Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

CSD-Intro > Examination 1 > Flashcards

Examination 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is communication?

A

the process of exchanging information and ideas from the brain of one person to another. Active process involves encoding, transmitting, and decoding intended messages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is Language?

A

a social tool defined as a socially shared code or conventional system for representing concepts through use of arbitrary symbols and rules-governed combinations of those symbols.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is speech?

A

a verbal means of communicating or conveying meaning, result of specific motor behaviors, requires precise neuromuscular coordination, consists of speech sound combinations, voice quality, intonation and rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Why is it important to consider more than spoken language when considering communication?

A
  • mechanisms signal attitude or emotion and include intonation, stress, rate of delivery and pause/hesitation
  • gestures, body posture, facial expressions
  • signal the status of communication based on intuitions about the acceptability of utterances
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Bloom & Lahey model: Form, Content, Use

A

What is Language?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Form

A

phonology, morphology, syntax (word order, word endings, speech)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Content

A

Semantics (word meanings, the ways in which word meanings link together, sentencing)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Use

A

Pragmatics (conversation, social rules, matching language to the situation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is Language? B&L

A

a social tool, defined as a socially shared code or conventional system for representing concepts through use of arbitrary symbols and rule-governed combinations of those symbols

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Phonology

A

Study of speech sounds and sound patterns used to create words. Determines which sounds may appear together, how they sound together and where they appear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Morphology

A

the study of word structures- rules govern changes that modify meaning at word level. Dog to Dogs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Syntax

A

“to join”- the arrangement of words to form meaningful sentences, word order and overall structure of sentences, a rule system governing the ordering of words in sentences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Pragmatics

A

the study of the rules that govern the use of language in social situations aka a set of rules for language for language use (how to enter and exit a conversation; anticipation of listener needs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Semantics

A

the study of meaning in language, the rules govern meaning and the relationships between meaning units

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Why do we need phonemes when we have the alphabet to describe speech?

A

They are important for meaning, when a speaker changes a phoneme in a word, the meaning changes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is an organic disorder?

A

caused by some defect in the neurophysiological mechanism of speech. Ex: cleft palate, aphasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is a functional disorder?

A

do not have an organic or neurologic cause; faulty learning, environment, habits, emotional problems, and other unknown causes. Ex: stutters, difficulty pronouncing speech sounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How many people have comm disorders?

A

approximately 46 million people in the US

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How do you take to someone with a comm disorder?

A

acknowledge your uncertainty/fear, focus on the person not your nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is one thing you do when talking to someone with a comm disorder?

A

make eye contact, give them opportunity and time to talk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is one thing you NEVER do when talking to someone with a comm disorder?

A

never fill in a word or assist an individual unless he or she asks for help

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the medulla oblongata? Why important ?

A

a structure in the brainstem that fires impulses to the muscles of respiration; it is important bc it tells you to breathe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the major structures of speech?

A

the Respiratory, Phonatory, and Articulatory mechanisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Larynx

