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Política exterior de México > Examen primer parcial > Flashcards

Examen primer parcial Flashcards

1
Q

Has shaped itself through the creation of International Organizations such
as the UN, decolonization, globalization, etc.

A

Foreign policy

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2
Q

George Modelski defines foreign policy as

A

“the system of activities evolved by communities for
changing the behavior of other states and for adjusting their own activities to the international environment. Foreign policy must throw light on the ways states attempt to change, and succeed in changing the behavior of other states.”

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3
Q

The foreign policy serves as

A

an intersection point of domestic and international politics.

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4
Q

foreign policy has two determinants:

A

● International or external
● Domestic or internal.

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5
Q

According to Kissinger the domestic structure is…

A

not irrelevant in any historical period. At a minimum, it determines the amount of social effect which can be devoted to foreign policy.”

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6
Q

Was the president of Mexico during these periods of time (1824-29)

A

Guadalupe Victoria

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7
Q

Was the president of Mexico during these periods of time (1829)

A

Vicente Guerrero

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8
Q

Was the president of Mexico during these periods of time (1833-35/1839/1841-42/1843-44/1847/1853-1855)

A

Antonio López de Santa Ana

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9
Q

Was the president of Mexico during these periods of time (1858/1861-62/1867-72)

A

Benito Juárez

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10
Q

Was the president of Mexico during these periods of time (1876-80/1884-1911)

A

Porfirio Díaz

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11
Q

was the consequence of a political and social process resolved by means of arms, which put an end to Spanish rule in the territories of New Spain.

A

Mexico’s Independence

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12
Q

he war for Mexican independence lasted from….. until…..

A

The Grito de Dolores, on September 16, 1810, until the entry of the Trigarante Army into Mexico City, on September 27, 1821.

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13
Q

The independence of Mexico was made official with…

A

the signing of the Treaties of Córdoba.

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14
Q

Who signed the Treaties of Córdoba?

A

This document was signed by Agustín de Iturbide, (commander of the Triguarante Army) and by Juan O’Donojú (higher political leader of the Province of New Spain).

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15
Q

Reconquest attempts were made in…

A

1821 and 1829

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16
Q

Principal actors of the independence of Mexico:

A
  • Priest Miguel Hidalgo
  • Maria Morelos and Pavon
  • Agustin de Iturbide
  • Vicente Guerrero
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17
Q

When Mexico achieved its independence, Agustín de Iturbide proclaimed himself…

A

“Emperor Agustín I”

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18
Q

Was the only nation independent from Spain that adopted a monarchical regime after its independence.

A

Mexico

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19
Q

The historical period of the First Mexican Empire includes the signing of…

A

The Treaties of Córdoba in 1821 until the proclamation of the federal Republic in 1823.

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20
Q

The first Mexican empire was dissolved in…

A

February 1823

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21
Q

what happened thanks to the Casa Mata Plan led by Antonio López de Santa Anna and Vicente Guerrero.

A

The first Mexican empire was dissolved

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22
Q

For which reason the Anglo-Saxon people in Texas started to grow the idea of independence

A

○ They had to convert to Catholicism and adopt their equivalent name in Spanish.
○ Abolition of slavery in Mexico
○ The adoption of the “7 laws” centralist constitution of 1835 took away their autonomy.

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23
Q

Texas independence war period of time

A

From 1835 to 1836

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24
Q

After what battle the war of Texas independence ended unexpectedly

A

the Battle of San Jacinto.

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25
Q

U.S leader of the Texas revolution

A

General Samuel Houston

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26
Q

The signing of the…where the current territorial limits are established.

A

“Guadalupe Hidalgo” treaty

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27
Q

1st French Intervention:

A

War of the Cakes.

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28
Q

First war conflict between Mexico and France. It took place from April 16, 1838 to March 9, 1839.

A

war of the cakes

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29
Q

2nd French Intervention 1862

A

It took place after the Mexican government, headed by Benito Juárez, announced the suspension of foreign debt payments in 1861.

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30
Q

which countries made an alliance called the London convention to send troops to Mexico.

