Examen primer parcial Flashcards
1
Q
Has shaped itself through the creation of International Organizations such
as the UN, decolonization, globalization, etc.
A
Foreign policy
2
Q
George Modelski defines foreign policy as
A
“the system of activities evolved by communities for
changing the behavior of other states and for adjusting their own activities to the international environment. Foreign policy must throw light on the ways states attempt to change, and succeed in changing the behavior of other states.”
3
Q
The foreign policy serves as
A
an intersection point of domestic and international politics.
4
Q
foreign policy has two determinants:
A
● International or external
● Domestic or internal.
5
Q
According to Kissinger the domestic structure is…
A
not irrelevant in any historical period. At a minimum, it determines the amount of social effect which can be devoted to foreign policy.”
6
Q
Was the president of Mexico during these periods of time (1824-29)
A
Guadalupe Victoria
7
Q
Was the president of Mexico during these periods of time (1829)
A
Vicente Guerrero
8
Q
Was the president of Mexico during these periods of time (1833-35/1839/1841-42/1843-44/1847/1853-1855)
A
Antonio López de Santa Ana
9
Q
Was the president of Mexico during these periods of time (1858/1861-62/1867-72)
A
Benito Juárez
10
Q
Was the president of Mexico during these periods of time (1876-80/1884-1911)
A
Porfirio Díaz
11
Q
was the consequence of a political and social process resolved by means of arms, which put an end to Spanish rule in the territories of New Spain.
A
Mexico’s Independence
12
Q
he war for Mexican independence lasted from….. until…..
A
The Grito de Dolores, on September 16, 1810, until the entry of the Trigarante Army into Mexico City, on September 27, 1821.
13
Q
The independence of Mexico was made official with…
A
the signing of the Treaties of Córdoba.
14
Q
Who signed the Treaties of Córdoba?
A
This document was signed by Agustín de Iturbide, (commander of the Triguarante Army) and by Juan O’Donojú (higher political leader of the Province of New Spain).
15
Q
Reconquest attempts were made in…
A
1821 and 1829
16
Q
Principal actors of the independence of Mexico:
A
- Priest Miguel Hidalgo
- Maria Morelos and Pavon
- Agustin de Iturbide
- Vicente Guerrero
17
Q
When Mexico achieved its independence, Agustín de Iturbide proclaimed himself…
A
“Emperor Agustín I”
18
Q
Was the only nation independent from Spain that adopted a monarchical regime after its independence.
A
Mexico
19
Q
The historical period of the First Mexican Empire includes the signing of…
A
The Treaties of Córdoba in 1821 until the proclamation of the federal Republic in 1823.
20
Q
The first Mexican empire was dissolved in…
A
February 1823
21
Q
what happened thanks to the Casa Mata Plan led by Antonio López de Santa Anna and Vicente Guerrero.
A
The first Mexican empire was dissolved
22
Q
For which reason the Anglo-Saxon people in Texas started to grow the idea of independence
A
○ They had to convert to Catholicism and adopt their equivalent name in Spanish.
○ Abolition of slavery in Mexico
○ The adoption of the “7 laws” centralist constitution of 1835 took away their autonomy.
23
Q
Texas independence war period of time
A
From 1835 to 1836
24
Q
After what battle the war of Texas independence ended unexpectedly
A
the Battle of San Jacinto.
25
U.S leader of the Texas revolution
General Samuel Houston
26
The signing of the...where the current territorial limits are established.
"Guadalupe Hidalgo" treaty
27
1st French Intervention:
War of the Cakes.
28
First war conflict between Mexico and France. It took place from April 16, 1838 to March 9, 1839.
war of the cakes
29
2nd French Intervention 1862
It took place after the Mexican government, headed by Benito Juárez, announced the suspension of foreign debt payments in 1861.
30
which countries made an alliance called the London convention to send troops to Mexico.
France, the United Kingdom, and Spain
31
Second Emperor of Mexico.
Maximilian I of Mexico
32
Movement supported by Mexican conservatives and the Catholic Church with the French army.
Second Mexican empire
33
The Liberals were
Benito Juárez followers
34
Maximilian was made emperor in
1863
35
Maximilian was executed in
1867.
36
Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada presidency
(1872-1876)
37
This happened during which period of time
● The servitude of agricultural laborers was stopped, workers' associations were promoted and elementary, free, obligatory and secular education was established.
● SEPARATION OF THE STATE AND THE CLERGY.
● Reform laws.