A

suspended by the hyoid bone at the top of the trachea. it’s a valve, closes the entry into trachea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Thyroid cartilage
large, butterfly shaped cartilages that form the frontal and side walls of the larynx
26
Cricoid cartilage
the top ring of the trachea which is linked with the thyroid cartilage and a pair of arytenoid cartilages -provides attachments for muscles, ligaments, and cartilages involved in opening and closing the airway in speech production
27
two arytenoid cartilages
two small pyramid shaped cartilages which allow the vocal folds to be tensed, relaxed or approximated
28
epiglottis
prevents food from entering the trachea, directing it to the esophagus
29
glottis
space between the vocal folds when the folds are abducted
30
Abduction
vocal folds that are drawn APART
31
Adduction
vocal folds that are closed or nearly closed TOGETHER
32
fundamental frequency
the rate at which given folds vibrate, varies with age and gender. The elasticity, tension, and mass determine fundamental frequency
33
Pitch
created by the frequency with which the vocal folds vibrate
34
Loudness
determined by the degree of sub glottal air pressure
35
Fundamental frequency
male vocal fold vibration: 125 Hz/sec female vocal fold vibration: 225-250 Hz/sec newborn cry 500
36
Qualities of Voice
Resonance, breathy voice, harshness, hoarseness, nasality
37
Resonance
modification of a sound by structures through which the sound passes
38
Breathy voice
when the vocal folds do not completely close; lack of closure causes air leakage during phonation and adds frictional noise to the voice
39
harshness
a vocal quality due mainly to the irregular vibration of vocal folds
40
hoarseness
results from excessive air leakage through the glottis and irregular vocal fold vibrations (when both breathiness and harshness is present)
41
nasality
refers to the added nasal resonance to voice, the quality added to the sound when the sound passes through the nose. It is a Resonance quality NOT a vocal quality because its not related to the behaviors of the vocal folds
42
Laryngopharynx
starts above larynx and ends at base of tongue which adds resonance to the sounds the larynx produces
43
Oropharynx
connected to laryngopharynx but oro extends up to the soft palate -adds resonance to the sounds the larynx produces
44
Nasopharynx
oropharynx is connected and it ends where the two nasal cavities begin which adds noticeable resonance to only the nasal sounds (n,m,ng)
45
velum
"soft palate"- a flexible muscular structure at the juncture of the oropharynx and nasopharynx located at the bak of the mouth-it hangs from the hard palate; it closes off the nasal cavity for the majority of speech sounds
46
uvula
the small, cone-shaped tip of the velum
47
hard palate
the bony roof of the mouth and floor of the nose. the interaction of the hard palate and tongue is essential for the formation of certain speech sounds
48
alveolar ridge
the jaw ridge along the roof of the mouth between upper teeth and hard palate. the tongue apex continually touches the ridge to form speech sounds
49
mandible
the jaw which houses lower teeth and forms the floor of the mouth. major task is to chew food; it's important to speech because it houses lower teeth, tongue, and lower lip
50
tongue
a large muscular structure that fills most of the oral cavity which helps produce speech sounds. it is a major articulator
51
lips
obicularis oris- pucker lips for vowels and used for other speech sounds
52
what is the most important structure if the CNS for speech, language, and hearing?
the brain
53
Describe what you're doing when giving an oral mech exam?
evaluates the structure and function of speech mechanism to assess whether the system is adequate for speech production -looks at face, much, teeth, function of lips, tongue, jaw, velum, placement of tongue, hard and soft palates
54
What is Diadochokinesis
syllable rates are used to evaluate client's ability to make rapidly alternating speech movements
55
How does one measure a babies perceptual abilities?
experiments such as a visual cliff measuring depth perception in babies
56
what can infants perceive?
3 days- recognizes mom's voice 4 days- distinguish maternal language from others one month- /p/ /b/ in syllables /ba/ and /pa/ 3 mo- detect differences in place and manner of articulation and consonants 4.5 mo- prefer to hear sound of their name over syllables that sound similar to name before 9 mo- learn characteristic phoneme sequences of their language
57
What is a phoneme?
a class/group of speech sounds, phonemes make a difference in meaning /p/ and /b/ are different phonemes because at word level when one changes to other meaning changes -pat and bat
58
What is an allophone?
variations of an individual phoneme; difference in phoneme /k/ for "key" and "cool"
59
How are speech sounds classified?
vowels and consonants
60
Vowels
all involve vocal fold vibrations and a more open vocal tract during production - differ from one another because of vocal tract shape - classified according to tongue positions used in their productions
61
consonants
produced by restricting the oral cavity classified by place, manner, and voicing
62
Manner of articulation
describes the type or degree of constriction
63
Place of articulation
describes location of constriction
64
Voicing
based on the presence (voiced sound) or the absence (voiceless sounds) of vocal fold vibration
65
Stops
produced when airflow is stopped then released | /p, b, t, d, k, g/
66
Fricatives
constricting the oral cavity then forcing air through it | /s, f, v, z, h/
67
Affricates
a combination of stops and fricatives | "ch" and "j" sound
68
Glides
produced by gradually changing shape of articulation | /w/ and /j/
69
liquids
when the oral cavity is restricted the least | /r/ and /l/
70
nasals
nasal resonance is added by keeping the velopharyngeal port open /n, m, ng/
71
Reflexive vocalization
natural occurrences that reflect the physical state of the infant (cry, burp, sneeze, cough- sometimes hear vowels)
72
Non-reflexive vocalization
purposeful for development (cooing, babbling)
73
Reflexive vocalization stage
birth-2mo. physical state
74
cooing and laughter
(2-4) months
75
vocal play
4-6months; range, pitch, sustained vowels
76
canonical babbling- no meaning yet
6months + =reduplicated bababa; varigated babibobu
77
Jargon
(10 months+) no words, but overlaps with first words, string of patterns, not speech, at adult speed
78
Articulation disorder
refers to children who only have a problem producing a few phonemes, or whose speech errors are tied to the motor aspects of speech production
79
Phonological disorder
refers to a child with multiple speech sound errors involving the sound system of language
80
Phonological processes
many ways or patterns of simplifying difficult sound productions by omissions or substitutions
81
Examples of phonological processes
final consonant deletion or initial, cluster reduction, fronting
82
How would you evaluate someone for an articulation or phonological disorder?
Screening to quickly identify who communicates within normal limits and those who may have a comm disorder -Eval Procedures: case history, interview, observation, oral mech exam, hearing screening, administer standardized tests, obtain spontaneous connected speech sample, test of stimulability, analysis of errors and patterns of disarticulations, recommendations, report writing
83
SODA
substitution, omission, distortion, addition
84
4 Journals
Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research American Journal of Speech Language Pathology American Journal of Audiology Language, Speech, and Hearing Sciences in the Schools

CSD-Intro (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions