Examen final Flashcards
Functional foods definition
Ingredients that offer health benefits that extend beyond their nutritional value.
Categories of functional foods
- conventional foods
- modified foods
- food ingredients
Conventional foods definition
Natural, whole-food ingredients that are rich in important nutrients like vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, and heart-healthy fats
Modified foods definition
Fortified with additional ingredients, such as vitamins, minerals, probiotics, or fiber, to increase a food’s health benefits
how many grams of which component has a direct effect on the reduction of blood cholesterol levels
3 grams of beta-glucans
Mention the sources of functional foods
- synbiotics
- industrial products
- nutraceuticals
- animal source
- naturally occurring
- plant source
meaning of synbiotic
A combination of probiotics and prebiotics (yakult)
bioactive compounds definition
food components that influence cell activity and physiological mechanisms and have beneficial effects on health
food synergy
process by which food components, nutrients, and non-nutrients, identified or not, work together
name two examples of food synergy
- broccoli +TOMATO greater protection in prostate cancer than each food separately.
- golden milk
bioactive compound in tomato that prevents prostate cancer
lycopene
biological functions of functional foods
- modulation of gene expression
- detoxification of carcinogens
- induction of cell death
- DNA protection
- Modification of cellular communication
- Modification of the hormonal profile
- Modulation of the lipid profile
- immune system stimulation
anti-inflammatory effect - effects on hemostasis
- hypocholesterolemic effect
- hypotensive effect
- antimicrobial activity
Studying and investigating functional foods can be assessed by which mechanisms
- basic research (studies in cells and animals)
- clinical research (human studies)
Types of studies
- meta analyses
- systematic reviews
- review
- clinical trials
Definition of systematic review
There are many studies and we analyze them in a systematic way, without leaving behind any study.
Characteristics of functional foods
They can provide protection against the development of chronic diseases and can contribute to improving quality of life and longevity.
Mention the action that radishes has against cancer
hexane extract of R. sativus root exerts potential chemopreventive efficacy and induces apoptosis in
cancer cell lines through modulation of genes involved in apoptotic signaling pathway.
Cell cycle phases
- G1: growing phase
- S: Copia - síntesis
- G2: preparation for division
- M: mitosis - division by citoquinesis
What can go wrong in the cell cicle
- Mutation: change in the DNA environment factors
- Stop dividing: accumulates mutations
- Very high amount of cells growing somewhere
checkpoints in the cell cycle
- G1: If it is growing into an odd way, they can arrest it into G2, and take the cell into apoptosis
- S: Check that the copy of DNA is exactly the same, if not –> apoptosis
- G2: check that the growing is normal
- Mitosis: check that it is divided correctly
IF NOT –> APOPTOSIS
Tumor definition
cell that can’t differentiate
How does turmeric helps with the type 2 diabetes
- curcumin lowers free fatty acids
- It decreases FA B-oxidation, accumulation of lipid peroxidation, metabolites in muscles, liver, adipocytes
- it lowers mitochondrial dysfunction increased oxidative stress and ROS
- blocks the release of proinflammatory cytokines
- It increases beta cell dysfunction
- lowers the insulin resistance
How does insulin normally works with glucose
The insulin receptors let insulin to join because of the activation of GLUT-4 which is a transporter that goes to the membrane to let the glucose in, through a chain reaction that gets to the insulin receptors.
Explain how the insulin resistance works
- inflammation in the insulin receptors
- as there is inflammation, the chain reaction from the transporter GLUT-4 can’t reach the insulin receptors
- as the glucose can’t get in, it accumulates.
Name 6 foods that has antioxidant content
green tea, black tea, turmeric, ginger, parsley, cinnamon
Effects of yakult in the gastrointestinal health
The administration of L. casei strain shirota significantly REDUCED gastrointestinal symptoms. As well as higher numbers of species in their gut microbiota.
TRUE OR FALSE? In the US, the term functional foods is a food category legally recognized by the FDA
FALSE, it is not legally recognized
Which food ingredient can act as insulin and how
Curcumin, it blocks inflammation and the receptor of TNF-alpha, oxidative stress and the production of FFA
phytochemicals definition
molecules naturally present in the plant kingdom. They are protective interactions in periods of stress, helping the plant to adapt and survive natural aggressors.
how many types of phytochemicals are there?
5,000 - 10,000
Properties of phytochemicals
- environmental protectors: they allow the absorption of UV radiation, it protects them in periods of desiccation
- organic: protection systems against viruses, fungi, bacteria and parasites
- Environmental poison DETOXIFICATION
- Antioxidants
What characteristics does phytochemicals impart to the food?
aroma, flavor and color to vegetables, and food properties beneficial for our health
xenohormesis definition
studies how certain molecules generated by a species in response to environmental stress, can generate protective responses in other species, such as humans.