A

France, the United Kingdom, and Spain

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31
Q

Second Emperor of Mexico.

A

Maximilian I of Mexico

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32
Q

Movement supported by Mexican conservatives and the Catholic Church with the French army.

A

Second Mexican empire

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33
Q

The Liberals were

A

Benito Juárez followers

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34
Q

Maximilian was made emperor in

A

1863

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35
Q

Maximilian was executed in

A

1867.

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36
Q

Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada presidency

A

(1872-1876)

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37
Q

This happened during which period of time
● The servitude of agricultural laborers was stopped, workers’ associations were promoted and elementary, free, obligatory and secular education was established.
● SEPARATION OF THE STATE AND THE CLERGY.
● Reform laws.

A

The governments of Benito Juárez and Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada

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38
Q

Who made the Tuxtepec Plan: A movement to overthrow President Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada. “Effective
suffrage, No reelection”

A

Porfirio Díaz

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39
Q

Modifies the constitution to be reelected indefinitely.

A

Porfirio Díaz

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40
Q

After great diplomatic work, he managed to reconcile relations with the United States,
Spain, the United Kingdom and France, who between 1877 and 1884 recognized his
government.

A

Porfirio Díaz

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41
Q

Main foreign policy figures during porfiriato:

A

○ Matías Romero: he served as Minister of Mexico in Washington from 1882 to 1898, he managed to generate a bilateral policy with the United States.
○ Ignacio Mariscal: who served for almost thirty years as Secretary of Relations from 1880 to 1910. His experience as a minister in Washington and London allowed him to develop a broader foreign policy.

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42
Q

How many years did the porfiriato last?

A

31 years

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43
Q

Benefits of the 31 years porfiriato:

A

○ 19,000 kilometers of railways thanks to foreign investment
○ The country was communicated by the telegraph network
○ Foreign capital investments were made in mining, agriculture, oil, among other areas, and the national industry was promoted.

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44
Q

Consequences of of the 31 years porfiriato:

A

○ Corruption and fraud
○ Disposal of land
○ Excessive exploitation of mines by foreign companies.

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45
Q

In 1910, at the age of 80, he presented his candidacy for a new re-election, which was rejected by the working-class public.

A

Porfirio Díaz

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46
Q

name of the movement where Francisco I. Madero called for the rebellion, on November 20 of 1910, and ended with the triumphant entry into the city, defeating the dictator.

A

Mexican Revolution

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47
Q

Was the president of Mexico during these periods of time (1911-13)

A

Francisco I. Madero

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48
Q

Was the president of Mexico during these periods of time (1916-20)

A

Venustiano Carranza

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49
Q

Was the president of Mexico during these periods of time (1914-15)

A

Eulalio Gutiérrez

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50
Q

Was the president of Mexico during these periods of time (1915-16)

A

Roque Gonzales Garza

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51
Q

Was the president of Mexico during these periods of time (1920-24)

A

Álvaro Obregón

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52
Q

Was the president of Mexico during these periods of time (1924-28)

A

Plutarco Elías Calles

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53
Q

Was the president of Mexico during these periods of time (1928-30)

A

Emilio Portes Gil

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54
Q

Was the president of Mexico during these periods of time (1930-32)

A

Pascual Ortiz rubio

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55
Q

Was the president of Mexico during these periods of time (1932-34)

A

Abelardo. L. Rodríguez

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56
Q

Was the president of Mexico during these periods of time (1934-40)

A

Lazaro Cárdenas

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57
Q

The Mexican revolution was led by

A

Francisco I. Madero against President Porfirio Díaz.

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58
Q

Mexican revolution main actors:

A

○ Francisco I Madero: leader of the movement
○ Venustiano Carranza
○ Francisco Villa: leader in the north of the country.
○ Emiliano Zapata: leader in the south of the country.

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59
Q

A panorama of dissatisfaction against the elitist policies of Porfirio Díaz, which had favored the upper class, especially the landowners and the big industrial capitalists, farmers oppressed by the Landowners, and political dissatisfaction were the reasons of….

A

Mexican Revolution

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60
Q

who created the Plan of San Luis Potosí?