The governments of Benito Juárez and Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada
38
Who made the Tuxtepec Plan: A movement to overthrow President Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada. "Effective
suffrage, No reelection"
Porfirio Díaz
39
Modifies the constitution to be reelected indefinitely.
Porfirio Díaz
40
After great diplomatic work, he managed to reconcile relations with the United States,
Spain, the United Kingdom and France, who between 1877 and 1884 recognized his
government.
Porfirio Díaz
41
Main foreign policy figures during porfiriato:
○ Matías Romero: he served as Minister of Mexico in Washington from 1882 to 1898, he managed to generate a bilateral policy with the United States.
○ Ignacio Mariscal: who served for almost thirty years as Secretary of Relations from 1880 to 1910. His experience as a minister in Washington and London allowed him to develop a broader foreign policy.
42
How many years did the porfiriato last?
31 years
43
Benefits of the 31 years porfiriato:
○ 19,000 kilometers of railways thanks to foreign investment
○ The country was communicated by the telegraph network
○ Foreign capital investments were made in mining, agriculture, oil, among other areas, and the national industry was promoted.
44
Consequences of of the 31 years porfiriato:
○ Corruption and fraud
○ Disposal of land
○ Excessive exploitation of mines by foreign companies.
45
In 1910, at the age of 80, he presented his candidacy for a new re-election, which was rejected by the working-class public.
Porfirio Díaz
46
name of the movement where Francisco I. Madero called for the rebellion, on November 20 of 1910, and ended with the triumphant entry into the city, defeating the dictator.
Mexican Revolution
47
Was the president of Mexico during these periods of time (1911-13)
Francisco I. Madero
48
Was the president of Mexico during these periods of time (1916-20)
Venustiano Carranza
49
Was the president of Mexico during these periods of time (1914-15)
Eulalio Gutiérrez
50
Was the president of Mexico during these periods of time (1915-16)
Roque Gonzales Garza
51
Was the president of Mexico during these periods of time (1920-24)
Álvaro Obregón
52
Was the president of Mexico during these periods of time (1924-28)
Plutarco Elías Calles
53
Was the president of Mexico during these periods of time (1928-30)
Emilio Portes Gil
54
Was the president of Mexico during these periods of time (1930-32)
Pascual Ortiz rubio
55
Was the president of Mexico during these periods of time (1932-34)
Abelardo. L. Rodríguez
56
Was the president of Mexico during these periods of time (1934-40)
Lazaro Cárdenas
57
The Mexican revolution was led by
Francisco I. Madero against President Porfirio Díaz.
58
Mexican revolution main actors:
○ Francisco I Madero: leader of the movement
○ Venustiano Carranza
○ Francisco Villa: leader in the north of the country.
○ Emiliano Zapata: leader in the south of the country.
59
A panorama of dissatisfaction against the elitist policies of Porfirio Díaz, which had favored the upper class, especially the landowners and the big industrial capitalists, farmers oppressed by the Landowners, and political dissatisfaction were the reasons of....
Mexican Revolution
60
who created the Plan of San Luis Potosí?
Francisco I. Madero
61
What denounced Madero in the Plan of San Luis Potosí
He denounced the Días electoral fraud and incited the population to join his opposition.
62
In the spring of 1911, after the fall of Ciudad Juárez, he was forced to resign and hand over power to Madero.
Porfirio Díaz
63
Initially his regime was welcomed with enthusiasm by the people, but soon he was faced
with the discontent of the peasants, who demanded an agrarian reform; and that of the
landowners, who wanted to quell the radicalism of Zapata's followers.
Francisco I. Madero
64
Who rebelled against Madero in Morelos In November 1911 because of the delay in the restitution of the lands to the indigenous communities contemplated in the San Luis
plan
Emiliano Zapata
65
who made a new proposal known as the Ayala Plan ”La tierra para quién la trabaja".
Emiliano Zapata
66
Victoriano Huerta became a dictator through
Military force
67
Huerta's management proposed two goals:
○ achieve the pacification of the country
○ achieve international recognition of their government, especially by the United
States
68
A few days after the “Decena trágica”, who assumed the presidency of the United States?
Woodrow Wilson
69
John Lind arrived in Mexico to replace Henry Lane Wilson and presented Huerta in August 1913 with four proposals from the US government:
○ Immediate ceasefire and definitive armistice.
○ Immediate free elections with the participation of all factions.
○ That General Huerta does not participate in said elections.
