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examples! Flashcards

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1
Q

earthquake hazard: GROUNDSHAKING

A

2010 HAITI
- P: destroyed >250,000 houses
- S: water pipes ruptured, water shortage + contamination
- L: killed >220,000 people, river pollution (waterborne diseases —> death)

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2
Q

earthquake hazard: SOIL LIQUEFACTION

A

2010 CHRISTCHURCH (lies on former swamp)
- P: >60,000 residential buildings damaged (1/3 city)
- N: entered rivers, untreated sewage polluted rivers —> decrease in species (caddisflies)

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3
Q

earthquake hazard: LANDSLIDES

A

2018 PAPAU NEW GUINEA
- N: debris in rivers —> floods
—> destroyed forests, polluted rivers, killed aquatic life

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4
Q

earthquake hazard: TSUNAMI

A

2011 TOHOKU JAPAN
- P: waves 40m in height, infrastructure destroyed
- L: coastal city SENDAI, JAPAN — HALF population killed by tsunami & earthquake
- N: 70,000 pine trees washed away
—> PACIFIC ISLANDS (Midway Atoll): Layson albatross chicks killed, nesting sites lost

recap!
1. undersea earthquake — SEABED DISPLACED :(
2. large vol of water LIFTED —> waves of great wavelength & low height form
3. travel at HIGH speeds toward land (800km/h)
4. GREATER FRICTION between shallower seabed near the coast — slows waves
5. INCREASE in HEIGHT (30-50km/h)

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5
Q

volcanic hazards: TEPHRA

A

1991 MT PINATUBO
- S: millions of tonnes of ash, 10 million tonnes of lava, 20 million tonnes of SO2
—> closure of 7 airports in the philippines
- L: wet ashfall accumulation on roofs — accounted for most deaths
- N: destroyed 800 square km of rice fields

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6
Q

volcanic hazard: VOLCANIC GASES

A

1991 MT PINATUBO
- 20 million tonnes of SO2

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7
Q

volcanic hazard: LAVA FLOWS

A

2018 MT KILAUAE, HAWAII
- P: destroyed >600 homes
—> huge areas of forests damaged
- N: forest & biodiversity loss, habitats etc

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8
Q

volcanic hazard: PYROCLASTIC FLOWS

A

2010 MT MERAPI
- P: traveled 3km down sides, destroyed property
- L: 350 killed, burn and blast

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9
Q

volcanic hazard: LAHARS

A

1991 MT PINATUBO
- P: buried villages & farmland (esp during heavy rainfall periods years after)
- 800,000 heads of livestock killed
- displaced many people

1985 NEVADO DEL RUIZ, COLOMBIA
- P: 500 homes destroyed, 60% livestock gone
- S: roads, telephone lines, buildings all destroyed, swept away
- L: fast-flowing lahars killed >20,000 within seconds

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10
Q

volcanic hazard: VOLCANIC LANDSLIDES

A

1980 MT ST HELENS, USA
- N: north face collapsed
—> 50-80m/s, travelled more than 20km

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11
Q

volcanic benefits: FERTILE SOIL

A

MT AGUNG, BALI
- volcanic rocks break down, undergo weathering to form fertile soil
- best rice-growing regions are new volcanoes, income for locals

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12
Q

volcanic benefits: PRECIOUS MINERALS & FOSSIL FUELS, CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS

A

MT MERAPI, INDONESIA
- mine volcanic sand for construction
(employment opportunities for locals)

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13
Q

volcanic benefits: PRECIOUS MINERALS & FOSSIL FUELS, CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS

A

MT MERAPI, INDONESIA
- mine volcanic sand for construction
(employment opportunities for locals)

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14
Q

volcanic benefits: HARNESSING GEOTHERMAL ENERGY

A

ICELAND
- mostly powered by geothermal energy, generates 25% of country’s energy

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15
Q

volcanic benefits: TOURISM

A

HAWAIIAN ISLANDS
- US$88 million annual income
- thousands of jobs

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16
Q

earthquake disaster risks: NATURE

A
  1. duration
  2. time
17
Q

nature of earthquake: DURATION

A

2011 TOHOKU (Mw 9.0)
- lasted 6min
- massive damage to buildings

18
Q

nature of earthquakes: TIME

A

1995 KOBE JAPAN (Mw 6.9)
- 6am earthquake
- asleep —> trapped —> 6,000 lives lost

19
Q

vulnerable conditions of earthquakes: QUALITY OF BUILDING DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION

A

2010 HAITI (Mw 7.0)
- poor quality, poorly reinforced & unregulated
- >90% buildings near epicentre destroyed
- 220,000 deaths

VS

2011 TOHOKU (Mw 9.0)
- skyscrapers with hazard resistant features SWAYED, did not collapse
(engineered to withstand)

20
Q

vulnerable conditions of earthquakes: SOIL & ROCK PROPERTIES

A

2010 HAITI
- lies on soft soil — seismic waves AMPLIFIED
- collapse of many buildings
—> soil liquefaction

21
Q

exposure of earthquakes: POPULATION DENSITY

A

2010 PORT AU PRINCE HAITI
- densely populated

1995 KOBE (6.9)
- 3,000 ppl per km2
- killed >6,000, injured >40,000

22
Q

exposure of earthquakes: DISTANCE FROM EPICENTRE

A

2010 HAITI
- 25km west of port au prince
- 220,000 deaths

23
Q

nature of volcanoes: CHEM COMPOSITION OF MAGMA

A

[LOW SILICA] 2018 MT KILAUAE, HAWAII
- >700 homes destroyed, property damage: US$800 million

[HIGH SILICA] 2010 MT MERAPI
- pyroclastic flows — traveled 3km down heavily populated sides
- volcanic bombs — 10km distance
- evacuation of 350,000 ppl

24
Q

vulnerable conditions of volcano: AVAILABILITY OF SURFACE & GROUNDWATER

A

1991 MT PINATUBO
- lahars triggered during monsoon season
- >100,000 homes destroyed

25
Q

vulnerable conditions of volcano: PREVAILING WIND CONDITIONS

A

1991 MT PINATUBO
- ash, tephra spread over large distance due to wind speed
- >90,000 hectares of damaged land

26
Q

exposure of volcano: PRESENCE OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS

A

1985 NEVADO DEL RUIZ
- 25,000 killed, living near volcano
- 500,000 ppl still live close to volcano — at risk

27
Q

strategies to build community resilience

A
  1. land use planning (exposure)
    2a. hazard resistant building designs (vulnerability)
    2b. monitoring & warning systems (vulnerability)
  2. disaster response, recovery (preparedness)
28
Q

building community resilience: LAND USE PLANNING

A

2011 TOHOKU JAPAN
- coastal residential land use —> built on higher ground!
- houses on higher ground not affected by tsunami
(Touni-houge village)

29
Q

building community resilience: HAZARD-RESISTANT BUILDING DESIGNS

A

TAIPEI 101 — skyscraper in earthquake-prone zone
- mass weighed damper near the top of— balances out groundshaking
- reduces sway, sways in opp direction (lowers threat of collapse)

30
Q

building community resilience: MONITORING & WARNING SYSTEMS

A

2011 TOHOKU JAPAN
- monitoring & warning systems detected strong tremors
- signal sent out to STOP bullet train —> thousands of lives saved

31
Q

building community resilience: RESPONSE & RECOVERY PREPAREDNESS

A

2011 TOHOKU
- 3,000 Kamaishi students survived
- disaster prevention education program in schools
—> responded quickly, to higher ground

*raising awareness on hazards (education
*first-aid training
*evacuation skills

32
Q

challenges in BUILDING COMMUNITY RESILIENCE

A
  1. extent of community’s resources
  2. capability of community to organise itself
33
Q

challenges in building community resilience: EXTENT OF RESOURCES

A

BANGLADESH — lies along plate boundary
- 30% lives below poverty line (focus is one economic development)
- 21% buildings NOT REINFORCED
- 77% buildings NOT earthquake resistant

34
Q

challenges in building community resilience: CAPABILITY OF COMMUNITY TO ORGANISE ITSELF

A

HAITI
- no measures in place to educate Haitians
- no network of community healthcare workers (limited medical response)
- poor law enforcement (chaos & unrest, hard to recover)

geography (13 decks)

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