A

Francisco I. Madero

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61
Q

What denounced Madero in the Plan of San Luis Potosí

A

He denounced the Días electoral fraud and incited the population to join his opposition.

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62
Q

In the spring of 1911, after the fall of Ciudad Juárez, he was forced to resign and hand over power to Madero.

A

Porfirio Díaz

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63
Q

Initially his regime was welcomed with enthusiasm by the people, but soon he was faced
with the discontent of the peasants, who demanded an agrarian reform; and that of the
landowners, who wanted to quell the radicalism of Zapata’s followers.

A

Francisco I. Madero

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64
Q

Who rebelled against Madero in Morelos In November 1911 because of the delay in the restitution of the lands to the indigenous communities contemplated in the San Luis
plan

A

Emiliano Zapata

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65
Q

who made a new proposal known as the Ayala Plan ”La tierra para quién la trabaja”.

A

Emiliano Zapata

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66
Q

Victoriano Huerta became a dictator through

A

Military force

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67
Q

Huerta’s management proposed two goals:

A

○ achieve the pacification of the country
○ achieve international recognition of their government, especially by the United
States

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68
Q

A few days after the “Decena trágica”, who assumed the presidency of the United States?

A

Woodrow Wilson

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69
Q

John Lind arrived in Mexico to replace Henry Lane Wilson and presented Huerta in August 1913 with four proposals from the US government:

A

○ Immediate ceasefire and definitive armistice.
○ Immediate free elections with the participation of all factions.
○ That General Huerta does not participate in said elections.
○ Agreement of all parties to abide by the result and cooperate in the new government.

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70
Q

True of false: The proposals were rejected through the Secretary of Foreign Relations,

A

True

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71
Q

Why in April 1914, 6 ships anchored in Tampico and a short time later took over the port of Veracruz to prevent the Huerta government

A

Because Mexico received a shipment of arms from Germany.

72
Q

Group known as ABC

A

Argentina, Brazil and Chile

73
Q

They offered to act as mediators in the conflict during conferences in Niagara Falls, Canada, on May 20 of 1914

A

ABC

74
Q

Who was exiled in June 1914 to Spain, and died in 1916 due to cirrhosis.?

A

Victoriano Huerta

75
Q

After huerta differences soon arose between the revolutionaries, divided into three groups:

A

○ the Villistas, who offered a poorly defined political and social program
○ the Zapatistas, who kept the principles of the Plan de Ayala
○ The Carrancistas, linked to the bourgeoisie.

76
Q

Who chose to write a new constitution that would fulfill the promises made to peasants and workers during the armed conflict, this in order to prevent the main actors from being dissatisfied and creating social and political instability again?

A

Venustiano Carranza

77
Q

In which Article were enunciated the economic, social, and political proposals of the workers?

A

123

78
Q

What determines article 123?

A

Determines the conditions of work and social security, such as:
○ Rights in terms of employment stability; vacation; minimum salary; Christmas bonus, and working conditions in general.
○ Maximum workday of eight hours.
○ Prohibition for women and children to participate in unhealthy and dangerous
work.
○ Establishment of a day of rest for every six days of work.
○ Grant to social security, school and nursing workers
○ Responsibility of employers in accidents at work and occupational diseases.
○ Recognition of strikes and stoppages as a right of workers.
○ Creation of Conciliation and Arbitration Boards to resolve conflicts between
employers and workers.

79
Q

Who supported V. Carranza as the military brain of the constitutionalist army.

A

Álvaro Obregón

80
Q

First president whose mandate began on December 1 and ended on November 30, in
the history of the country.

A

Álvaro Obregón

81
Q

who made the “Agua Prieta” plan to ignore V. Carranza?

A

Álvaro Obregón

82
Q

He tried to maintain the check and balance of the prevailing political forces in the
country; He granted amnesty to Francisco Villa and Saturnino Cedillo, and in exchange
for surrendering and collaborating in the stability of the country.

A

Álvaro Obregón

83
Q

During which presidency these events took place?
● Creation of the SEP (1921) directed by José Vasconcelos
● Treaties of Bucareli (1923)

A

Álvaro Obregón

84
Q

He wins the Presidency but is assassinated at his celebration that night.