○ Agreement of all parties to abide by the result and cooperate in the new government.
70
True of false: The proposals were rejected through the Secretary of Foreign Relations,
True
71
Why in April 1914, 6 ships anchored in Tampico and a short time later took over the port of Veracruz to prevent the Huerta government
Because Mexico received a shipment of arms from Germany.
72
Group known as ABC
Argentina, Brazil and Chile
73
They offered to act as mediators in the conflict during conferences in Niagara Falls, Canada, on May 20 of 1914
ABC
74
Who was exiled in June 1914 to Spain, and died in 1916 due to cirrhosis.?
Victoriano Huerta
75
After huerta differences soon arose between the revolutionaries, divided into three groups:
○ the Villistas, who offered a poorly defined political and social program
○ the Zapatistas, who kept the principles of the Plan de Ayala
○ The Carrancistas, linked to the bourgeoisie.
76
Who chose to write a new constitution that would fulfill the promises made to peasants and workers during the armed conflict, this in order to prevent the main actors from being dissatisfied and creating social and political instability again?
Venustiano Carranza
77
In which Article were enunciated the economic, social, and political proposals of the workers?
123
78
What determines article 123?
Determines the conditions of work and social security, such as:
○ Rights in terms of employment stability; vacation; minimum salary; Christmas bonus, and working conditions in general.
○ Maximum workday of eight hours.
○ Prohibition for women and children to participate in unhealthy and dangerous
work.
○ Establishment of a day of rest for every six days of work.
○ Grant to social security, school and nursing workers
○ Responsibility of employers in accidents at work and occupational diseases.
○ Recognition of strikes and stoppages as a right of workers.
○ Creation of Conciliation and Arbitration Boards to resolve conflicts between
employers and workers.
79
Who supported V. Carranza as the military brain of the constitutionalist army.
Álvaro Obregón
80
First president whose mandate began on December 1 and ended on November 30, in
the history of the country.
Álvaro Obregón
81
who made the “Agua Prieta” plan to ignore V. Carranza?
Álvaro Obregón
82
He tried to maintain the check and balance of the prevailing political forces in the
country; He granted amnesty to Francisco Villa and Saturnino Cedillo, and in exchange
for surrendering and collaborating in the stability of the country.
Álvaro Obregón
83
During which presidency these events took place?
● Creation of the SEP (1921) directed by José Vasconcelos
● Treaties of Bucareli (1923)
Álvaro Obregón
84
He wins the Presidency but is assassinated at his celebration that night.
Álvaro Obregón
85
Right arm of Álvaro Obregón.
Plutarco Elias Calles
86
This president was focused on the economy: Creation of the Income Tax, strengthening the currency, return of goods to private hands, etc.
Plutarco Elias Calles
87
This institution was created during Plutarco Elias Calles presidency
Creation of Mexico ́s Central Bank on September 1, 1925.
88
Plutarco Elias Calles rejected the....
The Bucareli Treaties of 1923 and began to draft a new oil law that would strictly comply with and adhere to article 27 of the Constitution.
89
As a consequence of the Calles rejection, bilateral relations are damaged and Mexico is known as
"Soviet Mexico" in the US.
90
Plutarco Elias Calles was the former governor of which state?
Sonora
91
During which presidency took place the Cristero war?
Plutarco Elias Calles
92
How many years last the Cristero War?
3 years
93
which president were re-elected in non-consecutive terms and 6-year terms?
Plutarco Elias Calles
94
He declared war on alcohol
Plutarco Elias Calles
95
He ended the Cristero War
Emilio Portes Gil
96
Appointed by Congress to replace President-elect Álvaro Obregón, assassinated before taking office.
Emilio Portes Gil
97
During which presidency autonomy was granted to the National University of Mexico.
Emilio Portes Gil
98
He faced the repercussions of the world economic crisis that began in 1929.
Pascual Ortiz Rubio
99
What did The Estrada Doctrine say?
Mexico should not judge, either
for better or for worse, the governments or the changes in the government of other nations.
100
During which presidency accepted the entry of Mexico to the league of nations
Pascual Ortiz Rubio
101
He left politics for a while and traveled around the world, did business in Spain and was
Mexico's ambassador to countries like Brazil and Germany.
Pascual Ortiz Rubio
102
He joined the revolution, was a deputy, governor of Michoacán
Pascual Ortiz Rubio
103
He expanded the country's telephone network
Pascual Ortiz Rubio
104
Highways such as Mexico-Nuevo Laredo, Puebla-Tehuacán and Morelia-Guanajuato
were drawn during which presidency
Abelardo L. Rodríguez
105
He used an economic policy that favored the development of industry and commerce.
