Subject to subject Raising
Mary is hard to convince
Object to subject raising
I expect John to pass the exam
Subject to object raising
Teresa is known to be a CIA spy
Passive raising
Functional classification for “It’s a pleasure to teach you”
Optional
Functional classification for “She wanted me to come”
Obligatory
Functional classification for “She’s probable to win”
Ungrammatical
I want you to put the bag [there]
Deictic There
Mary lives in London and that’s why I’m going [there]
Pro-form there
[There] is a student outside
Existential there
[Frankly], you are a fool
Disjunct
'’She is very intelligent, [I know], but very lazy”
Comment Clause
Ways to distinguish comment clause
> Conjunction “That” is not used
There is a change of entonation
It is movable
Notional Meaning
Concept itself, the definition given in a dictionary
Discoursive meaning
The position of the speaker about a fact (different pronunciation signaling amazement or disappointment for example)
Deictic meaning
Meaning only retrievable if there is some shared context with the speaker