A

Álvaro Obregón

85
Q

Right arm of Álvaro Obregón.

A

Plutarco Elias Calles

86
Q

This president was focused on the economy: Creation of the Income Tax, strengthening the currency, return of goods to private hands, etc.

A

Plutarco Elias Calles

87
Q

This institution was created during Plutarco Elias Calles presidency

A

Creation of Mexico ́s Central Bank on September 1, 1925.

88
Q

Plutarco Elias Calles rejected the….

A

The Bucareli Treaties of 1923 and began to draft a new oil law that would strictly comply with and adhere to article 27 of the Constitution.

89
Q

As a consequence of the Calles rejection, bilateral relations are damaged and Mexico is known as

A

“Soviet Mexico” in the US.

90
Q

Plutarco Elias Calles was the former governor of which state?

A

Sonora

91
Q

During which presidency took place the Cristero war?

A

Plutarco Elias Calles

92
Q

How many years last the Cristero War?

A

3 years

93
Q

which president were re-elected in non-consecutive terms and 6-year terms?

A

Plutarco Elias Calles

94
Q

He declared war on alcohol

A

Plutarco Elias Calles

95
Q

He ended the Cristero War

A

Emilio Portes Gil

96
Q

Appointed by Congress to replace President-elect Álvaro Obregón, assassinated before taking office.

A

Emilio Portes Gil

97
Q

During which presidency autonomy was granted to the National University of Mexico.

A

Emilio Portes Gil

98
Q

He faced the repercussions of the world economic crisis that began in 1929.

A

Pascual Ortiz Rubio

99
Q

What did The Estrada Doctrine say?

A

Mexico should not judge, either
for better or for worse, the governments or the changes in the government of other nations.

100
Q

During which presidency accepted the entry of Mexico to the league of nations

A

Pascual Ortiz Rubio

101
Q

He left politics for a while and traveled around the world, did business in Spain and was
Mexico’s ambassador to countries like Brazil and Germany.

A

Pascual Ortiz Rubio

102
Q

He joined the revolution, was a deputy, governor of Michoacán

A

Pascual Ortiz Rubio

103
Q

He expanded the country’s telephone network

A

Pascual Ortiz Rubio

104
Q

Highways such as Mexico-Nuevo Laredo, Puebla-Tehuacán and Morelia-Guanajuato
were drawn during which presidency

A

Abelardo L. Rodríguez

105
Q

He used an economic policy that favored the development of industry and commerce.

A

Abelardo L. Rodríguez

106
Q

He inaugurated Palacio de Bellas Artes.

A

Abelardo L. Rodríguez

107
Q

Which president marked the end of Callismo (Calles, Portes Gil, Pascual Ortiz Rubio and Abelardo Rodríguez).

A

Lázaro Cárdenas

108
Q

During which presidency Agrarian reform took place?

A

Lázaro Cárdenas

109
Q

What does the Agrarian reform support?

A

support for peasants

110
Q

During which presidency was the creation of the CTM (Confederation of Workers of Mexico).

A

Lázaro Cárdenas

111
Q

On March 18, 1938.

A

Cárdenas informed the country of his government’s decision to cut their losses and expropriate the oil companies

112
Q

During Cárdenas presidency Mexico agreed from the beginning to pay what it had taken, but not immediately but….

A

within ten years.

113
Q

Was the president of Mexico during these periods of time (1940-46)

A

M. Ávila Camacho

114
Q

Was the president of Mexico during these periods of time (1946-52)

A

Miguel Alemán Valdés

115
Q

Was the president of Mexico during these periods of time (1952-58)

A

Adolfo Ruiz Cortines

116
Q

Was the president of Mexico during these periods of time (1958-64)

A

Adolfo López Mateos

117
Q

True or false: Manuel Ávila Camacho fought against Huerta.

A

True

118
Q

Secretary of War and Navy in the six-year term of Lazaro Cárdenas.

