Examples

Question 1

Socio-economic causes of 1848

Answer 1

• harvest failure 1845-7
• famine
• widespread potato blight
• food price doubles

[1848]

Question 2

Why is there no straightforward link between famine and revolution

[1848]

Answer 2

• good harvest 1847 brought down food price

- State nervous about crowds took vigorous actions against famine

Question 3

Economic consequences of subsistence

[1848]

Answer 3

• high grain prices = less spend on manufactured goods
• Substantial unemployment in cities
• Substantial borrowing, increase in debt
• Collapse of primitive financial system
• restrictive government monetary policies

[1848]

Question 4

What created the conditions for radicalism

[1848]

Answer 4

Popular discontent (food, then recession, strained social relations, debt, unemployment, poor business conditions

[1848]

Question 5

What were the long- term causes of 1848

[1848]

Answer 5

• Replacement of traditional agrarian economy with more efficient one: contemporaries had no way of knowing these changes were favourable, perceived decline and discontent
• Politics of French Rev created an agenda/programme for change, creating new public sphere
• Conflict between new political ideas
• Demands of the state placed on subjects not loyal to them after the Vienna Conference 1815

[1848]

Question 6

What caused 1848 revolutions?

[1848]

Answer 6

Increasing demands of the state combined with short term catalyst of economic hardship = development of opposition = essential precursor.

[1848]

Question 7

Four commons points to 1848

[1848]

Answer 7

• Street fighting
• Barricades
• Political opposition to established regimes
• Weakness of existing political systems and state infrastructure.

[1848]

Question 8

What was the outcome of 1848?

Answer 8

Return to traditional conservatism and a disillusionment of liberalism. Overthrown authorities returned to power.

[1848]

Question 9

Account for the simultaneity of the 1848 revolutions

Answer 9

• Political culture of Europe
• Improvements in the speed of communication
• Revolutions in Paris trigger demands for reform elsewhere
• Dismissal of Metternich caused rising in Milan

[1848]

Question 10

What were the conflicts over the constitution?

[FR]

Answer 10

Conservative: reestablishing or maintaining: implying the existence of a constitution to be preserved or strengthened

Radical: Establishing, giving or making, implying the absence of a constitution that eft space for one to be created.

Question 11

Who were the three competing factions of the French Revolution

Answer 11

Moderate royalists (feuillants) -> keep the constitutional monarchy
Republican Girondins) -> purge France of its royal past (but opposed execution)   (Condorcet) 
Radical Montagnards (Robespierre) -> betrayal of the king meant had to be DEsTroYed

Question 12

20th April 1792

Answer 12

France declares war on Austria

Question 13

27th April 1791

Answer 13

Declaration of Pillnitz 27th August - joint support of Holy Roman Empire and Prussia against the French Revolution

Question 14

Civil Constitution of the Clergy 1791

Answer 14

An attack on traditional structures of Catholicism, profoundly unsettling in rural areas such as the Vendee.

A climate of ecclesiastic tension = civil war.