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botany > examen 3 ? o 4 > Flashcards

examen 3 ? o 4 Flashcards

1
Q

origin of seedling shoot?

A

plumule

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2
Q

what are the 2 main functions of the shoot?

A

support and conduction

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3
Q

the plumule in the embryo has 3 parts:

A

cotyledon, hypocotyl and radicle

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4
Q

what’s a phytomere?

A

repeated units

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5
Q

contrast the two terms

leaf primordia and bud primordia

A

develops into leaves, develops into lateral shoot

están en orden con la pregunta

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6
Q

tunica

A

consists of the outermost layer, cells divide anticlinially

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7
Q

corpus

A

body of cells underneath the tunica, cells divde periniclinally

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8
Q

what are intercalary meristems?

A

meristematic region between 2 highly differentiated regions

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9
Q

where are the intercalary meristems

A

in elongating internodes

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10
Q

what cells interconnect differentiated regions for the rapid movement of food and water?

A

protoxylem and protophloem

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11
Q

what is a meristematic cap?

A

bulk of meristem responsible for stem thickening

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12
Q

explain “open” and “closed” vascular systems

A

open: capable of secondary growth
closed: not capable of secondary growth

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13
Q

which hormones decrease extendibility ?

A

ABA and ethylene

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14
Q

what hormones increase extendibility?

A

gibberellin and auxin

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15
Q

do tall or short plants result from exposure to ethylene?

A

short

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16
Q

do tall or short plants result from exposure to gibberellin?

A

tall

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17
Q

in what direction are most ions moving? what ions moved?

A

outside, Ca, Cl and malate

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18
Q

what is the function of the xylem?

A

conduct water

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19
Q

what is the function of the phloem

A

conduct food

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20
Q

does the phloem transport water?

A

yes

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21
Q

what part of the plant is tapped for obtaining maple syrup?

A

young xylem cells

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22
Q

what are the benefits for transpiration?

A

cooling the plant

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23
Q

why do leaf mesophyll cells need water for their plasmalemma?

A

to absorb CO2, carbonic acid

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24
Q

what are the two parts of stomatal transpiration?

A

evaporation from the mesophyll and diffusion through the stomata

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25
Q

stomata are less that 1% of leaf surface area, but what percent of the water loss occurs there?

A

90%

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26
Q

can photosynthesis occur with the stomata closed?

A

yes, by cellular respiration

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27
Q

what inside the guard cells changes when a stomata opens?

A

turgor pressure

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28
Q

what is the osmoticum

A

solute osmotically active

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29
Q

what two modifications of the guard cells increase the stomata (opening) diameter?

A

radial micellations and attachment to each other at the poles

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30
Q

as abscisic acid concentration increases, what happens to the stoma?

A

closes due to the turgor pressure

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31
Q

if plants lack ABA, what changes in their phenotype?

A

they dessicate

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32
Q

how does temperature effect and guard cells?

A

increases cell respiration, producing CO2

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33
Q

do guard cells have circadian rhythms?

A

yes

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34
Q

how is the rate of transpiration affected by whether the air is humid, or if the air is dry?

A

humid: no evaporation
dry: there is evaporation

35
Q

what experimental evidence indicates xylem transports water?

A

the distribution of radioactive isotopes

36
Q

why does the experiment with pigments (cut flower placed in pigmented water) eliminate the hypothesis of root pressure forcing the water up the shoot?

A

no root pressure ?

37
Q

does the ‘CAT’ theory require living cells?

A

no

38
Q

apoplastic

A

outside

39
Q

symplastic

A

inside

40
Q

how are the following 3 terms interrelated- root pressure, guttation and hydathodes

A

they keep plants regulate their water balance and mineral uptake

41
Q

water absorption by roots of transpiring plants may be passive. what is the transpiration stream and why is it important?

A

continuous flow of water and mineral from root to leaves help regulate temperature

42
Q

what elements can leave the leaf?

A

organic compounds produced through photosynthesis

43
Q

phloem-mobile

A

elements that pass rapidly through the phloem

44
Q

phloem-immobile

A

cannot be relocated (stays in the phloem)

45
Q

examples of phloem-immobile:

A

Fe, Ca, Zn and Cu

46
Q

transpiration stream

A

mesophyll to phloem

47
Q

what’s an early experiment of ‘movement of subtances through the phloem’?

A

girdling (removal from a woody stem)

48
Q

what atoms are 14C atoms?

A

isotopes (more radioactive neurons)

49
Q

what cells do aphids penetrate with their mouth parts?

A

sieve tubes

50
Q

how can aphids be used to detect phloem activity?

A

they are phloem feeders

51
Q

why does the sugar move?

A

it is carried passively by water to a growing tissue or root

52
Q

where does phloem loading occur?

A

sucrose produced in mesophyll cells by photosynthesis. leaves are transported to the veins, where it enters the sieve tubes

53
Q

what cells are vital for transport?

A

removal of sucrose = increased water potential BUT it moves out

54
Q

during the silurian period, land plants probably appeared. theres were ‘bryophytes’, what era was this?

A

carboniferous

55
Q

lis the four eras and when each begins

A
  1. palaeozoic 570
  2. mesozoic 245
  3. cenozoic 10
56
Q

what are the three principle tissue systems and their functions

A
  1. ground tissue
  2. dermal tissue
  3. desicate system
57
Q

is secondary growth monophyletic or polyphyletic

A

polyphyletic

58
Q

what type of xylem evolved first?

A

tracheids

59
Q

why is xylem well preserved, but not phloem?

A

lignin

60
Q

what conditions are needed for coal formation?

A

anaerobic

61
Q

which two plant groups typically have only primary growth

A

monocots and herbaceous dicots

62
Q

the axial system is to the

A

fusiform initials

63
Q

the radial system is to the

A

ray initials

64
Q

initials

A

produced inward, turns into xylem cells

65
Q

derivatives

A

produced towards (outside), turns into phloem cells

66
Q

the cambial zone is broadly described to include

A

cambial initials and cambial derivatives

67
Q

when initials divide periclinally, they produce

A

derivatives of the cambial zone

68
Q

when initials divide anticlinally, they produce

A

initials of the cambial zone

69
Q

what hormone is involved in resumption of cambium activity after a dormancy period?

A

auxin

70
Q

fascicular cambium

A

portion within the vascular bundles

71
Q

interfascicular cambium

A

portion arising in the pith rays

72
Q

fruits with lenticels

A

mango, apples and avocadoes

73
Q

what separates bark from wood?

A

cork

74
Q

what layer of cells separates the inner and outer bark layers

A

vascular cambium

75
Q

heartwood

A

darker, non-conducting wood

76
Q

sapwood

A

light, conducting wood

77
Q

tyloses

A

a balloon-like outgrowth from a ray or axial parenchyma cell through the pit in a vessel wall and into the lumen of the vessel.

78
Q

helical

A

1 leaf per node

79
Q

distichous

A

1 leaf per node (one plane)

80
Q

opposite

A

2 leaves per node

81
Q

decussate

A

2 leaves per node, perpendicular

82
Q

whorled

A

3+ leaves per node

83
Q

simple

A

one blade per leaf

botany (1 decks)

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