examen 2 Flashcards

1
Q

true or false
When performing a sensitivity analysis Variable costs change as the output changes

A

true

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2
Q

true or false When performing a sensitivity analysis: Fixed costs are not dependent on the amount of goods or services produces during the period

A

fals

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3
Q

A corporate finance manager is considering how to finance an investment project and wants your help create a strategy to avoid signaling.

Use pecking order theorem to find the appropriate strategy. Prioritize the means of financing and drag the financing method from the left to the appropriate numbered box to the right, then assign the method´s signal to investors. With 1 being the highest order and 3 being the lowest order.

A

strategi 1= finance internally => signals prowide no signals

strategi 2 = finance using bonds => signals signal that the shears is underprice

strategi 3 = finance using shares => signal that the shears is overprice

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4
Q

When considering the Payback period method which of the following is correct?
A) The payback period disregards the time value of money

B) The payback period does account for what happens after payback, taking into account the overall profitability of an investment.

C) The shorter the payback, the more desirable the investment

D) Shorter paybacks mean more attractive investments, while longer payback periods are less desirable.

E) The payback period is the cost of the investment divided by the annual cash flow.

A

-
The payback period disregards the time value of money
-
The shorter the payback, the more desirable the investment
-
Shorter paybacks mean more attractive investments, while longer payback periods are less desirable.
-
The payback period is the cost of the investment divided by the annual cash flow.

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5
Q

The term structure of interest rates are constructed of?

A) Interest rate risk premium

B) Inflation premium

C) Real rate

D) Discount factor

E) Bond rating

F) Growth rate

G) Share value

A

Real rate
Inflation premium
Interest rate risk premium

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6
Q

On risk and return, which is true?

A) Market risk can be eliminated with diversification

B) Expected return on a security is positively related to the security´s BETA

C) A diversified portfolio can eliminate all the risk associated with individual securities

D) Unsystematic risk increases proportionally with increased number of securities in a portfolio

A

Expected return on a security is positively related to the security´s BETA

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7
Q

Assume that the risk-free rate is 5% and the market risk premium is 8%. Security A has a beta of 0.75 and Security B has a beta of 1.25. Suppose that Security C has a risk-return characteristic such that it lies below the security market line. Is Security C a desirable investment? Why or why not?

A) Security C lies above the SML and so it is underpriced. In other words, it is yielding a return greater than what can be expected.

B) It is a desirable investment and can be purchased.

C) It is not a desirable investment and should not be purchased

D) Security C lies above the SML and so it is overpriced. In other words, it is yielding a return lower than what can be expected.

E) Security C lies below the SML and so it is underpriced. In other words, it is yielding a return greater than what can be expected.

F) Security C lies below the SML and so it is overpriced. In other words, it is yielding a return lower than what can be expected.

A

-
Security C lies below the SML and so it is overpriced. In other words, it is yielding a return lower than what can be expected.
-
It is not a desirable investment and should not be purchased

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8
Q

When considering investment projects using IRR. Which are correct?

A) When considering mutually exclusive investments. One can always reach a correct decision by accepting the larger project if the incremental IRR is greater than the discount rate

B) If we choose independent investment projects with highest IRR, NPV always gives the same decision

C) When a project has cash inflow followed by one or more outflows: One should accept when the IRR is below the discount rate

D) IRR does not give the same decision as NPV when considering independent investment projects where the initial outflows are only followed by a series of inflows

A

-
When considering mutually exclusive investments. One can always reach a correct decision by accepting the larger project if the incremental IRR is greater than the discount rate
-
When a project has cash inflow followed by one or more outflows: One should accept when the IRR is below the discount rate

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9
Q

Oppgave 16Financial statements
(1 point)

You are given the following information for Arion ASA in $ million
What is the change in net working capital in 2020?

A

diferansen fra 2019 to 2020 on curent assets - current libilties
(520-165) - (361-129) = 123

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10
Q

According to the course literature, it is suggested that a firms price-earning (PE) ratio is a function of which three factors?

