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pensamiento politico > examen 3 sem > Flashcards

examen 3 sem Flashcards

1
Q

one of the founders of political philosophy and student of socrates

A

plato

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2
Q

influence on christian, conservative and communist thought

A

plato

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3
Q

had his own academy and was a teacher of aristotle

A

plato

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4
Q

political works of plato

A

the republic
the statesmen
the laws

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5
Q

(p) platonism believes in

A

essentialism and that knowledge is a virtue

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6
Q

(p) belief in existence of objective thruth of the essence of things, this essence existed in the “realm of perfect ideas”

A

essentialism

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7
Q

(p) the objective good (perfect ideas) exists, and knowledge of this good is good

A

knowledge is virtue

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8
Q

(p) in democracy or oligarchy rulers are often

A

ignorat

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9
Q

(p) true political knowledge is not based on study of politics but…

A

the study of ideal state/democracy

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10
Q

(p) politics are often chaotic because of…

A

factional disagreement, infighting, power struggle, etc

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11
Q

(p) core problem is conflict between those who

A

have property and those who dont, rich and poor

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12
Q

(p) radical solution to inequality

A

eliminate both positions by redistribution and create more economic equality

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13
Q

(p) what is the goal of plato?

A

not to improve the broken system, the goal is to reach the perfect system, he says ideal state exists and is universal

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14
Q

(p) the ideal state follows this logic

A
  1. nobody is self sufficient
  2. society is system of services and goods
  3. man’s most important aspect is his role in society
  4. we are most useful when dping what we do best
  5. best = talent, but mostly training (knowledge)
  6. we dont always want what we are best at
  7. it is our duty to train our specific role
  8. its the duty of the state to organize this
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15
Q

(p) talent plays a role, 3 prime talents:

A

production, guarding and governing

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16
Q

(p) 3 classes

A

craftsman, officials and philosopher-ruler

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17
Q

(p) all are equally important based on different kinds of knowledge, but craftsman should not be concerned with politics

A

semi-elitist

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18
Q

(p) society is when

A

everyone is realizing their best potential

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19
Q

(p) when each person is given a place in society where they can contribute maximally, so society functions best

A

justice

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20
Q

giving everybody a place

A

inclusion

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21
Q

if you contribute, society rewards

A

reciprocity

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22
Q

(p) radical measures against corruption

A

leaders can have no private property and cant have a family

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23
Q

(p) first objective of the state

A

education

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24
Q

(p) the republic was

A

radical and utopian

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25
Q

(p) rule of law:

A

state operates under existing rules

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26
Q

(p) law is frozen wisdom:

A

the best rule in our experience

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27
Q

(p) lawful forms of state

A

popular monarchy
aristocracy
controlled democracy

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28
Q

(p) unlawful forms of state

A

tyranny
oligarchy
radical democracy

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29
Q

(p) in the mixed state, excess of freedom or power allows

A

both democracies and tyrannies to be ruined

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30
Q

in the mixed state it is possible to balance

A

some rule of the best in democracy and some form of participation in aristocracy

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31
Q

British philosopher of the early enlightenment, founding thinker of the empirical school

A

John Locke

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32
Q

social contract philosopher with later influence on liberalism and conservatism

A

John Locke

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33
Q

(JL) truth is first of all based in our observations and experience of reality

A

empirical school

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34
Q

Locke stressed the importance of

A

experience and facts as a source of knowledge

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35
Q

(JL) Man has no innate ideas or conceptions that drives him, instead his mind is an unwritten tablet that gets filled with experience

A

Idea of Tabula Rasa

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36
Q

(JL) state of nature is one of

A

peace, good will, mutual assistance and preservation

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37
Q

against hobbes: people empirically exist as a

A

(JL) community independent of the government and have their own moral standards regardless of the rules

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38
Q

Locke stood in old tradition or natural laws, which according to him

A

included certain individual rights which people had to respect

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39
Q

(JL) 3 individual rights of

A

life, liberty and estate

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40
Q

(JL) right of estate

A

in state of nature, everybody has right to use what nature offers

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41
Q

(JL) goal of civil society is

A

enforcing laws protecting the rights of individuals in it

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42
Q

(JL) government had to be separated into

A

executive branch (king and minister carrying out laws) and legislative branch (parliament charged with formulating general laws enforcing rights

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43
Q

(JL) the catch:

A

the legislatuve power represent the people in abstract

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44
Q

Locke involved himself in real political events such as

A

replacing the english king during the glorious revolution and writting a constitution for california

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45
Q

defender of religious tolerance and separation of church and state

A

John Locke

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46
Q

Locke was not a

A

true modern democrat, inlike marx or rousseau

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47
Q

locke justifies and invested in

A

slave trade saying that one can lose freedom and become property by being captured in just wars

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48
Q

was the philosopher of the rising capitalist class

A

locke

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49
Q

locke formulated various ideas that were later better formulated by other like:

A

individual rights - J.S. Mill
Natural harmony of individual interests - Adam smith
Democracy - J.J. Rousseau
Separation of power - Montesquieu