Abelardo L. Rodríguez
106
He inaugurated Palacio de Bellas Artes.
Abelardo L. Rodríguez
107
Which president marked the end of Callismo (Calles, Portes Gil, Pascual Ortiz Rubio and Abelardo Rodríguez).
Lázaro Cárdenas
108
During which presidency Agrarian reform took place?
Lázaro Cárdenas
109
What does the Agrarian reform support?
support for peasants
110
During which presidency was the creation of the CTM (Confederation of Workers of Mexico).
Lázaro Cárdenas
111
On March 18, 1938.
Cárdenas informed the country of his government's decision to cut their losses and expropriate the oil companies
112
During Cárdenas presidency Mexico agreed from the beginning to pay what it had taken, but not immediately but....
within ten years.
113
Was the president of Mexico during these periods of time (1940-46)
M. Ávila Camacho
114
Was the president of Mexico during these periods of time (1946-52)
Miguel Alemán Valdés
115
Was the president of Mexico during these periods of time (1952-58)
Adolfo Ruiz Cortines
116
Was the president of Mexico during these periods of time (1958-64)
Adolfo López Mateos
117
True or false: Manuel Ávila Camacho fought against Huerta.
True
118
Secretary of War and Navy in the six-year term of Lazaro Cárdenas.
Manuel Ávila Camacho
119
Who was known as "The President Gentleman"
Manuel Ávila Camacho
120
The Second World War (1939-1945) was fought in this period.
Manuel Ávila Camacho presidency
121
During which presidency IMSS was born
Manuel Ávila Camacho presidency
122
when the Bilateral agreement took place?
1942
123
True or false: the United States reduced Mexico's external debt by 20%, in exchange, the peso was devalued by $4.85 per dollar, thus the US government was able
to acquire raw materials and merchandise at a lower cost.
True
124
Temporary labor agreement (Bracero program) started in...
August 1942
125
what was the Bracero Program?
A thousand experienced Mexican peasants were sent to the U.S.A. to grow and harvest at sugar mills located in the Stockton California region
126
Thanks to what the Bracero program was created?
for the demand for labor during World War II
127
When the Mexican Air Force (FAM) was created?
on February 10, 1944.
128
What was the 201 Squadron?
was a Mexican aerial combat unit that participated in World War II.
129
Is the only Mexican military unit that has fought outside the national territory.
The Mexican Expeditionary Air Force
130
True or false: Economically, Mexico's performance in World War II cost the country approximately three million dollars. Being part of the allied block made Mexico appear among the victorious nations.
True
131
Mexico is one of the....founding members of the United Nations Organization.
51
132
Who signed the "Charter of the United Nations" on June 26, 1945, and on November 7 of that same year it was admitted to the UN.
The Mexican delegation
133
When did the conference on Problems of War and Peace, also known as the Chapultepec Conference took place?
1945
134
His father left him an important lesson: "Dedicate yourself to something more stable than weapons"
Miguel Alemán Valdés
135
This president was:
● Lawyer (UNAM)
● real estate business
● Avila Camacho campaign coordinator
● Secretary of the Interior
Miguel Alemán Valdés
136
This president was focused on progress with a capitalist vision: industrial Mexico, infrastructure, and cosmopolitan Mexico City.
Miguel Alemán Valdés
137
His cabinet was made by academics
Miguel Alemán Valdés
138
During this presidency, the external debt increased to 346 million dollars.
Miguel Alemán Valdés
139
During this presidency was the creation of the Ciudad Universitaria and the industrialization of Mexico.
Miguel Alemán Valdés
140
He was a member of the Mexican, Spanish, Colombian and Nicaraguan Language
Academies and doctor honoris causa from several national and foreign universities.
Miguel Alemán Valdés
141
He supports the ”Plan de Agua Prieta" against Carranza and was a accountant and statesman
Adolfo Ruiz Cortines
142
He was Secretary of Government during the six-year term of Miguel Aleman
Adolfo Ruiz Cortines
143
Austerity and moralization policy during his six-year term.
Adolfo Ruiz Cortines
144
What did Adolfo Ruiz Cortines promise during his campaign?
"if the vote favors us in the next elections, we intend to initiate before the Chambers the legal reforms necessary for women to enjoy the same political rights as men"
145
In January 1954, the Dwight Eisenhower government announced.....
that they would hire Mexican
workers without the authorization of the Mexican government.
