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Estudios Regionales de América > Examen Primer Parcial > Flashcards

Examen Primer Parcial Flashcards

1
Q

Why is the site of Monte Verde so exceptional?

A

Due to two of its essential characteristics carefully revealed by a refined methodology of excavation and laboratory analysis: its complexity and its antiquity.

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2
Q

The early settlement theory, or pre-Clovis theory, is…

A

is a series of relatively recent archaeological, linguistic, and genetic studies and findings, which question the classical theory of the late settlement of the American continent based on the Clovis culture.

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3
Q

*By boat through the Pacific Ocean.
*Around 15,000 years ago.
*Following the coast of Asia and Beringia to South America.
*Support from the maritime environment.

A

Coastal migration theory

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4
Q

How did Clovis disappear?

A
  • The Clovis comet hypothesis: Claims to be an astronomical impact of an object causing the extinction of most large animals in North America and the disappearance of the Clovis culture.
  • Anthropogenic extinction: Indicates that the Clovis were affected by the scarcity of large animals in the areas that they habited because of having hunted this fauna extremely.
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5
Q

What was organized the economics on Monte verde?

A

The caverns found, filled with mud, and surrounded by stone tools, and remains of seeds, nuts, and berries, suggest, that an organized economy existed at Monte Verde.

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6
Q

What is Conquer?

A

The process of territorial occupation that consists of setting in a place temporarily to extract wealth

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7
Q

What is colonized?

A

The process of territorial occupation that consists of settling in a place permanently to populate it.

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8
Q

The three most important colonist empires

A

The British Empire, the French Empire, the Dutch empire

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9
Q
  • The East India Company was created having its focus on the Indian Subcontinent
  • Seven Year War won by Great Britain gaining more power
  • New colonization of groups of islands, and the acquisition of proprietary colonies
A

The British empire

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10
Q
  • Jacques Cartier explores the coasts of the St. Lawrence
  • Civil War between Catholics and protestants
  • Western Company leading to more explorations
  • Complex/Good relationship with natives
  • Louisiana as a slavery settlement
A

The French Empire

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11
Q
  • Large joint-stock companies for exploration, settlement, and trade
  • The Dutch East and West India Companies
  • Shipping and trading –> the rise of nationalism and militarism
  • State intervention in the colonial enterprise came later.
A

The dutch empire

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12
Q

The initial states of the United States of America were composed of….

A

13 colonies

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13
Q

The names of the colonies were…

A

Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, and Virginia.

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14
Q

Continental Congress declared the “United Colonies” of America to be….

A

The “United States of America.”

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15
Q

True or false: The first attempt at government in the United States was a system where all states maintained their government and sent a representative to Congress. However, it failed because there was no executive government, and the states didn’t follow the decisions of Congress.

A

True

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16
Q

DIVISION OF POWER

A

-Legislative power
-Executive power
-Judiciary power

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17
Q

Congress was composed of two chambers: the House of Representatives, with several seats proportional to the inhabitants and whose members would be elected by popular vote; and the Senate, with two delegates from each state.

A

Legislative power

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18
Q

Presidential regime deposited in a single person, who would. be called President, elected in a double vote, a direct popular and indirect, of voters of all states.

A

Executive power

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19
Q

Exercised by a Supreme Court, in addition to some lower courts.

A

Judiciary power

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20
Q

what happened at the Philadelphia convention?

A

55 delegates from the 13 states, reunited to write a constitution to replace the Articles of Confederation. In this convention, the USA was established as a Presidential Federal Republic, and the constitution became the first fundamental law in the country, written with the characteristics of the division of powers.

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21
Q

He is elected by vote. He is subject to the control of Congress and constitutionally, to that of the Supreme Court. He is the head of state

A

The president

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22
Q

consists of two chambers, the one of Representatives and the other of the Senates.

A

Congress

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23
Q

ACTUAL POLITICAL SYSTEM

A

Currently, the United States is a constitutional federal republic, with a presidential regime as a form of government based on the separation of powers into three branches: executive, legislative, and judicial.

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24
Q

The first 10 amendments were created to…

A

to try and persuade certain states to accept the whole constitution.