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50
Q

Born in Geneva, spend much time in france, lived during height of french enlightenment philosophy

A

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

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51
Q

searched for knowledge and reasons as the main path for human civilization

A

Jean-Jaques Rousseau

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52
Q

Major works of Jean-Jacques Rousseau

A

discours sur les sciences et les arts
du contrat social
les confessions
emile: ou de l’education

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53
Q

(JJR) flair of rousseau:

A
  • latest of the 3 social contract philosophers
  • more of a man of the people than the others
  • lasting influence on philosophy of education and both democratic and socialist thinking
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54
Q

(JJR) difference between Jean-Jacques rousseau and other enlightenment philosophers

A

he thinks reason is not the road to redemption, which lies in sentiments and good will

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55
Q

(JJR) what really gives value to human existence are

A

natural common emotions

56
Q

the father of romanticism

A

rousseau

57
Q

fears how science and reason could destroy all that is sacred to human existance

A

romanticism

58
Q

Rousseau reject this that Locke and Hobbes believed:

A

individuals do and should follow their rational self-interest and society emerges from this/ community has no value in itself, it is a means to an end

59
Q

state of nature according to Jean-Jacques Rousseau

A

by nature a man is a noble savage, is social and mostly good, natural life in small happy communities

60
Q

(JJR) is a major corrupting force and aggravates inequality far beyond what is natural

A

our love of property

61
Q

rousseau was not against property but pointed out that

A

property is a social agreement not a natural right

62
Q

first thinker to take the fate of normal people serious

A

rousseau

63
Q

(JJR) the justification for a particular type of politics must be based in

A

moral motive relating to human community

64
Q

held that self interest cant be a respectable moral motive by itself

A

rousseau

65
Q

social contract according to rousseau

A
  1. no need to found society
  2. government should serve the common good of the community
  3. the community has a general will which is more and better than the sum of individual self interest wills
  4. social contract implies that we should submit ourselves to general will
  5. in order to command such loyalty, society must produce citizens
66
Q

democracy and freedom according to rousseau

A
  • people should be autonomous but politically equal
  • general will = moral good for group
  • citizens must propose, debate and vote laws
67
Q

broad influence on romantic, democratic, nationalist and socialist thought, influential philosopher for the french revolution

A

rousseau

68
Q

modern in everything except in scale, his community ideas are poorly adjusted to nation state

A

rousseau

69
Q

human nature according to hobbes, locke and rousseau

A

fixed, cynical and egoistic
reasonable and self centered
good, but corrupted over time

70
Q

state of nature according to hobbes, locke and rousseau

A

violent anarchy
peaceful individuals
utopian community

71
Q

emergency of society according to hobbes, locke and rousseau

A

forced by need of security
to enforce natural rights, out of reason
already there, out of affection

72
Q

contract according to hobbes, locke and rousseau

A

submission to despot
to enforce laws
submission to general will

73
Q

government form according to hobbes, locke and rousseau

A

tyranny, kingdom
nightwatch state, representation in kingdom
direct democracy, active state

74
Q

influenced according to hobbes, locke and rousseau

A

classic liberalism, despotism, fascism
liberalism, conservatism
socialism, nationalism

75
Q

Studied philosohpy and was influenced by Hegel, main professional occupation was journalism

A

Karl Marx

76
Q

Got expelled and lived in many countries, married to jenny von westphalen and best friends with co-theorist and financer Friedrich Engels

A

karl marx

77
Q

Major works of karl marx

A

the communist manifesto
capital

78
Q

The political impact of Marx’s work was world changing due to

A

Inspired social and democratic reforms and communist revolutions

79
Q

Forefather of sociology, political economy etc

A

karl marx

80
Q

Marxist thought was:

A

Normative, radical, universal, historical and emancipatory and practical

81
Q

(KM) The struggle for control of the means of production is the

A

Driving force in history, born from the inherent tensions of capitalist modes of production

82
Q

(KM) the mode of production determines the distribution and the distribution determines

A

Social classes

83
Q

(KM) Capital is value (money) invested with the goal of creating more value (money)

A

capitalism

84
Q

(KM) Stress on unlimited accumulation of capital by eternal reinvestment
Endless competition between capitalists, leading to the eternal strive for profit
Wage labor for those who don’t posses means of production

A

is what economic system of capitalism is based on

85
Q

Was one of the first major philosophers to focus on the working class (proletariat)

A

karl marx

86
Q

Capitalism divides into 2 classes:

A

One group has no means of production and is forced to work, while the other group provides the means of production and opportunity to the production process

87
Q

Class concept is central to Marxist thought:

A

The workers (proletariat) vs the capitalism (bourgeoisie)

88
Q

The key concept for marx was

A

exploitation

89
Q

Capitalism is inherently exploitative:

A

Profit is made by making people do more work than they are rewarded for

90
Q

(KM) main idea of superstructure theory

A

Economic relations in society from a foundation that determines the institutional and ideological order built on it

91
Q

Marx in contrast to Hegel and Rousseau, had a dark view of the state:

A

The state is apparatus of power used for dominance of the class that controls it, the state is not to be built, but to be conquered

92
Q

Whats the alternative of capitalism?

