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3B OSCEs > Examination Signs > Flashcards

Examination Signs Flashcards

1
Q

Abdominal bruit

A

The sound is higher pitched than a venous hum, is not continuous and is well localised

Over liver = hepatocellular carcinoma; acute alcoholic hepatitis
Over kidneys = renal artery stenosis
Over spleen = tumour

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2
Q

Abnormal gait caused by posterior column lesion (description)

A

Clumsy slapping down of the feet on a broad base

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3
Q

Clumsy slapping down of the feet on a broad base

A

Abnormal gait caused by posterior column lesion

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4
Q

Acanthosis Nigricans

A

GATROINTESTINAL: Rarely GI carcinoma (particularly stomach) and lymphoma; acromegaly; diabetes mellitus; endocrinopathies

ENDOCRINE: acromegaly; insulin resistant states - Cushing’s syndrome, PCOS

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5
Q

Addisonian-type pigmentation (‘sunkissed skin’) of nipples, palmar creases, pressure areas, mouth

A

Malabsorption

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6
Q

Alkaline urine

A

UTI

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7
Q

Angular stomatitis

A

Iron/B12 deficiency

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8
Q

Ankle oedema

A

CARDIOVASCULAR: Right ventricular failure, congestive heart failure, DVT

GASTROINTESTINAL: hypoalbuminaemia (cirrhosis)

IATROGENIC/RENAL: fluid overload in nephrotic syndrome

NEOPLASTIC: compression of large veins by tumour
calcium antagonists

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9
Q

Antalgic gait (description)

A

Painful gait disorder (most common abnormal gait)

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10
Q

Painful gait disorder (most common abnormal gait)

A

Antalgic gait

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11
Q

Apex beat = volume loaded (thrusting)

A

Displaced, diffuse, non-sustained

Advanced MR; dilated cardiomyopathy

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12
Q

Aphthous (mouth) ulcers

A

IBD

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13
Q

Apraxic gait (description + site of lesion)

A

Feet appear glued to the floor when erect but move more easily when the patient is supine

Cortical/prefrontal lobe

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14
Q

Feet appear glued to the floor when erect but move more easily when the patient is supine

Cortical/prefrontal lobe

A

Apraxic gait

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15
Q

Arcus senilis

A

White, grey, or blue opaque ring in the corneal margin

Hypercholesterolaemia, hyperlipoproteinaemia or hyperlipidaemia

RENAL: hyperlipidaemia in nephrotic syndrome

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16
Q

Argyll-robertson pupils (description + condition)

A

Poorly constrict with torchlight but constrict on accommodation

Symptom of syphilis which is associated with heart disease

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17
Q

Poorly constrict with torchlight but constrict on accommodation

Symptom of syphilis which is associated with heart disease

A

Argyll-robertson pupils

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18
Q

Ataxic gait (description + site of lesion)

A

Unbalanced/drunken gait which is wide based or reeling on a narrow base.
The patient staggers towards the affected side if there is a unilateral cerebellar hemisphere lesion.

Cerebellar

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19
Q

Unbalanced/drunken gait which is wide based or reeling on a narrow base.
The patient staggers towards the affected side if there is a unilateral cerebellar hemisphere lesion.

Cerebellar

A

Ataxic gait

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20
Q

Beau’s lines

A

Non-pigmented indented transverse bands

Any cause of catabolic state

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21
Q

Bilateral palpable kidneys

A 
Polycystic kidneys
Hydronephrosis
Pyonephrosis
Diabetic nephropathy (early)
Nephrotic syndrome
Acromegaly
Renal cell carcinoma bilaterally
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22
Q

Black urine

A

Serve haemoglobinuria
Metronidazole
Melanoma

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23
Q

Bounding/collapsing carotid pulse

A

Aortic regurgitation; patent ductus arteriosus

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24
Q

Breath odour

A 
Fetor hepaticus (sweet smell); Faeculent in obstruction
Ketotic breath (fruity) in ketoacidosis
Alcohol breath (drunk recently or alcoholic)
Uraemic fetor (uraemia, in CKD)
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25
Q

Brown urine

A

Bilirubin
Phenothiazides
Senna
Rhubarb

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26
Q

Bruising

A

RENAL: Nitrogen retention

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27
Q

Buerger’s test

A

With the patient supine, elevate both legs to an angle of 45 degrees and hold for one to two minutes. Observe the color of the feet. Pallor indicates ischaemia. It occurs when the peripheral arterial pressure is inadequate to overcome the effects of gravity. The poorer the arterial supply, the less the angle to which the legs have to be raised for them to become pale.

