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Patho 2 > Examen 3 > Flashcards

Examen 3 Flashcards

1
Q

pH

A

7.35-7.45

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2
Q

paO2

A

75-100

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3
Q

paCO2

A

35-45

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4
Q

paCO3

A

22-26

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5
Q

ARDS - phases

A
  1. Exudative: capillary congestion, alveolar necrosis…
  2. Proliferative: type 2 pnuemocyte, macrophages
  3. Fibrotic/Resolution: scar tissue and restructuring
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6
Q

ARDS

A

diffuse alveolar damage
noncardiogenic pulm edema
hypoxemia

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7
Q

ARDs - causes

A
  1. direct lung injury - pneumonia, trauma

2. indirect lung injury - sepsis, burn, pancreatitis

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8
Q

Post-Op Respiratory Failure

A
  1. atelectasis
  2. pneumonia
  3. pulmonary edema
  4. PE
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9
Q

PE - Classic Triad

A

dyspnea, chest pain, hemoptysis

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10
Q

PE - etiology

A

popiteal thrombi, gyne surgery, indwelling cath, hypercoag (HTN)

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11
Q

Pulmonary HTN

A
  1. primary- idiopathic

2. secondary- cardiac, pulm

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12
Q

SCI - Intro

A
  • NT release - inflammation
  • vascular injury- hematoma, ischemia
  • microhemorrhage in gray matter
  • edema- dec blood flow, ischemia
  • spinal shock - hypotension
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13
Q

Central Cord Syndrome

A
  • hyperextension

- greater motor impairment in upper vs lower

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14
Q

Sacral Sparing

A
  1. preserved voluntary rectal sphincter

2. perianal sensation

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15
Q

Anterior Cord Syndrome

A
  • hyperreflexion
  • m + s loss below site of injury
  • fine touch preserved
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16
Q

Brown-Sequard

A
  • penetrate one side’
  • motor loss same side
  • sensory loss opposite side
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17
Q

Spinal Shock

A
  • transient

- initial HTN, then HoTN, loss motor fxn, muscle flaccidity, etc

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18
Q

Neurogenic Shock

A

-HoTN, brady, hypothermia

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19
Q

Autonomic hyperreflexia

A
  • uncontrolled CV response from SNS
  • paroxysmal HTN, h/a, brady
  • full bladder and bowel
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20
Q

Parkinsons’

A

substantia nigra, dopa

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21
Q

Guillian Barre

A

AI myelin in PNS

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22
Q

Myasthenia Gravis

A

AI ACh receptors

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23
Q

ALS

A
  • muscle atrophy & lacteral hardening of SC d/t nerve degeneration
  • too much glutamate? unknown etiology
24
Q

MS

A

AI myelin CNS

25
Q

Peripheral Neuropathy

A

damage to nerves of the peripheral nervous system, which may be caused either by diseases of or trauma to the nerve or the side effects of systemic illness

26
Q

Cerebral Palsy

A

motor conditions that cause physical disability in human development, chiefly in the various areas of body movement
-cerebral insult to immature brain

27
Q

HCV

A

parenteral; no vaccine

28
Q

Cirrhosis - Types

A

disrupt structure; replace w/ collagen and fat

  1. Laennec’s
  2. Biliary
  3. Post-necrotic
  4. Metabolic
  5. Other - tumor, trauma, infection, RVF
29
Q

Cirrhosis - Sx

A
  1. Jaundice
  2. Infection Sx
  3. Immune Deposits
  4. Hypoalbuminenia
  5. Portal HoTN - ascites, varices, hepatic encephalopathy
  6. Coagulopathies: GI bleed, DIC
  7. F/E Imbalance - dec Na + K, vasodil, increased osmolarity–> peripheral edema
  8. Hepatorenal Syndrome
  9. Toxin accumulation - sex hxms
30
Q

Hepatic Failure

A

80-90% loss

31
Q

Peds

A

Jaudice, Kernicterus, biliary atresia, acute infection, Wilson;s

32
Q

Hep Failure - Tx

A
  • prevent infection
  • Na restriction
  • diuretic
  • D/C hepatox drugs
  • paracentesis
  • portal caval shnts
  • clotting factor replacements
  • vit b12, thiamine, folic acid + lactulose
  • low ptn diet
33
Q

AST

A

5-60

34
Q

ALT

A

5-43

35
Q

ALP

A

30-115

36
Q

Bili

A

0.2-1.2

37
Q

Ptn

A

6.5-8.2

38
Q

Albumin

A

4-6

39
Q

Lab

A
  1. LFTs
  2. Bili
  3. Ptn
  4. Ammonia
  5. Clotting
40
Q

Transplant - CONTRA

A
  1. end stage cardiopulm
  2. mets cancer
  3. active sepsis
  4. AIDs
  5. psych
41
Q

Transplant - Complications

A
  1. rejection
  2. infection
  3. biliary anastamosis leakage
  4. hemorrhage
  5. hepatic artery thrombosis
  6. acute renal failure
42
Q

Pancreatitis

A

non-bac inflammation
activate/liberate enzmes
autodigestion
–> edematous or hemorrhagic

43
Q

Pancreatic Abcesses

A

amylase >2.5x, inc BS + K, low Mg, Ca, albumin

44
Q

Tx - ARDs

A

nitrous oxide,
anti-inflammatories/steroids,
exogenous surfactant,
recombinant human protein C

45
Q

PE

A
  • fibrinolytics (tPa, alteplase, streptokinase),

- heparin (anticoag),

46
Q

Pulm HTN

A
  • prostacylin analogues (treprostinil)
  • endothelin receptor antagonists (Bosentan)
  • phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors (Sidenafil, Revatio; open pulm BV)
  • HI dose CCB
  • anti-coag
  • diuretics
47
Q

Parkinsons’

A
  • Levodopa (sinemet)
  • anticholinergics
  • dopamine agonists
48
Q

Guillain-Barre

A
  • plasmaphoresis

- IV Ig

49
Q

MG

A
  • anticholinersterase agents (neostigmine/pyridostigmine, inc NM transmission)
  • immunosuppressants (prednisone, azthio, cyclo, tacro, myco…)
50
Q

ALS

A

riluzole/rilutek (dec glutamate)

51
Q

Cerebral Palsy

A
  • baclofen (antispasmodic)

- botox

52
Q

MS

A
  1. B-interferons (Avonex, betaseron, rebif): balances the expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory agents in the brain, and reduces the number of inflammatory cells that cross the blood brain barrier.
  2. Copolymer I/Copaxone: synthetic myelin ptn
  3. Novantrone/mitoxantrone: Immunosuppresants ; cardiac s/e
  4. natalizumab/tysabri: monoclonal Ab
  5. immunemodulators
53
Q

Hepatitis

A
  1. antivirals

2. immune modulators (interferon, ribavim)

54
Q

hep failure

A

vitamins, diuretics, vit k (aquametphyton), lactulose

55
Q

Transplant

A
  1. Anti-rejection meds- tacro, etc…
  2. Antivirals- bactrim, acclovir, ganicyclovir
  3. PPI/H2- rantidine, pepcid

Patho 2 (3 decks)

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