A

Manuel Ávila Camacho

119
Q

Who was known as “The President Gentleman”

A

Manuel Ávila Camacho

120
Q

The Second World War (1939-1945) was fought in this period.

A

Manuel Ávila Camacho presidency

121
Q

During which presidency IMSS was born

A

Manuel Ávila Camacho presidency

122
Q

when the Bilateral agreement took place?

A

1942

123
Q

True or false: the United States reduced Mexico’s external debt by 20%, in exchange, the peso was devalued by $4.85 per dollar, thus the US government was able
to acquire raw materials and merchandise at a lower cost.

A

True

124
Q

Temporary labor agreement (Bracero program) started in…

A

August 1942

125
Q

what was the Bracero Program?

A

A thousand experienced Mexican peasants were sent to the U.S.A. to grow and harvest at sugar mills located in the Stockton California region

126
Q

Thanks to what the Bracero program was created?

A

for the demand for labor during World War II

127
Q

When the Mexican Air Force (FAM) was created?

A

on February 10, 1944.

128
Q

What was the 201 Squadron?

A

was a Mexican aerial combat unit that participated in World War II.

129
Q

Is the only Mexican military unit that has fought outside the national territory.

A

The Mexican Expeditionary Air Force

130
Q

True or false: Economically, Mexico’s performance in World War II cost the country approximately three million dollars. Being part of the allied block made Mexico appear among the victorious nations.

A

True

131
Q

Mexico is one of the….founding members of the United Nations Organization.

A

51

132
Q

Who signed the “Charter of the United Nations” on June 26, 1945, and on November 7 of that same year it was admitted to the UN.

A

The Mexican delegation

133
Q

When did the conference on Problems of War and Peace, also known as the Chapultepec Conference took place?

A

1945

134
Q

His father left him an important lesson: “Dedicate yourself to something more stable than weapons”

A

Miguel Alemán Valdés

135
Q

This president was:
● Lawyer (UNAM)
● real estate business
● Avila Camacho campaign coordinator
● Secretary of the Interior

A

Miguel Alemán Valdés

136
Q

This president was focused on progress with a capitalist vision: industrial Mexico, infrastructure, and cosmopolitan Mexico City.

A

Miguel Alemán Valdés

137
Q

His cabinet was made by academics

A

Miguel Alemán Valdés

138
Q

During this presidency, the external debt increased to 346 million dollars.

A

Miguel Alemán Valdés

139
Q

During this presidency was the creation of the Ciudad Universitaria and the industrialization of Mexico.

A

Miguel Alemán Valdés

140
Q

He was a member of the Mexican, Spanish, Colombian and Nicaraguan Language
Academies and doctor honoris causa from several national and foreign universities.

A

Miguel Alemán Valdés

141
Q

He supports the ”Plan de Agua Prieta” against Carranza and was a accountant and statesman

A

Adolfo Ruiz Cortines

142
Q

He was Secretary of Government during the six-year term of Miguel Aleman

A

Adolfo Ruiz Cortines

143
Q

Austerity and moralization policy during his six-year term.

A

Adolfo Ruiz Cortines

144
Q

What did Adolfo Ruiz Cortines promise during his campaign?

A

“if the vote favors us in the next elections, we intend to initiate before the Chambers the legal reforms necessary for women to enjoy the same political rights as men”

145
Q

In January 1954, the Dwight Eisenhower government announced…..

A

that they would hire Mexican
workers without the authorization of the Mexican government.

146
Q

which president was
● UNAM Lawyer
● Secretary of Labor in RC administration
● Leftiest

A

Adolfo López Mateos

147
Q

During which presidency were impulsed these initiatives:
● free textbooks
● Nationalization of the electrical industry

A

Adolfo López Mateos

148
Q

During his administration, the ISSSTE and the National Museum of Anthropology were
created.

A

Adolfo López Mateos

149
Q

During which presidency Return of the territory “el chamizal” (333 hectares in Chihuahua)

A

Adolfo López Mateos

150
Q

He promoted the country before the International Olympic Committee so that the XIX
Olympics would be held in Mexico City.