Used to assess the adequacy of the arterial supply to the leg.

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28
Q

Butterfly rash

A

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)

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29
Q

Cachectic appearance

A

Severe loss of weight and muscle wasting

Malignant disease; anorexia; impaired absorption

CARDIOVASCULAR: severe cardiac failure
RESPIRATORY: emphysema, cancer

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30
Q

Caput medusa

A

Prominent veins with the direction of flow going away from the umbilicus - (check by pressing on vein with two fingers and lifting one to see if that side refills)

Portal hypertension

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31
Q

Casts in urine

A

Cylindrical moulds formed in the lumen of the renal tubules or collecting ducts

Signs of a damaged glomerular basement membrane or damaged tubules

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32
Q

Clubbing

A

GASTROINTESTINAL: cirrhosis, IBD, coeliac, AV shunting in lungs

CARDIOVASCULAR: Cyanotic congenital heart disease, infective endocarditis

RESPIRATORY: Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis; lung cancer, CF, bronchiecstasis, sarcoidosis, TB; hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy (HPO)

ENDOCRINE: Rarely in Grave’s disease, but not seen in other causes of thyrotoxicosis

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33
Q

Collapsing (bounding) pulse

A

Aortic regurgitation; patent ductus arteriosus; AV malformations

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34
Q

Complete absence of bowel sounds for 4 mins

A

Paralytic ileus (complete absence of peristalsis in the bowel)

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35
Q

Conjunctival pallor

A

Anaemia (bleeding, malabsorption, EPO deficiency)

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36
Q

Corrigan’s sign/pulse

A

A jerky carotid pulse characterized by full
expansion followed by quick collapse

Aortic regurgitation

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37
Q

De Musset’s sign

A

Rhythmic nodding or bobbing of the head in synchrony with the beating of the heart

Aortic regurgitation

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38
Q

Displacement of apex beat

A

Heart enlargement, Marfan’s, chest wall deformity, pleural/pulmonary disease

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39
Q

Distension of the stomach

A

Begin with ‘F’

  • Fat
  • Fluid (ascites)
  • Foetus
  • Flatus (gas due to bowel obstruction)
  • Faeces
  • ‘Filthy’ big tumour
  • ‘Phantom’ pregnancy
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40
Q

Dull percussion note in the flanks

A

Ascites (when at least 2L of fluid have accumulated)

  • Cirrhosis
  • Alcoholic hepatitis
  • Congestive heart failure
  • TB
  • Nephrotic syndrome
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41
Q

Dupuytren’s contracture

A

Familial, alcoholism

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42
Q

Dyspnoea (renal)

A

Fluid overload

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43
Q

Extensor tendon xanthomata

A

Hyperlipidaemia (type II) (elevated serum cholesterol)

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44
Q

Fat hypertrophy on stomach

A

Insulin scars (may be)

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45
Q

Fatty casts in urine

A

Nephrotic syndrome

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46
Q

Fetor hepaticus

A

Sweet smell; faeculent in obstruction

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47
Q

Fine crackles in lungs

A

Fibrosing alveolitis, pulmonary oedema

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48
Q

Firm, irregular liver

A

Hepatocellular carcinoma, metastatic disease, cirrhosis

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49
Q

Fishy smell in urine

A

UTI

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50
Q

Foot slapping (description + site of lesion)

A

Bilateral foot drop

Anterior tibial muscles not working properly

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51
Q

Bilateral foot drop

Anterior tibial muscles not working properly

A

Foot slapping

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52
Q

Freckle-like spots around the mouth, fingers, and toes

A

Puetz-Jeghers syndrome (autosomal dominant condition) - harmatomas of small bowel or colon

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53
Q

Friction rub

A

A rough creaking or grating noise is heard as the patient breathes

Over liver = tumour, liver abscess, liver infarct, recent liver biopsy
Over spleen = splenic infarct

