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CP2 > Examination of the oral cavity > Flashcards

Examination of the oral cavity Flashcards

1
Q

what does exam of oral cavity include?

A
  • EOE
    -IOE
  • palpation
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2
Q

what areas do we palpate

A

neck
maxilla
submandibular region

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3
Q

what instruments are required for oral examination?

A
  • mirror
  • hands
  • Dental probe
  • perio probe
  • light
  • radiograph order
  • blood tests?
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4
Q

EOE - what is included?

A
  • head, neck, face symmetry and swellings
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5
Q

what could assymety indicate?

A
  • swelling, pt in a fight
  • lymph node enlarged
  • stroke
  • cancer potential
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6
Q

what are the 2 categories of what we examine in IOE?

A

hard tissue
soft tissue

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7
Q

IOE - list what is included in hard tissues we examine

A
  • teeth
  • bone (also included in external examination and palpation)
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8
Q

IOE - list what is included in soft tissues we examine

A
  1. Gums
  2. Lip and vermillion border
  3. Buccal mucosa
  4. Tongue
  5. Floor of the mouth
  6. Hard palate
  7. Soft palate and uvula
  8. Tonsils and pharyngeal arches
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9
Q

define nodule ulcer/lesion

A
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10
Q

define postule ulcer/lesion

A
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11
Q

define bular ulcer/lesion

A
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12
Q

define macuole ulcer/lesion

A
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13
Q

define plaque ulcer/lesion

A
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14
Q

define ulcer

A

degradation/loss of surface epithelium

connective tissue underneath is exposed

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15
Q

how are oral ulcers classified?

A
  • severity
  • number
  • aetiology
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16
Q

what are the 2 classifications of ulcers according to severity?

A

acute
chronic

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17
Q

what are the 2 classifications of ulcers according to number?

A

solitary
multiple

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18
Q

what are the classifications of ulcers according to aetiology?

A
  • Infective: caused by viruses usually multiple ulcers
  • Caused by immunological disorders: Lichen Pannus, erythema multiform,vesiculobullous lesions
  • Caused by other systemic disease: Chrons, vitamin deficiency, diabetes
  • Cancerous ulcers : squamous cell carcinoma
  • Traumatic: tooth brush, denture or dental instrument
  • Thermal ulcer: caused by hot food
  • Chemical: dental materials, local Aspirin, chewing tobacco , mouth wash
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19
Q

how do we describe an ulcer?

A
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20
Q

what kind of ulcers are a cause for concern? (time period)

A

*As a rule persistent ulcers that don’t heal after 10 days(up to 3 weeks) are a cause for concern (mostly about cancer)

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21
Q

what do we record during an IOE?

A
  • DMF: decayed, missing filled teeth
  • check for caries with probe in pits and fissures
  • dental anaomolies
  • examine gingiva
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21
Q

list examples of dental anomolies

A
  • fused supernumery teeth
  • twinned teeth
  • amelogenesis imperfecta
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22
Q

how do twinned teeth develop/ come about?

A
  • fusion of 2 tooth germs at the development stage
    or
  • splitting of 1 tooth germ into 2 twinned teeth
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23
Q

give an example of a systemic tooth anomolie

A

amologenesis imperfecta

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24
Q

what do we examine gingiva for?

A
  • bleeding
  • inflamm
  • signs of gingivitis
  • recession
  • dental pockets using dental probe (perio disease)
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25
Q

what is a normal pocket depth?

A

0-3mm

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26
Q

what pocket depth is considered perio dx?

A

above 3mm

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27
Q

what is a vermillion border?

A

transition between skin and labial mucosa

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28
Q

list some normal occurances we might see at the vermillion border (do not require intervention) at an EOE

A
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29
Q

list some abnormalities we might see at the vermillion border (do not require intervention) at an EOE

A
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30
Q

what is angular cheilitis mostly caused by?

A

iron and vitamin B deficiency

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31
Q

with angular cheilitis what is usually acommpanied with it? (tongue)

A

tongue inflamed

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32
Q

what is does herpes look like

A
  • in form of a bullar or big vesicle filled with fluid

over time dries and can ulcerate

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33
Q

jeghers synrome - what is is

A

dx that causes pollips in the guts

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34
Q

aphthous ulcers

A

occur for no apparent reason
not caused from trauma or systemic dx

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35
Q

what are aphthous ulcers associated with

A

stress
hormonal changes

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36
Q

if aphthous ulcer doesnt heal for over 3 weeks, what do we do?

A

after 3 weeks - red flag

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37
Q

define mucocyst

A

mucocyst related to minor salivary glands related to

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38
Q

what causes a mucocele?

A

blocking of minor salivary gland

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39
Q

where do 75-80% of muceles occur in?

A

lower lip

40
Q

other than the lower lip, where can mucoceles occur? (next most common place)

A

floor of mouth

41
Q

name some normal occurances in the Buccal Mucosa

A
42
Q

what does linea alba translate into?

A

white line?

43
Q

leukoedema - when does it dissapear?

A

when stretched

44
Q

leukoedema - who is it most common with? ethnicity

A

black

45
Q

how do we confirim if leukodeama is a leukoedema?

A

if we stretch the oral mucosa and it dissapears

46
Q

list some abnormalities and pathology of the buccal mucosa

A
47
Q

what are herpetic ulcers caused by

A

herpes virus

48
Q

herpetic ulcers - describe their lifetime

A

at first, ulcers with fuild
then burst causing multiple ulcers
each ulcer represents one vesicle

49
Q

define leukoplakia

A

white patch/plaque that cannot be rubbed off

50
Q

what is leukoplakia caused by?

A

caused by continuous irritation/ infections/candida

51
Q

where can leukoplakia occur?

A

anywhere in oral mucosa

52
Q

erythroplakia - define

A

red patches

53
Q

where can erythroplakia occur

A

anywhere in the oral mucosa

54
Q

do we worry about erythroplakia or leukoplakia?

A

yes - could be cancerous

55
Q

what are the 2 visual forms of cancer in mouth?

A

mass
non-healing ulcer

56
Q

list the parotid gland lesions

A
57
Q

what is sialolithiasis?

A

parotid gland stones

58
Q

sialolithiasis - what investigation do we use to see the blockage?

A

sialogram - injecting dye into the parotid duct and radiographing it

dye based radiography

59
Q

what can parotid duct stones cause?

A

pressure and swelling of salivary gland

60
Q

what is parotid sialadenitis?

A

inflammation of parotid gland

61
Q

what is the manifestation of parotid sialadenitis?

A

swelling of salivary gland or its papilla

62
Q

parotid sialadenitis - what is it due to?

A

infection/ blockage from tumor or stone

63
Q

pleomorphic adenoma - cancerous or benign?

A

benign

64
Q

painful or painless?

A

painless

65
Q

when is a pleomorphic adenoma alarming?

A

when it turns into a big size - could turn into malignant tumour

66
Q

list the Immunological lesions

A
67
Q

where does lichen planus occur

A

labial or buccal mucosa

68
Q

list the normal occurances in the tongue

A
69
Q

list the abnormalities and pathology of the tongue

A
70
Q

what is angular cholitis usually coupled with? (due to iron definiciency)

A

iron deficiency glossitis

71
Q

geographic tongue - what is it caused by

A

degeneration of papilla
it is migrational

72
Q

median rhomboid glossitis - what might it harbour

A

thyroid tissue

73
Q

median rhomboid glossitis - what kind of tissue is it?

A

developmental

74
Q

where does candida occur?

A

tongue
cheek
lip

75
Q

how do we know that candidiasis is candidiasis and not leukoplakia?

A

if we wipe off with cotton bud - it will be wiped and it will leave raw bleeding surface

76
Q

how do we treat candidiasis?

A

antifungal

77
Q

what could candida be a sign of?

A

low immunity
too much antibiotics

78
Q

what is the issue clinically with tongue ulcers?

A

can be hidden and not noticed - e.g. side of tongue

79
Q

most common area for tongue ulcer when cancerous

A

lower surface
lateral border

80
Q

what is this?

A

mandibular tori

81
Q

are mandibular tori normal?

A

yes

82
Q

why would we ever remove mandibular tori?

A

only if they’re interferring with something

83
Q

list the abnormalities and pathologies of the floor of the mouth

A

plus sublingual
plus lingual varices

84
Q

what is the mucocele called that we find at the floor of the mouth?

A

ranula

85
Q

what is lingual varices - do they req treatment?

A

no - come with age

86
Q

when do lingual varices require intervention?

A

when they have a thrombus in them

87
Q

list the abnormalities of the hard palate

A
88
Q

torus palatinus - do they req intervention?

A

no - unless they interfere with something

89
Q

nicotinit stomatitis - causes

A

reverse smoking
pipe smoking

90
Q

nicotinic stomatitis - what does it entail?

A

hyperkeratosis
ulceration

91
Q

soft palate - what is included?

A

uvula and tonsils?

92
Q

what are the Soft palate and uvula abnormalities: inflammation,infections and ulcers?

A
93
Q

shift of uvula - what could this be an indication of?

A

growing mass or tumour

94
Q

what do we palpate? by hand

A
  • Jaw bones: continuity
  • Submandibular and cervical (neck) lymph node
  • Salivary glands
  • Swellings of the head and neck
95
Q

list the tonsils and pharynx abnormalities

A
96
Q

peritonsular abscess - how do we treat?

A

antibiotics

97
Q

pharingitis - what can it be caused by

A

bac
virus
chemical irritation (acid reflux)

98
Q

why do we check for jaw bone continuity

A

for signs of fractures

CP2 (2 decks)

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