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CSD-Intro > Examination 1 > Flashcards

Examination 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is communication?

A

the process of exchanging information and ideas from the brain of one person to another. Active process involves encoding, transmitting, and decoding intended messages

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2
Q

What is Language?

A

a social tool defined as a socially shared code or conventional system for representing concepts through use of arbitrary symbols and rules-governed combinations of those symbols.

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3
Q

What is speech?

A

a verbal means of communicating or conveying meaning, result of specific motor behaviors, requires precise neuromuscular coordination, consists of speech sound combinations, voice quality, intonation and rate

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4
Q

Why is it important to consider more than spoken language when considering communication?

A
  • mechanisms signal attitude or emotion and include intonation, stress, rate of delivery and pause/hesitation
  • gestures, body posture, facial expressions
  • signal the status of communication based on intuitions about the acceptability of utterances
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5
Q

Bloom & Lahey model: Form, Content, Use

A

What is Language?

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6
Q

Form

A

phonology, morphology, syntax (word order, word endings, speech)

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7
Q

Content

A

Semantics (word meanings, the ways in which word meanings link together, sentencing)

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8
Q

Use

A

Pragmatics (conversation, social rules, matching language to the situation)

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9
Q

What is Language? B&L

A

a social tool, defined as a socially shared code or conventional system for representing concepts through use of arbitrary symbols and rule-governed combinations of those symbols

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10
Q

Phonology

A

Study of speech sounds and sound patterns used to create words. Determines which sounds may appear together, how they sound together and where they appear

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11
Q

Morphology

A

the study of word structures- rules govern changes that modify meaning at word level. Dog to Dogs

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12
Q

Syntax

A

“to join”- the arrangement of words to form meaningful sentences, word order and overall structure of sentences, a rule system governing the ordering of words in sentences

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13
Q

Pragmatics

A

the study of the rules that govern the use of language in social situations aka a set of rules for language for language use (how to enter and exit a conversation; anticipation of listener needs)

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14
Q

Semantics

A

the study of meaning in language, the rules govern meaning and the relationships between meaning units

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15
Q

Why do we need phonemes when we have the alphabet to describe speech?

A

They are important for meaning, when a speaker changes a phoneme in a word, the meaning changes.

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16
Q

What is an organic disorder?

A

caused by some defect in the neurophysiological mechanism of speech. Ex: cleft palate, aphasia

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17
Q

What is a functional disorder?

A

do not have an organic or neurologic cause; faulty learning, environment, habits, emotional problems, and other unknown causes. Ex: stutters, difficulty pronouncing speech sounds

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18
Q

How many people have comm disorders?

A

approximately 46 million people in the US

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19
Q

How do you take to someone with a comm disorder?

A

acknowledge your uncertainty/fear, focus on the person not your nerves

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20
Q

What is one thing you do when talking to someone with a comm disorder?

A

make eye contact, give them opportunity and time to talk

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21
Q

What is one thing you NEVER do when talking to someone with a comm disorder?

A

never fill in a word or assist an individual unless he or she asks for help

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22
Q

What is the medulla oblongata? Why important ?

A

a structure in the brainstem that fires impulses to the muscles of respiration; it is important bc it tells you to breathe

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23
Q

What are the major structures of speech?

A

the Respiratory, Phonatory, and Articulatory mechanisms

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24
Q

Larynx

A

suspended by the hyoid bone at the top of the trachea. it’s a valve, closes the entry into trachea

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25
Q

Thyroid cartilage

A

large, butterfly shaped cartilages that form the frontal and side walls of the larynx

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26
Q

Cricoid cartilage

A

the top ring of the trachea which is linked with the thyroid cartilage and a pair of arytenoid cartilages
-provides attachments for muscles, ligaments, and cartilages involved in opening and closing the airway in speech production

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27
Q

two arytenoid cartilages

A

two small pyramid shaped cartilages which allow the vocal folds to be tensed, relaxed or approximated

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28
Q

epiglottis

A

prevents food from entering the trachea, directing it to the esophagus

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29
Q

glottis

A

space between the vocal folds when the folds are abducted

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30
Q

Abduction

A

vocal folds that are drawn APART

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31
Q

Adduction

A

vocal folds that are closed or nearly closed TOGETHER

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32
Q

fundamental frequency

A

the rate at which given folds vibrate, varies with age and gender. The elasticity, tension, and mass determine fundamental frequency

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33
Q

Pitch

A

created by the frequency with which the vocal folds vibrate

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34
Q

Loudness

A

determined by the degree of sub glottal air pressure

35
Q

Fundamental frequency

A

male vocal fold vibration: 125 Hz/sec
female vocal fold vibration: 225-250 Hz/sec
newborn cry 500

36
Q

Qualities of Voice

A

Resonance, breathy voice, harshness, hoarseness, nasality

37
Q

Resonance

A

modification of a sound by structures through which the sound passes

38
Q

Breathy voice

A

when the vocal folds do not completely close; lack of closure causes air leakage during phonation and adds frictional noise to the voice

39
Q

harshness

A

a vocal quality due mainly to the irregular vibration of vocal folds

40
Q

hoarseness

A

results from excessive air leakage through the glottis and irregular vocal fold vibrations (when both breathiness and harshness is present)

41
Q

nasality

A

refers to the added nasal resonance to voice, the quality added to the sound when the sound passes through the nose. It is a Resonance quality NOT a vocal quality because its not related to the behaviors of the vocal folds

42
Q

Laryngopharynx

A

starts above larynx and ends at base of tongue which adds resonance to the sounds the larynx produces