146
which president was
● UNAM Lawyer
● Secretary of Labor in RC administration
● Leftiest
Adolfo López Mateos
147
During which presidency were impulsed these initiatives:
● free textbooks
● Nationalization of the electrical industry
Adolfo López Mateos
148
During his administration, the ISSSTE and the National Museum of Anthropology were
created.
Adolfo López Mateos
149
During which presidency Return of the territory "el chamizal" (333 hectares in Chihuahua)
Adolfo López Mateos
150
He promoted the country before the International Olympic Committee so that the XIX
Olympics would be held in Mexico City.
Adolfo López Mateos
151
Was the president of Mexico during these periods of time (1964-1970)
Gustavo Díaz Ordaz
152
Was the president of Mexico during these periods of time (1970-76)
Luis Echeverría A.
153
Was the president of Mexico during these periods of time (1976-1982)
José López Portillo
154
Was the president of Mexico during these periods of time (1982-1988)
Miguel de la Madrid H.
155
During his presidency, the expansion of the hydraulic infrastructure reached the construction of 107 dams.
Gustavo Díaz Ordaz
156
Also under his mandate, the 1968 Student Movement originated, which culminated in the
massacre in the Plaza de las Tres Culturas in Tlatelolco, on October 2.
Gustavo Díaz Ordaz
157
During his administration, the 1968 Olympics were organized in Mexico.
Gustavo Díaz Ordaz
158
Seven years later, the government of José López Portillo appoints him ambassador of
Mexico in Spain
Gustavo Díaz Ordaz
159
The Main Cause of the student movement of 1968
Defend the right to freedom of expression oppressed by the styles of government of the time.
160
They were held between October 12 and 27, 1968.
The Olympic Games in Mexico
161
These were the first games organized by a developing country, by a Spanish-speaking
nation, and the first to be held in Latin America.
The Olympic Games in Mexico
162
He nominated himself for the Nobel Peace Prize and for the UN SG
Luis Echeverría A.
163
He considerably increased public spending, issuing worthless paper money and contracting debt.
Luis Echeverría A.
164
● His government was very close to the socialist regimes of Chile and Cuba.
● Gave asylum to Hortensia Bussi, wife of Chilean President Salvador Allende
Luis Echeverría A.
165
During his presidency, Mexico hosted the Soccer World Cup in 1970.
Luis Echeverría A.
166
During his presidency Communist League “23 de Septiembre” murders Don Eugenio Garza Sada
Luis Echeverría A.
167
Among the main events that occurred in his tenure are:
○ Visit of Pope John Paul II
○ Growth of the national economy in its history, followed by a serious decline
○ He placed former President Gustavo Díaz Ordaz as Mexico's ambassador to
Spain. Knowing this, Carlos Fuentes (Ambassador of Mexico in France)
resigned.
○ Large oil fields discovered but mismanaged.
○ bank nationalization
○ “I will defend the peso like a dog”... peso falls 1 dollar = 70 pesos
José López Portillo
168
He Wins because there is no other candidate.
José López Portillo
169
During his presidency, the relationship with Cuba was restored with the visit of Fidel Castro to Mexican lands in 1979 after 22 years.
José López Portillo
170
● Lawyer from UNAM and with a Master's Degree in Public Administration from Harvard University.
● Secretary of Programming and Budget López Portillo
● Faced the 1985 earthquake (September 19, 1945): The 8.5 magnitude earthquake on
the Richter scale shook Mexico City.
Miguel de la Madrid H.
171
Mexico was officially the 92nd member country of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) on..
July 25, 1986,
172
On July 3, during the presidential elections, the left-wing candidate Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas was widely ahead of his rivals Manuel Clouthier (PAN) and Carlos Salinas de Gortari (PRI). For reasons that are still "unknown," the electoral counting system stopped. The Ministry of the Interior, which was organizing the election at the time, pointed out that:
the system had collapsed. Finally, the PRI candidate was declared the winner.
173
Colombia's type of government
Republic
Presidentialism
Constitutional Republic
Unitary state
174
Currently Colombia is part of 17 Trade agreements, some of the most important ones are:
MERCOSUR
CAN
EFTA States
CARICOM
Pacific Alliance
EU
175
SOCIAL COOPERATION STRATEGIES EXAMPLES in Colombia
Implement the Peace Agreement in its entirety as a first step to end organized violence