Phytocannabinoids definition
naturally occuring and concentrated in the oil resin of the cannabis leaves and buds
endocannabinoids definition
cannabinoids that our bodies produce internally
what can bioactive compounds mimic? explain
resveratrol, crucumin and ECGC can mimic fasting which activates cellular mechanisms that are useful to lose weight.
What can a diet rich in phytochemicals do to the gut microbiota?
- sensitize bacteria to xenobiotics
- alter microbiota composition
- influence immunity and metabolism of gut
- influence bacterial quorum sensing
- display anti inflammatory effects
- modify membrane permeability
carotenoids definition
fat soluble compounds and pigments that produce the bright yellow, red, and orange colors in plants. They are best absorbed with fat, cooked and chopped.
mention the types of carotenoids
Lutein: avocado, spinach
Lycopene: papaya, watermelon
Astaxanthin: algae, salmon, shrimp
Beta-carotene: carrots, sweet potatoes, pumpkin
Zeaxanthin: corn, eggs
carotenoids characteristics
they are built with the same base
they assist in the collection of light (that’s the reason of their colors)
they are lipid soluble
fruits and vegetables provide the majority of the 40 - 50 carotenoids found in the human diet
they can bioaccumulate
Beta carotene definition
Antioxidant compounds that we need in order to build vitamin A. Beta carotene is a chemical form.
vitamin A
it’s liposoluble and can be accumulated in fat. It can also be toxic. But is important to eat in their active way, it’s main source is beta-carotene.
What is the way antioxidants work?
We have any molecule, healthy atoms with their electrons intact; when we are exposed to free radicals (molecules that lack 1 electron), they take the electrons of healthy atoms; when we take those electrons, the molecule its going to get damaged, what is happening is that antioxidants are our friends because they give electrons to the free radicals WITHOUT taking them from healthy atoms.
That is why antioxidants are so important.
It is important because most of the diseases that we know are based on oxidation.
from which source the carotenoids can be absorbed? ANS HOW?
fats can increase carotenoid bioavailability by facilitating their transfer to the aqueous micellar fraction during digestion.
variety of rice produced through genetic engineering to biosynthesize beta-carotene
golden rice
which sickness can carotenoids help reduce the risk of?
lung cancer by a 21% reduction, but there are no conclusive studies
T or F? carotenoids can be antioxidant and prooxidant
true
Explain the mechanism by which carotenoids can be prooxidant
Carotenoids can act as prooxidants, oxidation may be good if it help us activate pathways that helped us kill a cell.
When oxidation is on, it increases ROS, which activates p53 (gen on guardian). When there is something wrong in the cellular cycle it can stop and take the cell into apoptosis.
In most cancer cells, the p53 is mutated.
function of lutein and zeaxanthin
they protect our body’s proteins, fats and DNA from stressors and can even help recycle glutathione (antioxidant)
is one of the most common carotenoids in nature, and is used in the xanthophyll cycle
zeaxanthin
isomer of zeaxanthin, it differs only in the placement of one double bond
lutein
zeaxanthin function
modulates light energy and serve as a non-photochemical quenching agent to deal with triplet chlorophyl
lipophilic molecule generally insoluble in water
lutein
how can lutein and zeaxanthin prevent a degenerated macula?
Macula: receives the light, light is oxidative because of its radiation, when the light hits the macula it oxidizes the cells that are there, when a cell oxidizes it can degenerate (it gets hurt) that oxidation causes people start losing sight.
Lutein and zeaxanthin accumulate in the macula, instead of oxidizing the cells, lutein and zeaxanthin are the ones that get oxidized instead of the cells.
TRUE OR FALSE? blue light has a long wavelength and a short frequency
FALSE. blue light has a short wavelength but a high frequency.
name the effects of blue light on our health
*headaches or migraine
*eye fatigue
*disruption of sleep
* damage to the retina
lutein & brain function
neuroprotective. Protect us from inflammation that generates neurodegeneration.
Food ingredient that has anti-inflammatory properties, and is considered a rival to ibuprofen
curcumin/ turmeric
curcumin vs inflamation
it inhibits mediators of the inflammatory response (cytokines, chemokines, adhesion molecules, growth factors, etc)
curcumin as neuroprotective
curcumin - diminishes inflammation
our brain can degenerate because of inflammation, and this may be cause of a dysbiosis in our gut which could lead to suffer from brain fog, gluten sensibility and gastrointestinal diseases.
lycopene functions
- absorbs the light and it oxidises it
- modulates our immune system
- it’s important for apoptosis (intrinsic pathway, when there is a mistake in the cell)
- cell differentiation.
phytosterols definition
plant-derived compounds that are structurally related to cholesterol