A

An economy where the workers own the means of production and thus commonly decide over the profit, eliminate classes

93
Q

Core idea of socialism is to

A
  1. Shift power balance from capitalist elite to people
  2. Improve human condition through common action
94
Q

Social democrats are socialists that

A

Tolerate the core capitalist relations but want to make it more social and democratic

95
Q

Social democracy was best realized in

A

Scandinavia (Norway, Sweden, finland)

96
Q

Socialism is antiutopic:

A

It assumes things will go wrong

97
Q

Core principle of welfare economics

A
  1. The economy must have serve people, not pathologically chase money
  2. Capitalism will not naturally reach this condition
98
Q

Social democracts core idea is that

A

The task of the government is to protect people from the effects of capitalism

99
Q

Idea that we are in solidarity and the nation should help its citizens, protect them from individual misfortune

A

caring policies

100
Q

Social democrats regulation:

A

The state can set the rules for privet enterprise

101
Q

Social democracy power base in civil society:

A
  • Social democrat parties are usually allied to trade unions
  • Promote collective bargaining, protest and agreements
  • Often rely on mass mobilization of citizens
102
Q

(social democrats) in strong cases state will try to control key economical sectors such as

A

Energy, banking, water, education, healthcare, public transport

103
Q

Emerged in the most western capitalist democracies in 1950 and 1960s

A

The welfare state

104
Q

Ideologically associated with social-democracy but not exclusive to it, liberals and conservatives have all supported this at times

A

Welfare state

105
Q

Are comprehensive, compulsory schemes designed to protect workers and their families against the risks of lost earning due to injury, sickness, old age, disability or unemployment

A

Social insurance programs

106
Q

Non-contributory, income support programs to save anybody who falls outside the system of insurance or whose income is insufficient for his or her basic needs

A

Social assistance

107
Q

Provides access to essential goods such as education and job training, healthcare, social housing, public transport, daytime chilcare, legal help, etc

A

Publicly-funded social services

108
Q

Criticism to welfare state from fascist view

A

Its helping the weak and giving entitlements to poor people

109
Q

General criticism to welfare state

A

The welfare state is an expensive program and this system encourages abuse, corruption and parasitism

110
Q

Nazism =

A

Fascism + racial theory

111
Q

Main figure is adolf Hitler whos national socialist party applied this ideology to Germany

A

nazism

112
Q

A distinction between types of creatures that cant interbreed

A

race

113
Q

General race theory of Nazism

A
  1. Progress is the struggle for survival
  2. Mixing of races Is bad as it degrades the higher race
  3. Certain races created high civilizations, others just exists and some are culture-destroying
114
Q

Are the master race accronding to Nazism

A

The Aryans or Nordic people

115
Q

According to Nazism, Aryans must focus on

A

Self preservation in a world of bastards and savages

116
Q

Holocaust:

A

Killing of 5 million jewish people

117
Q

The plan of nazisms was

A

To enslave the other races to serve the expanding master race and exterminate the jews

118
Q

Practical policies of nazisms

A
  1. Encouragement of population growth to Aryans
  2. Eugenic policies
  3. Anti.jews laws
119
Q

The idea that the Aryans needed more life space to develop as a race

A

Lebensraum

120
Q

According to Nazism, the growth of a nation shows

A

Its vitality and strength

121
Q

Is when the head of state has all power

A

Absolutism

122
Q

Is when that power applies to all things

A

totalitarianism

123
Q

how nazism went down

A

Germany became a totalitarian state, and tried to control everything except business, was more corrupt and chaotic than organized

124
Q

Germany got destroyed and pillaged by

A

communists in WWII

125
Q

criticism to fascism / nazism

A

globally antidemocratic, fascism does not solve problems. Is inherently unstable and predatory, tend to be crooks

126
Q

is about installing competition on the market as the main organizing principle that regulates the other spheres of society

A

neoliberalism

127
Q

signals the big comeback of radical capitalist thought

A

neoliberalism

128
Q

originated in 1970s US and UK, first tested on larger scale in Chile and then applied to other countries (reached Mexico under carlos Salinas)

A

neoliberalism

129
Q

objectivism of neoliberalism:

A
  1. All man are rational and have free will
  2. We are fully responsibly for our actions
  3. Each must look for their own self interest, people are fully responsible for their own fate
130
Q

“man is like an enslaved animal if they are legally or morally required to help somebody else”

A

Ayn Rand

131
Q

Has a blind faith on the balancing effects of market, installing competition as the general operating principle of society

A

neoliberalism

132
Q

Explicitly global in ambition: fully integrated world market + free trade

A

neoliberalism

133
Q

makes individuals perceive themselves as a
permanent investment seeking returns, where everything you do has to contribute to getting to the top

A

culture of neoliberalism

134
Q

only intervention in economy is the management of the supply and value of money by central banks

A

monetarism

135
Q

reduce state spending, especially on social costs

A

austerity

pensamiento politico (1 decks)

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