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54
Q

Frozen pelvis from cervical cancer

A

Urinary tract obstruction

Secondary renal failure

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55
Q

Function of hepatojugular reflex

A

Pressing on liver causes surge of blood = increases likelihood of seeing JVP

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56
Q

Gallbladder enlargement with jaundice

A

Carcinoma of head of pancreas or ampulla of Vater, in situ gallstones

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57
Q

Gallbladder enlargement without jaundice

A

Carcinoma of gallbladder, acute cholecystitis

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58
Q

Generalised hyperpigmentation of skin

A

Chronic liver disease

Haemochromatosis

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59
Q

Gingivial hypertrophy

A

RENAL: Immunosuppressive drugs (transplant patients)

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60
Q

Glossitis

A

Iron/B12 deficiency; common in alcoholics

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61
Q

Glucosuria

A

Diabetes mellitus, impaired renal ability to absorb glucose

False-positives may be from
- Metabolites of salicylates, ascorbic acid, galactose, fructose

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62
Q

Guarding of the abdomen

A 
Voluntary = tenderness or anxiety
Involuntary = peritonitis
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63
Q

Gum hypertrophy

A 
Phenytoin use
Pregnancy
Scurvy (vit C deficiency)
Gingivitis (may be smoking)
Leukaemia
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64
Q

Gynaecomastia

A

GASTROINTESTINAL: Increased levels of oestrogen in liver disease

  • Cirrhosis (particularly alcoholism)
  • Chronic autoimmune hepatitis
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65
Q

Haematuria

A

RENAL: Glomerulonephritis, polycystic kidney disease, pyelonephritis, renal cell carcinoma, analgesic nephropathy, malignant hypertension, renal infarction
Renal tract = cystitis, calculi, bladder/ureteric tumour

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66
Q

Haemorrhages of the eyes

A

Infective endocarditis

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67
Q

Heart sounds (renal)

A

CV/RENAL: Uraemic pericarditis

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68
Q

Heaves

A

Left ventricular hypertrophy

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69
Q

Hemiparetic gait (description)

A

Foot is plantarflexed (unable to dorsiflex) and leg is swung in a lateral arc (circumducted) to compensate for inability to dorsiflex foot properly
One leg looks stiff

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70
Q

Foot is plantarflexed (unable to dorsiflex) and leg is swung in a lateral arc (circumducted) to compensate for inability to dorsiflex foot properly
One leg looks stiff

A

Hemiparetic gait

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71
Q

Hepatic flap (asterixis)

A

Hepatic encephalopathy
Uraemia
Terminal chronic renal failure

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72
Q

Hepatojugular reflex

A

Pressure exerted over the middle of the abdomen for 10 seconds will increase venous return to the right atrium. The JVP normally rises transiently following this manoeuvre
Is positive if JVP remains elevated for duration of compression

Left ventricular failure; reduced right ventricular compliance

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73
Q

Hepatomegaly

A

Enlarged liver (normal span

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74
Q

Hepatosplenomegaly

A

Chronic liver disease with portal hypertension; haematological disease; infection; acromegaly; thyrotoxicosis; infiltration (eg infective mononucleosis, viral hepatitis)

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75
Q

Hicupping

A

Can be a sign of advanced uraemia

76
Q

High arched palate

A

Marfan’s syndrome

77
Q

High stepping (description + cause)

A

Tend to overcompensate when walking

Secondary neurosyphilis

78
Q

Tend to overcompensate when walking

Secondary neurosyphilis

A

High stepping

79
Q

Homans’ sign

A

Pain in the calf of the leg upon dorsiflexion of the foot with the leg extended.

DVT

80
Q

Hyperventilation

A

Metabolic acidosis

81
Q

Increased muscle bulk

A

Steroid use (which can also cause liver tumours and hepatic carcinomas)

82
Q

Irregularly irregular pulse rhythm

A

Atrial fibrillation (AV nodal blocking drugs, alcohol, post-thoracotomy); mitral valve disease; ventricular ectopics

83
Q

Janeway lesions

A

Flat, non-painful lesions on palm

Infective endocarditis

84
Q

Jaundice

A

GASTROINTESTINAL: Liver disease, cancer (head of the pancreas, Ampulla of Vater, gallbladder), in situ gallstones

CARDIOVASCULAR: Severe congestive heart failure, hepatic congestion

RENAL: Retention of nitrogenous wastes (can cause haemolysis)

85
Q

Kayser-Fleischer rings

A

Brownish-green rings in periphery of cornea - deposits of excessive copper

Wilson’s disease - copper storage disease that causes cirrhosis and neurological disturbances; may also be other cholestatic liver disease