A

Adolfo López Mateos

151
Q

Was the president of Mexico during these periods of time (1964-1970)

A

Gustavo Díaz Ordaz

152
Q

Was the president of Mexico during these periods of time (1970-76)

A

Luis Echeverría A.

153
Q

Was the president of Mexico during these periods of time (1976-1982)

A

José López Portillo

154
Q

Was the president of Mexico during these periods of time (1982-1988)

A

Miguel de la Madrid H.

155
Q

During his presidency, the expansion of the hydraulic infrastructure reached the construction of 107 dams.

A

Gustavo Díaz Ordaz

156
Q

Also under his mandate, the 1968 Student Movement originated, which culminated in the
massacre in the Plaza de las Tres Culturas in Tlatelolco, on October 2.

A

Gustavo Díaz Ordaz

157
Q

During his administration, the 1968 Olympics were organized in Mexico.

A

Gustavo Díaz Ordaz

158
Q

Seven years later, the government of José López Portillo appoints him ambassador of
Mexico in Spain

A

Gustavo Díaz Ordaz

159
Q

The Main Cause of the student movement of 1968

A

Defend the right to freedom of expression oppressed by the styles of government of the time.

160
Q

They were held between October 12 and 27, 1968.

A

The Olympic Games in Mexico

161
Q

These were the first games organized by a developing country, by a Spanish-speaking
nation, and the first to be held in Latin America.

A

The Olympic Games in Mexico

162
Q

He nominated himself for the Nobel Peace Prize and for the UN SG

A

Luis Echeverría A.

163
Q

He considerably increased public spending, issuing worthless paper money and contracting debt.

A

Luis Echeverría A.

164
Q

● His government was very close to the socialist regimes of Chile and Cuba.
● Gave asylum to Hortensia Bussi, wife of Chilean President Salvador Allende

A

Luis Echeverría A.

165
Q

During his presidency, Mexico hosted the Soccer World Cup in 1970.

A

Luis Echeverría A.

166
Q

During his presidency Communist League “23 de Septiembre” murders Don Eugenio Garza Sada

A

Luis Echeverría A.

167
Q

Among the main events that occurred in his tenure are:
○ Visit of Pope John Paul II
○ Growth of the national economy in its history, followed by a serious decline
○ He placed former President Gustavo Díaz Ordaz as Mexico’s ambassador to
Spain. Knowing this, Carlos Fuentes (Ambassador of Mexico in France)
resigned.
○ Large oil fields discovered but mismanaged.
○ bank nationalization
○ “I will defend the peso like a dog”… peso falls 1 dollar = 70 pesos

A

José López Portillo

168
Q

He Wins because there is no other candidate.

A

José López Portillo

169
Q

During his presidency, the relationship with Cuba was restored with the visit of Fidel Castro to Mexican lands in 1979 after 22 years.

A

José López Portillo

170
Q

● Lawyer from UNAM and with a Master’s Degree in Public Administration from Harvard University.
● Secretary of Programming and Budget López Portillo
● Faced the 1985 earthquake (September 19, 1945): The 8.5 magnitude earthquake on
the Richter scale shook Mexico City.

A

Miguel de la Madrid H.

171
Q

Mexico was officially the 92nd member country of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) on..

A

July 25, 1986,

172
Q

On July 3, during the presidential elections, the left-wing candidate Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas was widely ahead of his rivals Manuel Clouthier (PAN) and Carlos Salinas de Gortari (PRI). For reasons that are still “unknown,” the electoral counting system stopped. The Ministry of the Interior, which was organizing the election at the time, pointed out that:

A

the system had collapsed. Finally, the PRI candidate was declared the winner.

173
Q

Colombia’s type of government

A

Republic
Presidentialism
Constitutional Republic
Unitary state

174
Q

Currently Colombia is part of 17 Trade agreements, some of the most important ones are:

A

MERCOSUR
CAN
EFTA States
CARICOM
Pacific Alliance
EU

175
Q

SOCIAL COOPERATION STRATEGIES EXAMPLES in Colombia

A

Implement the Peace Agreement in its entirety as a first step to end organized violence

Política exterior de México (1 decks)

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