Examples Flashcards

1
Q

How can you measure the impacts of Nature and Nurture?

A

Parent offspring regression
Twin studies
Animal models
Clones

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2
Q

Problems with Narrow Sense heritability

A

Depends on environment variation
Female choice and lek paradox
Constant selection on a gene should reduce genetic variation

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3
Q

Human genome project problems?

A

Biggest finding was that there wasn’t a 1:1 relationship between genes and phenotype

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4
Q

How did caucasian and Aboriginal children differ in spatial memory?

A

Aboriginal children better, saw shapes rather than objects

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5
Q

Other examples of spatial memory differences?

A

London Cab Driver’s hippocampus

African athleitism: selection pressures from life style - stealing cattle in one town

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6
Q

What is the flow of actions in the central DOGMA?

A

Replication -> Transcription -> Translation

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7
Q

How does a mutation occur?

A

DNA polymerase is very accurate but sometimes mispairing/slippage
Normally 99% corrected but if not = MUTATION

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8
Q

Consequences of mutation in mitosis

A

Very little effect as other cells dont have similar mutations

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9
Q

2 major sources of Variation

A

Mutations

Recombination/Crossing over

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10
Q

Mechanisms of epigenetic inheritance

A
  1. Make DNA unable to bind to RNA transferase( Horizontal memory, Vertical memory)
  2. Chromatin/Histone remodelling
  3. Alternative Splicing
  4. Micro-RNA (mRNA)
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11
Q

Why is early environment linked to adulthood disease?

A

Long term effects of early development

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12
Q

4 hypothesis of why early development affects metabolic function

A
  1. 1992 Thrifty phenotype
  2. Thrifty phenotype as adaptive maternal effect
  3. PAR
  4. Matching between maternal and offspring phenotype
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13
Q

Examples of PAR

A

Meadow voles and coats

WWII correlational studies

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14
Q

Predictions of early vs. late life conditions (4)

A
  1. Environmental Matching
  2. Silver Spoon
  3. Matching/Silver Spoon
  4. Silver spoon/mactching II
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15
Q

Correlational evidence of early/late life conditions

A

Supportive of Silver spoon (2)

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16
Q

Experimental evidence pf early/late life conditions

A

Cichlid fish: Silver spoon
Mice: silver spoon with overriding adult conditions
Moths: Silver spoon with PAR evidence

17
Q

When do you see plasticity?

A

Environment is varying

Not too varying, would lead to a fixed strategy

18
Q

Seasonal plumage: Behavioural or Developmental Plasticity?

A

Behavioural

19
Q

Sneaker males: Behavioural or Developmental Plasticity?

A

Morphological changes - developmental

Behavioural plasticity between morphs

20
Q

Antlers/Horns: Behavioural or Developmental Plasticity?

A
Behavioural with their seasonal plumage
Mainly developmental (cant get rid once they're there)
21
Q

Turtles: Behavioural or Developmental Plasticity?

A

TSD is developmental plasticity

22
Q

Social insects: Behavioural or Developmental Plasticity?

A

Developmental: royal jelly in bees changes morphology

However, decision to rear queen/worker is behavioural

23
Q

Crucian carp deep bodies: Behavioural or Developmental Plasticity?

A

Developmental and adaptive (in presence of pike)

24
Q

Preference for big eyes in women is a sign of what?

A

Neoteny (juvenile chimp features maintained)

25
3 examples of heterochrony
Salmonoids Tiger Salamanders Axolotl
26
Where does the evidence for the Modern Synthesis come from?
Genetics, Paleontology, systematics
27
Problems with the modern synthesis
How do plastically complex traits arise?
28
How is Gradual change controversial to the modern synthesis?
Why don't 2 fitness peaks converge into 1 (e.g. sneaker males should speciate)
29
What is under selection: Genotype or Phenotype?
Still under debate (Selection currently = change in allelic frequency)
30
Resolution to modern synthesis problem?
Selection acts on phenotype, not genes | Genes commonly follow evolution, not drive it
31
Example of resolution to modern synthesis
Bees: eusocial from morphology or behaviour? | Unlikely to be mutation alone, selection on traits