86
Q

Keith-Wegerer hypertensive changes

A

Some reported symptoms include blurred vision, headache, and a sensation of pressure in the eyes

Diabetic changes

87
Q

Ketonuria

A

Diabetic ketoacidosis, starvation

88
Q

Ketotic breath

A

Fruity; in ketoacidosis

89
Q

Koilonychia

A

Iron deficiency anaemia

RENAL: in nephritic syndrome

90
Q

Kussmaul’s sign

A

Rise in JVP on inspiration

Right heart failure, causing limited right ventricular filling

91
Q

Large blood pulse pressure

A

Aortic regurgitation

92
Q

Left iliac fossa mass

A

Faeces
Carcinoma of sigmoid or descending colon
Diverticular abscess
Ovarian tumour/cyst

93
Q

Leg ulcers (types + causes)

A

VIMIN

Venous stasis ulcer (most common)

Ischaemic ulcer (over pressure areas)

Malignant ulcer

Infection (e.g. Staph. aureus)

Neuropathic

Underlying systemic disease (e.g. diabetes, RA, lymphoma)

94
Q

Leucoplakia

A

Begin with ‘S’

  • Sore teeth (poor dental hygiene)
  • Smoking
  • Spirits
  • Sepsis
  • Syphilis
95
Q

Leukonychia

A

Hypoalbuminaemia in liver disease, nephrotic syndrome

96
Q

Loud, high-pitched bowel sound with tinkling

A

Bowel obstruction

97
Q

Lung sounds (renal)

A

Pulmonary oedema in nephrotic syndrome

98
Q

Malar flush

A

Mitral stenosis

99
Q

Marfan’s Syndrome

A

Long arms, legs and fingers; Tall and thin body type; Curved spine; Chest sinks in or sticks out; Flexible joints; Flat feet; Crowded teeth

  • Can cause distortion of the heart and great vessels in the chest
  • Alter position of apex beat, can also interfere with pulmonary function
100
Q

Mechanical gait cause

A

Hip arthritis

101
Q

Mitral facies

A

Rosy cheeks with a bluish tinge due to dilatation of the malar capillaries

Pulmonary hypertension (low cardiac output that occurs in severe mitral stenosis)

102
Q

Murphy’s sign

A

Positive in acute cholecystitis

103
Q

Murphy’s kidney punch

A

Gentle use of the clenched fist to strike the patient in the renal angle

Elicits renal tenderness in renal infection

104
Q

Muscle wasting

A

Malabsorption; malnutrition; alcoholism

105
Q

Myoglobulinaemia

A

Due to destruction of muscle

Muscle infarction (trauma), excess muscle contraction, viral myositis, drugs or toxins (alcohol, snake venom, statins)

106
Q

Narrow blood pulse pressure

A

Aortic stenosis

107
Q

Nitrites in urine

A

UTI - but poor sensitivity

108
Q

Normal capillary refill time

A

> 2sec

109
Q

Osler’s nodes

A

Painful nodes on tips of fingers

Infective endocarditis

110
Q

Pale urine

A

Dilute urine

  • Overhydration
  • Recent excessive beer consumption
  • Diabetes inspipidus
111
Q

Pallor in palmar creases

A

Anaemia associated with renal failure

  • Due to poor nutrition (esp. folate), blood loss, EPO deficiency, haemolysis, bone marrow depression,
112
Q

Pallor of the face

A

Anaemia

113
Q

Palmar erythema

A

Hyperdynamic circulation due to increased oestrogen levels in liver disease/pregnancy; thyrotoxicosis; RA

114
Q

Palmar xanthomata

A

Hyperlipidaemia (type III) (elevated serum cholesterol)

115
Q

Palpable bump over right or left pectoral muscle

A

Pacemaker

116
Q

Parkinsonian gait (description + site of lesion)

A

Hesitation in starting (shuffling, freezing, festination, propulsion, retropulsion)
Resting tremor in affected hand (unilateral)

Extrapyrimidal

117
Q

Hesitation in starting (shuffling, freezing, festination, propulsion, retropulsion)
Resting tremor in affected hand (unilateral)

Extrapyrimidal

A

Parkinsonian gait

118
Q

Percussion heart outline - distance >10.5cm between border of heart and middle sternum