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25
Q

It was difficult getting the United States Constitution ratified because…

A

many states felt it gave too much power to the Federal Government and not enough to the people.

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26
Q

The 10 amendments

A
  1. Freedom of speech
  2. Right to bear arms
  3. The freedom against the quartering of soldiers
  4. The freedom against search and seizure
  5. The right to due process
  6. The right to a speedy trial
  7. The right to a jury trial in civil suits
  8. The Freedom Against Cruel & Unusual Punishment
  9. The Enumeration of Certain Rights Shall not be Used Against Others
  10. Rights Reserved by States or People
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27
Q

Was a long historical, political, and social process that put an end to Spanish rule over this nation of the American continent through arms.

A

The Independence of Mexico

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28
Q

Internal Causes of the independence of Mexico

A
  • Social inequality
  • Administrative reforms of the colonial authorities
  • Formation of an emancipatory Creole conscience:
29
Q

External Causes of the independence of Mexico

A
  • The decline of Spain and Portugal as hegemonic powers
  • American and French revolutions.
  • Haitian independence.
  • Napoleonic invasion of the metropolis
30
Q

Consequences of the independence of Mexico:

A
  • Central America joins the Mexican empire.
  • The new Latin American states, except for Brazil, would have to suffer a long wait before achieving their goal of political stability.
31
Q

Thanks to the independence of Mexico four problems became noticeable:

A
  1. Militarism.
  2. The economic problems.
  3. The social problems.
  4. The disintegration that made Bolívar’s dream of a united Latin America impossible.
32
Q

True or false: Texans (supported by the United States government) seek their independence from Mexico to consolidate autonomy and liberty.

A

True

33
Q

Texans were led by….

A

Stephen Austin and Samuel Houston

34
Q

On the other hand, the Mexican army was led by…

A

Antonio López de Santa Anna.

35
Q

Mexico was forced to sign the …..

A

Treaty of Velasco, granting Texas independence

36
Q

Primera Intervención Francesa

A

Guerra de los Pasteles

37
Q

Reasons for the first French intervention

A
  • With Latin American countries being at their most vulnerable after their independence, France tried to take advantage of the situation by forcing favorable commercial deals.
  • When Mexico didn’t accept France’s offers, France initiated a naval blockade in April 1838 to debilitate Mexican trade and claim payment of their external debt to France.
  • Mexico decided not to concede the payments that France was demanding, and in consequence, in November 1839 France attacked a Mexican port, forcing Mexico to declare war on them.
38
Q

…..was incorporated into the United States in 1845 violating the agreement Mexico and Texas had when they got independent and rising tensions between the 2 countries.

A

The Republic of Texas

39
Q

… ended up causing the Second French Intervention in Mexico that lasted from December 8, 1861, to June 21, 1867, which resulted in the Mexican victory and the withdrawal of the French army.

A

The payment suspension law along with other political, economic, and military reasons

40
Q

France, the United Kingdom, and Spain formed an alliance called…

A

The London Convention

41
Q

Mexican Empire. The French withdrew unconditionally from the country in 1867 by order of…

A

Emperor Napoleon III mainly due to the threat of Prussia in Europe and the US threat of invading him if he did not withdraw from Mexico.

42
Q

The League of Nations the predecessor of ….

A

The United Nations

43
Q

it was created to “promote international cooperation and to achieve peace and security.

A

The League of Nations

44
Q

It was established under the Treaty of Versailles and ratified by 41 countries.

A

The League of Nations

45
Q

why Mexico was not invited to join the League of Nations in 1919?

A

-Misunderstandings with the USA.
-Britain and France did not believe in Mexico’s neutrality.
-The Zimmermann telegram.
-Mexico’s post-revolutionary government.
-European powers wanted the USA’s approval.

46
Q

Was the entrance ticket of Mexico into the League of Nations

A

THE BUCARELI TREATY

47
Q

Agreements in which the Mexican government respond to the demand of the American population for the damages caused by the Mexican Revolution.

A

THE BUCARELI TREATY

48
Q

When did the Bucareli treaty emerge?