43
Q

Oropharynx

A

connected to laryngopharynx but oro extends up to the soft palate
-adds resonance to the sounds the larynx produces

44
Q

Nasopharynx

A

oropharynx is connected and it ends where the two nasal cavities begin which adds noticeable resonance to only the nasal sounds (n,m,ng)

45
Q

velum

A

“soft palate”- a flexible muscular structure at the juncture of the oropharynx and nasopharynx located at the bak of the mouth-it hangs from the hard palate; it closes off the nasal cavity for the majority of speech sounds

46
Q

uvula

A

the small, cone-shaped tip of the velum

47
Q

hard palate

A

the bony roof of the mouth and floor of the nose. the interaction of the hard palate and tongue is essential for the formation of certain speech sounds

48
Q

alveolar ridge

A

the jaw ridge along the roof of the mouth between upper teeth and hard palate. the tongue apex continually touches the ridge to form speech sounds

49
Q

mandible

A

the jaw which houses lower teeth and forms the floor of the mouth. major task is to chew food; it’s important to speech because it houses lower teeth, tongue, and lower lip

50
Q

tongue

A

a large muscular structure that fills most of the oral cavity which helps produce speech sounds. it is a major articulator

51
Q

lips

A

obicularis oris- pucker lips for vowels and used for other speech sounds

52
Q

what is the most important structure if the CNS for speech, language, and hearing?

A

the brain

53
Q

Describe what you’re doing when giving an oral mech exam?

A

evaluates the structure and function of speech mechanism to assess whether the system is adequate for speech production
-looks at face, much, teeth, function of lips, tongue, jaw, velum, placement of tongue, hard and soft palates

54
Q

What is Diadochokinesis

A

syllable rates are used to evaluate client’s ability to make rapidly alternating speech movements

55
Q

How does one measure a babies perceptual abilities?

A

experiments such as a visual cliff measuring depth perception in babies

56
Q

what can infants perceive?

A

3 days- recognizes mom’s voice
4 days- distinguish maternal language from others
one month- /p/ /b/ in syllables /ba/ and /pa/
3 mo- detect differences in place and manner of articulation and consonants
4.5 mo- prefer to hear sound of their name over syllables that sound similar to name
before 9 mo- learn characteristic phoneme sequences of their language

57
Q

What is a phoneme?

A

a class/group of speech sounds, phonemes make a difference in meaning /p/ and /b/ are different phonemes because at word level when one changes to other meaning changes -pat and bat

58
Q

What is an allophone?

A

variations of an individual phoneme; difference in phoneme /k/ for “key” and “cool”

59
Q

How are speech sounds classified?

A

vowels and consonants

60
Q

Vowels

A

all involve vocal fold vibrations and a more open vocal tract during production

  • differ from one another because of vocal tract shape
  • classified according to tongue positions used in their productions
61
Q

consonants

A

produced by restricting the oral cavity classified by place, manner, and voicing

62
Q

Manner of articulation

A

describes the type or degree of constriction

63
Q

Place of articulation

A

describes location of constriction

64
Q

Voicing

A

based on the presence (voiced sound) or the absence (voiceless sounds) of vocal fold vibration

65
Q

Stops

A

produced when airflow is stopped then released

/p, b, t, d, k, g/

66
Q

Fricatives

A

constricting the oral cavity then forcing air through it

/s, f, v, z, h/

67
Q

Affricates

A

a combination of stops and fricatives

“ch” and “j” sound

68
Q

Glides

A

produced by gradually changing shape of articulation

/w/ and /j/

69
Q

liquids

A

when the oral cavity is restricted the least

/r/ and /l/

70
Q

nasals

A

nasal resonance is added by keeping the velopharyngeal port open
/n, m, ng/

71
Q

Reflexive vocalization

A

natural occurrences that reflect the physical state of the infant (cry, burp, sneeze, cough- sometimes hear vowels)

72
Q

Non-reflexive vocalization

A

purposeful for development (cooing, babbling)

73
Q

Reflexive vocalization stage

A

birth-2mo. physical state

74
Q

cooing and laughter

A

(2-4) months

75
Q

vocal play

A

4-6months; range, pitch, sustained vowels

76
Q

canonical babbling- no meaning yet

A

6months + =reduplicated bababa; varigated babibobu

77
Q

Jargon

A

(10 months+) no words, but overlaps with first words, string of patterns, not speech, at adult speed

78
Q

Articulation disorder

A

refers to children who only have a problem producing a few phonemes, or whose speech errors are tied to the motor aspects of speech production

79
Q

Phonological disorder

A

refers to a child with multiple speech sound errors involving the sound system of language

80
Q

Phonological processes

A

many ways or patterns of simplifying difficult sound productions by omissions or substitutions

81
Q

Examples of phonological processes

A

final consonant deletion or initial, cluster reduction, fronting

82
Q

How would you evaluate someone for an articulation or phonological disorder?

A

Screening to quickly identify who communicates within normal limits and those who may have a comm disorder
-Eval Procedures: case history, interview, observation, oral mech exam, hearing screening, administer standardized tests, obtain spontaneous connected speech sample, test of stimulability, analysis of errors and patterns of disarticulations, recommendations, report writing

83
Q

SODA

A

substitution, omission, distortion, addition

84
Q

4 Journals

A

Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research
American Journal of Speech Language Pathology
American Journal of Audiology
Language, Speech, and Hearing Sciences in the Schools

CSD-Intro (2 decks)

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