A

Cardiomegaly

119
Q

Periorbital oedema

A

Renal: nephritic syndrome

120
Q

Periorbital xanthelasma

A

Hyperlipidaemia (elevated serum cholesterol) in cholestasis; common in people with primary biliary cirrhosis

121
Q

Peripheral cyanosis

A

Poor peripheral circulation, low oxygen delivery

122
Q

Persistent proteinuria

A

Renal disease

No renal disease
- Exercise, fever, congestive cardiac failure, blood transfusion, severe hypertension

123
Q

Petechiae

A

Pin-head sized bruises - non-blanching

Chronic alcoholism (causing bone marrow depression)

124
Q

Petechiae on inner lip

A

Infective endocarditis

125
Q

Petechial haemorrhages

A

Infective endocarditis

126
Q

Pink urine

A

Beetroot consumption
Phenindione (anticoagulant, rarely used)
Laxatives

127
Q

Poor capillary refill

A

Septic shock, poor peripheral circulation

128
Q

Poor dental hygiene

A

Source of organisms responsible for Infective endocarditis

129
Q

Postural drop in blood pressure

A

> 20mmHg = postural hypotension
Common causes = use of anti-hypertensive drugs (alpha-adrenergic antagonists in particular), Addison’s disease; neuropathy; hypovolaemia

130
Q

Prostatomegaly (renal)

A

Urinary tract obstruction

Secondary renal failure

131
Q

Proteinuria

A

Protein in the urine (>3.4g per 24 hours)

Primary pathology 
- Glomerulonephritis
- Glomerulosclerosis
Secondary pathology 
- Drugs, diabetes, lupus, malignancy, infections (hep A, hep C, HIV, malaria, infective endocarditis)
132
Q

Psychogenic/hysterical gait description

A

Characterised by a bizarre, inconsistent gait

Rarely tend to fall over despite having a gait disorder

133
Q

Characterised by a bizarre, inconsistent gait

Rarely tend to fall over despite having a gait disorder

A

Psychogenic/hysterical gait

134
Q

Pulsus alternans

A

Alternating strong and weak pulse

Advanced left ventricular failure

135
Q

Pyuria

A

UTI

136
Q

Quincke’s sign

A

Alternate blanching and flushing of the nail bed due to pulsation of subpapillary arteriolar and venous plexuses

Aortic regurgitation

137
Q

Radial-radial delay

A

Large arterial occlusions (atherosclerotic plaque, aneurysm, subclavian artery stenosis on one side); dissection of thoracic aorta

138
Q

Radio-femoral delay

A

Coarctation of the aorta (congenital narrowing of the aortic isthmus); Aortic arch aneurysm

139
Q

Raised JVP

A

“PQRST”

  • Pulmonary (SHE: stenosis, hypertension, embolism), pericarditis, pericardial effusion, cor pulmonale
  • Quantity of fluid i.e. overload (in nephrotic syndrome)
  • Right heart failure
  • SVC obstruction
  • Tamponade, tricuspid regurgitation
140
Q

RBCs in urine - high number, irregular size and shape

A

Originate from glomeruli

141
Q

RBCs in urine - high number, uniform shape

A

Originate from renal tract

142
Q

Rebound tenderness

A

Strongly suggests peritonitis

143
Q

Red cell casts in urine

A

Contain 10 to 50 red cells, which are well defined

Primary glomerular disease (haematuria of glomerular origin or vasculitis)

144
Q

Red urine

A

Haematuria, haemoglobinuria, myoglobinuria
Porphyrins
Rifampicin
Beetroot consumption

145
Q

Regularly irregular pulse rhythm

A

Sinus arrhythmia; 2nd degree AV block

146
Q

Renal bruits - diastolic

A

Bruits heard above umbilicus, about 2cm right or left of midline

More likely to be haemodynamically significant
Renal artery stenosis from fibromuscular dysplasia or atherosclerosis

147
Q

Renal bruits - soft systolic

A

Bruits heard above umbilicus, about 2cm right or left of midline

May be renal artery stenosis, but less likely
Aorta or splenic artery may be source of sound

148
Q

Renal tenderness or loin tenderness

A

Renal colic

149
Q

Right iliac fossa mass

A 
Abscess of appendix
Carcinoma of caecum or caecum obstruction
Crohn’s disease
Ovarian tumor/cyst
Hernia
Transplanted kidney
150
Q

Rigidity

A

Peritoneal irritation

151
Q

Rosving’s sign

A

Appendicitis

152
Q

Ruddy plethoric complexion

A

Polycythaemia

153
Q

S1 heart sound (represents + site louder)

A

Onset of ventricular contraction and the closure of the AV valves.

Louder at the tricuspid and mitral areas

154
Q

Scar on right or left iliac fossa, quite posterior

A

Nephrectomy scar

155
Q

Scratch marks

A

GASTROINTESTINAL: Due to severe itch (pruritis) caused by obstructive/cholestatic jaundice
RENAL: Uraemic puritis - often associated with hyperphosphataemia

156
Q

Single transverse white band on the nails

A

Arsenic poisoning; renal failure

157
Q

Skin turgor

A

A decrease in skin turgor is indicated when the skin (on the back of the hand for an adult or on the abdomen for a child) is pulled up for a few seconds and does not return to its original state.

Decrease = late sign of dehydration

158
Q

Slow rising low volume of carotid pulses

A

Aortic stenosis

159
Q

Spastic paraparesis (description + site of lesion)

A

Scissor gait, both legs stiff

Pyrimidal

160
Q

Scissor gait, both legs stiff

Pyrimidal

A

Spastic paraparesis

161
Q

Spider naevi

A

> 5 is notable

Cirrhosis, transiently in viral hepatitis, 2-5mths of pregnancy. Often attributed to excess oestrogen.

162
Q

Splinter haemorrhages

A

Infective endocarditis; trauma; RA

163
Q

Striae

A

Pink linear marks with wrinkles appearance

Usually pregnancy or recent weight gain
When wide and purple = Cushing’s syndrome

164
Q

Supraclavicular lymphadenopathy (especially Virchow’s node - in left supraclavicular fossa)

A

Abdominal malignancy

165
Q

Swollen cyanotic face

A

SVC obstruction

166
Q

Systemic sclerosis

A

Tense tethering of skin

GATROINTESTINAL: Gastro-oesophageal reflux; Gastrointestinal motility disorders

167
Q

Tachycardia & low blood volume

A

Blood loss

168
Q

Tender liver

A

Hepatitis, abscess, biliary obstruction, rapid liver enlargement (right heart failure)

169
Q

Tendon xanthomata

A

Cholesterol deposits = risk factor for CVD

170
Q

Testicular atrophy

A

Chronic liver disease

Haemochromatosis

171
Q

Thrills

A

Palpable murmurs

Usually organic lesions

172
Q

Thrills over carotid artery

A

Aortic stenosis, atheroma

173
Q

Twitching, tetany, epileptic seizures

A

Low calcium levels - late in renal failure

174
Q

Unilateral palpable kidney

A 
Renal cell carcinoma
Hydronephrosis pyonephrosis
Polycystic kidney disease
Acute renal thrombosis
Acute pylonephritis
Renal abscess
175
Q

Upper abdominal mass

A

Carcinoma of stomach
AAA
Gastric dilatation (pyloris stenosis, diabetic ketoacidosis)
Small bowel obstruction

176
Q

Uraemic fetor

A

Uraemia; in CKD

177
Q

Uraremic tinge

A

Dirty brown complexion

Chronic renal failure - impaired excretion of urinary pigments combined with anaemia

178
Q

Venous hum

A

A continuous, low-pitched, soft murmur that may become louder with inspiration and diminish when more pressure is applied to the stethoscope

Between the xiphisternum and the umbilicus = portal hypertension
Over umbilicus = almost always cirrhosis of liver

179
Q

Visible peristalsis

A

Intestinal obstruction

180
Q

Waddling gait (cause)

A

Proximal muscle weakness

181
Q

White cell cast in urine

A

Many WBCs adhere to or inside the cast

Bacterial pyelonephritis
Glomerulonephritis (less common)
Kidney infarction
Vasculitis

182
Q

White/milky urine

A

Chyluria

183
Q

Xanthelasma

A

Hyperlipidaemia (e.g. in nephrotic syndrome), atherosclerosis
Endocrine: diabetes, hypothyroidism

184
Q

Yellow tinge to face

A

Uraemia

185
Q

Yellow-orange urine

A

Concentrated urine

  • Dehydration
  • Bilirubin
  • Tetracycline, rifampicin, riboflavin

3B OSCEs (1 decks)

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