A

On August 13, 1923, the Bucareli Treaty was signed between the United States and Mexico during the government of Álvaro Obregón, 1920-1924.

49
Q

Who ratified the Bucareli program?

A

Former President Álvaro Obregón was influenced by the presence of the Secretary of Foreign Relations, Alberto J. Pani, and Former US President Warren G. Harding.

50
Q

Special claims of the Bucareli program

A
  • Agricultural properties expropriated from Americans of less than 1,755 hectares would be paid for with bonds.
  • For properties that exceed this extension, the payment will be immediate and in cash.
  • A commission in charge of reviewing the pending claims from 1868 would be integrated; those caused by the revolution would be resolved separately
51
Q

Disadvantages of the Bucareli program

A
  • Political interference of the United States in the internal affairs of Mexico
  • The “unofficial” agreements damaged national sovereignty and violated the Constitution of 1917
  • They subjected Mexico to the framework of financial and economic influence of the United States
  • They committed the country to its internal economic and political development for the future.
  • The return of the railroads to their former owners, the tax on oil contracts and exports, property restrictions along the Mexican coasts and borders to foreigners, border disputes along the Rio Grande, and difficulties surrounding the payment of the Mexican foreign debt.
52
Q

Purpose of the Bucareli program:

A

Guideline for the reestablishment of diplomatic relations that, Politically, they meant an agreement between US President Harding and Álvaro Obregón, for the latter to receive diplomatic recognition.

53
Q

Irregularities of the Bucareli Program:

A

From a legal point of view, since the treaty was not endorsed by the congresses of the countries involved, it was considered null and void. Even so, the SCJM granted an injunction to US citizens and companies and gave them fifteen years to move their oil investments to Venezuela.

54
Q

The stock market crash of 1929 was

A

A catastrophic event that occurred in October of 1929 and was a major factor in the start of the Great Depression.

55
Q

WHAT WERE THE CONSEQUENCES OF THE MARKET CRASH?

A
  • Economic contraction
  • Bank failures
  • Political instability
56
Q

What pushed the US into the war on December 7, 1941?

A

The Japanese attack on the American naval base at Pearl Harbor

57
Q

What was the event that caused the end of the war?

A

Japan surrendered after the US dropped an atomic bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki

58
Q

How many founder members have the U.N.

A

51 Founders members

59
Q

which are the permanent members?

A

UK, France, USA, URSS (Russia), China.

60
Q

The interoceanic waterway crosses the American continent at the height of Panama, which connects the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean with the Pacific.

A

Panama Canal

61
Q

There were two nations interested in this ambitious project of the Panama Canal

A

The United States and France.

62
Q

Determining failure factors of the Panama Canal

A
  • A wrong canal model.
  • Very superficial feasibility study Climate problem and diseases (yellow fever and malaria)
  • Poor administration
  • Low budget
63
Q

why the work stopped at the Panama Canal?

A

The works stopped in 1882 due to the earthquake that shook the isthmus and by 1888 the financing of the project ceased and was completely abandoned.

64
Q

who was in charge of the construction of the Panama Canal?

A

Ferdinand de Lesseps

65
Q

how many years it was supposed to take for the creation of the Panama Canal?

A

12 years

66
Q

The failure of the French canal brought….

A

negative consequences for the Panamanian economy at the end of the 19th century, so the only alternative solution to this problem seemed to be the resumption of the construction of the Panama Canal by the United States.

67
Q

What was the Torrijos-Carter Treaty?

A

Negotiations between the Panamanian government, led by Omar Torrijos, and the American Jimmy Carter, regarding the cession of control of the channel to local authorities.

68
Q

What was the Monroe doctrine?

A

THE DOCTRINE WARNED EUROPEAN NATIONS THAT THE UNITED STATES WOULD NOT TOLERATE FURTHER COLONIZATION OR PUPPET MONARCHS.

69
Q

what was Zimmerman’s telegram?

A

In January 1917, cryptographers deciphered a telegram from Germany’s foreign minister, Arthur Zimmermann, to the German minister assigned to Mexico, Heinrich Von Eckhardt, offering Mexico U.S. territory if they supported the German cause.

Estudios Regionales de América (1 decks)

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