A) The per share amount of the firm´s valuable growth opportunities

B) The risk of the stock

C) The type of accounting method used by the firm

D) Financial leverage

E) Operating leverage

F) Last years EBIT

G) Next years forecasted EBIT

A

-
The risk of the stock
-
The per share amount of the firm´s valuable growth opportunities
-
The type of accounting method used by the firm

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11
Q

According to the course literature and considering the Profitability index (PI), which is FALSE?

A) We reject independent projects if PI < 1

B) For mutually exclusive project the PI method does not have the same scale problem as IRR

C) When choosing mutually exclusive projects and using the profitability index on the incremental cash flows with PI >1, we get the same result as using NPV

D) PI has an arbitrary cutoff date

E) PI is affected by accounting judgements

F) With capital rationing, the PI is is a useful method of adjusting the NPV

A

-
PI is affected by accounting judgements
-
For mutually exclusive project the PI method does not have the same scale problem as IRR
-
PI has an arbitary cutoff date

disse stemmer ikke. alså de er false

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12
Q

-
Is it possible that a risky asset could have a beta of zero and why/why not?
-
No, as it is not possible to construct a portfolio of risky assets whose return would be equal or less than the risk free rate.
-
Yes, as it is possible to construct a zero beta portfolio of risky assets whose return would be equal to the risk free rate.
-
Unable to determine,

A

-
Yes, as it is possible to construct a zero beta portfolio of risky assets whose return would be equal to the risk free rate.

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13
Q

Given the following alternatives, capital asset pricing theory asserts that portfolio returns are best explained by:
pick one:
-
Diversification
-
Systematic risk
-
Specific risk
-
Economic factors

A

Systematic risk

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14
Q

When considering risk analysis, which of the following is correct?

A) With scenario analysis, one variable is examined over a broad range of values.

B) With sensitivity analysis, all variables are examined for limited range of values

C) Forecasting risk is the risk that a bad decisions is made because of errors in projected cash flows.

D) From a shareholders perspective. A project that exceeds the accounting and cash break even points should under all circumstances be accepted.

A

Forecasting risk is the risk that a bad decisions is made because of errors in projected cash flows.

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15
Q

Consider the following sentence and fill in the blanks.

Both _______ and _________ measure the responsiveness of a security to movement in the market.

Select one or more alternatives:

Beta

Financial leverage

Covariance

Net present value

Operating leverage

WACC

A

Beta
Covariance

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16
Q

On bond price sensitivity. All other things being equal, which of the following are true?

A) The longer the time to maturity the greater the interest rate risk

B) The lower the coupon rate, the greater the interest rate risk

C) The higher the coupon rate the greater the interest rate risk

D) The shorter the time to maturity the greater the interest rate risk

A

-
A) The longer the time to maturity the greater the interest rate risk
-
B) The lower the coupon rate, the greater the interest rate risk

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17
Q

From a shareholders perspective, which break even point(s) is the most important?

A) Financial break even

B) Accounting break even

C) Cash break even

D) All equally important

A

A) Financial break even

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18
Q

Operating cash flow reflects:

A) Tax payments

B) Change in net working capital

C) Capital spending

D) Financing

A

A) Tax payments

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19
Q

-
An investor is considering adding shares in Biotech to its existing portfolio of well diversified assets the investor is concerned whith the risk effects of Biotech shares on portfolio. Give the investor’s consideration, which of the following Biotech metrics should the investor be most concerned whith ?
-
WACC of Biotech
-
Required rate of return on Biotech shares
-
Expected return of the on Biotech shares
-
EBITA from on Biotech operations
-
Variance of the on Biotech shares
-
Covariance between on Biotech shares and portefolio
-
Correlation between on Biotech shares and portefolio

A

Covariance between on Biotech shares and portefolio

20
Q

-
According to the course literature and considering the Profitability Index (PI) which is true For mutually exclusive project
-
The PI method does not have the same scale problem as IRR
-
PI has an arbitrary cutoff date
-
With capital rationing, the PI is a useful method of adjusting the NPV
-
Pi is affected by accounting judgments
-
When choosing mutually exclusive projects and using the profitability index on the incremental cash flow whit PI>1, we get the same result as using NPV
-
We reject independent projects if PI<1

A

-
With capital rationing, the PI is a useful method of adjusting the NPV
-
When choosing mutually exclusive projects and using the profitability index on the incremental cash flow whit PI>1, we get the same result as using NPV
-
We reject independent projects if PI<1

21
Q

-
According to security market line, the expected return of any security is a function of
-
Specific risk
-
Systematic risk
-
Diversifiable risk
-
Unsystematic risk
-
Unique risk

A

Systematic risk

22
Q

In the figure above, what is line from Rf through M called? With M being market, where M is located on. (1, E(Rm)) in the graph
Characteristic line
-
Portfolio asset line
-
Security market line
-
Individual security line
-
Capital market line

A

Security market line

23
Q

The term structure of interest rates are constructed of?
Bond rating
-
Discount factor
-
Share value
-
Interest rate risk premium
-
Real rate
-
Growth rate
-
Inflation premium

A

Interest rate risk premium
Real rate
Inflation premium

24
Q

-
According to the course literature, it is suggested that a firms price-earning (PE) ratio is a function of which three factors?
-
Next years forecasted EBIT
-
Last years EBIT
-
Financial levrage
-
Operating levrage
-
The type of accounting method used by the firm
-
The per share amount of the firm’s valuable growth opportunities
-
The risk of the stock

A

-
The type of accounting method used by the firm
-
The per share amount of the firm’s valuable growth opportunities
-
The risk of the stock

25
Q

-
On risk and, which is true?
-
Expected return on a security is positively related to the security’s BETA
-
Market risk can be eliminated with diversification
-
Unsystematic risk increases proportionally with increased number of securities in portfolio
-
A diversified portfolio can eliminate all risk associated whit individual securities

A

Expected return on a security is positively related to the security’s BETA

26
Q

-
From a shareholders perspective, which break even point(s) is the most important
-
Cash brake even
-
None of them is important
-
All equally important
-
Financial brake even
-
Accounting brake even
-
Interest rate brake even

A

Financial brake even

27
Q

-
According to the course literature and consider the Profitabillity Index (PI) which is false and which can be true in at list some cases.
-
1)PI has an arbitrary cutoff date
-
2)PI is affected by accounting Judgements
-
3) Whit capital rationing, the PI is is a useful method of adjusting NPV
-
4) When choosing a mutually exclusive projects and using the profitability index on incremental cash flows whit PI>1, we get the same result as using NPV
-
5) We reject independent projects if PI<1
-
6) For mutually exclusive project the PI Method does not have the same scale problem as IRR

A

-
PI has an !NOT! arbitrary cutoff date (så statement 1 e feil )
-
PI is !NOT! affected by accounting Judgements (så statement 2 e feil )
-
For mutually exclusive project the PI Method does have the same scale problem as IRR
(så statement 6 e feil)
-
3) Whit capital rationing, the PI is is a useful method of adjusting NPV (kan vere sant)
-
4) When choosing a mutually exclusive projects and using the profitability index on incremental cash flows whit PI>1, we get the same result as using NPV
(kan vere Sant)
-
5) We reject independent projects if PI<1
(can vere sant)

28
Q

A corporation finance manger is considering to finance an investment project and wants your help create a strategy to avoid signalling.
Use pecking order theorem to find the appropriate strategy. Prioritize the means of financing and draf the financing method from the left to the appropriate numbered box to the right. The assign the method’s signal to investors. With 1 bing the highest and 3 bing the lowest.
-
Finance internally
-
Finance issuing shares
-
Provides no signal
-
Finance using bonds
-
Signal that share price is overpriced
-
Signal that share price is under-priced

A

-
1
Finance internally
Provides no signal
-
2
Finance using bonds
Signal that share price is under-priced
-
3
Finance issuing shares
Signal that share price is overpriced

29
Q

-
When considering risk analysis, which of the following is correct.
-
Form a shareholder perspective a project thet exceeds the accounting and cash brake even points should under all circumstances be accepted.
-
With scenario analysis, one variable is examined over a broad range of values
-
With sensitivity analysis, all variables are examined for limited rang of values
-
Forecasting risk is the risk the a bad decisions is made because of error in projected cash flow

A

Forecasting risk is the risk the a bad decisions is made because of error in projected cash flow

30
Q

-
Putt the steps in monte carlo simulation in corecto order. 1 is the first 5 the last
-
Repeat the procedure
-
Specify the basic model
-
Calculate the npv
-
The computer draws one outcom
-
Specify a distribution fo each variable in the model

A

1) Specify the basic model
2) Specify a distribution fo each variable in the model
3) The computer draws one outcom
4) Repeat the procedure
5) Calculate the npv

31
Q

-
Consider the following sentence and fill in the blanks both ______ and ______ measure the responsiveness of a security to movement in the marked
-
Operating lavrage
-
Beta
-
Net present value
-
Covariance
-
Risk free rate
-
WACC

A

Covariance
Beta

32
Q

-
When considering the Payback periode method which of the following is not correct and which can be correct in some circumstances
-
Shorter paybacks men more attractive investment while longer payback period less desirable
-
The payback period disregards the time value of money
-
The shorter the payback the more desirable the investment
-
The payback period is the cost of the investment divided by annual cash flow
-
The payback period does account for wat happens after payback taking into account the overall profitability of an investment.

A

-
Shorter paybacks men more attractive investment while longer payback period less desirable. (ja Som regel)
-
The payback period disregards the time value of money. (Ja Som regel gjør den det )
.
The shorter the payback the more desirable the investment (ja svert ofte er det slik )
-
The payback period is the cost of the investment divided by annual cash flow. (Ja du kan kalkulere det slik spesielt om chas flow e constant. )
-
The payback period does account for wat happens after payback taking into account the overall profitability of an investment.( no it doesn’t. denne er den eneste som er not corect )

33
Q

1 Q
On bond price sensitivity. All other things being equal, which of the following are true:
-
The higher the coupon rate the greater the interest rate risk
-
The shorter the time to maturity the greater the interest rate risk
-
The lower the coupon rate the greater the interest rate risk
-
The longer the time to maturity the greater the interest rate risk

A

1 A
The lower the coupon rate the greater the interest rate risk
-
The longer the time to maturity the greater the interest rate risk

34
Q

2 Q
The key to NPV is its following attributes: (select one or more)
-
NPV uses all the cash flows if the project
-
NPV has an arbitrary cut-off date
-
NPV is affected by accounting judgements
-
NPV discounts the cash flows properly
-
NPV uses cash flows

A

2 A
NPV uses all the cash flows if the project
-
NPV discounts the cash flows properly
-
NPV uses cash flows

35
Q

4 Q
Assume that the risk-free rate is 4% and the market risk premium is 10%. Security A has a beta of 0,8 and security B has a beta of 1,15. Suppose that security C has a risk-return characteristic such that it lies above the security market line. Is security C a desirable investment? Why/why not? (Select one or more)
-
Security C lies above the SML and so it is under-priced. In other words, it is yielding a return greater than what can be expected.
-
It is not a desirable investment and should not be purchased
-
Security C lies below SML and so it is under-priced. In other words, it is yielding a return greater than what can be expected.
-
Security C lies below SML and so it is over-priced. In other words, it is yielding a return lower than what can be expected.
-
Security C lies above SML and so it is over-priced. In other words, it is yielding a return lower than what can be expected.
-
It is a desirable investment and should be purchased

A

4 A
Security C lies above the SML and so it is under-priced. In other words, it is yielding a return greater than what can be expected.
-
It is a desirable investment and should be purchased

36
Q

5 Q
On liquidity, which statement(s) are true?
-
Liquidity refers to how well a company is able to pay off its long term dept
-
Liquidity measures how quickly and easily an asset can be converted into cash
-
Liquidity has opportunity cost associated with it
-
Liquidity asset usually carry high rates of return

A

5 A
Liquidity measures how quickly and easily an asset can be converted into cash
-
Liquidity has opportunity cost associated with it

37
Q

6 Q
In the figure, what is line II called? (Select one)
-
Characteristic line, Portfolio asset line, Security market line, Individual security line, Capital market line

A

6 A
Capital market line

38
Q

7 Q
What three factors determine the beta of a stock?
-
Inflation, Financial leverage, Cyclicality in revenues, Operating leverage, Investors appetite for risk, Quality of management

A

7 A
Financial leverage, Cyclicality in revenues, Operating leverage

39
Q

8 Q
Market risk is also called… (select one)
-
Systematic risk and diversifiable risk
-
Systematic and unsystematic risk
-
Special risk and non-diversifiable risk
-
Non-diversifiable risk and systematic risk

A

8 A
Non-diversifiable risk and systematic risk

40
Q

9 Q
When considering investment projects using IRR, which is correct? (select one or more)
-
If we choose independent investment projects with highest IRR, NPV always gives the same decision.
-
IRR does not give the same decision as NPV when considering independent investment projects where the initial outflows are only followed by series of inflows.
-
When a project has cash inflow followed by one or more outflows: one should always accept when the IRR is below the discount rate.
-
When considering mutually exclusive investments. One can always research a correct decision by accepting the larger project if the incremental IRR is greater than the discount rate.

A

9 A
When a project has cash inflow followed by one or more outflows: one should always accept when the IRR is below the discount rate.
-
When considering mutually exclusive investments. One can always research a correct decision by accepting the larger project if the incremental IRR is greater than the discount rate.

41
Q

10 Q
Which of the following is true?
-
When cash is invested at compound interest, each interest payment is reinvested.
-
Present value analysis tells us today’s value of a payment in the future.
-
Annuity is a constant stream of cash flow without end.
-
The discount rate r must be greater than the growth rate g for the growing perpetuity formula to work.
-
A perpetuity is a stream of payments over a fixed number of periods.
-
The future value of an asset is under all circumstances higher than the present value of the same asset.

A

10 A
When cash is invested at compound interest, each interest payment is reinvested.
-
Present value analysis tells us today’s value of a payment in the future.
-
The discount rate r must be greater than the growth rate g for the growing perpetuity formula to work.

42
Q

12 Q
Given the following alternatives, capital asset pricing theory asserts that portfolio returns are best explained by (select one):
-
Economic factors, Systematic risk, Specific risk, Diversification

A

12 A
Systematic risk

43
Q

3a Q
Relate the limits of debt to Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC) and Net Present Value (NPV).

A

3a A
WACC is a great starting point for the discount rate r used in NPV-calculation. However, there are limits to the use of WACC, since WACC (with taxes) recommend a high debt-to equity ratio, as debt is a cheaper financing than equity. At the same time, both debt and equity should take into account riskiness, i.e. a company with high debt-to-equity ratio requires a higher interest rate for debtholders and a higher required return for shareholders, due to the increased bankruptcy risk. Consequently, WACC should increase and thus the discount rate should increase, eventually reducing NPV of a project.
-
Finally, it is important to adjust the discount rate to a project’s risk. The risk in a project may differ from the risk in the company in general, and therefore WACC for the company might not be appropriate for project discount rate.

44
Q

3c Q
Provide a short summary of the pecking order theorem.

A

3c A
The pecking order theorem provides a ranking for financing, in order to provide positive signals to the market.
-
First, finance internally – no signals.
Second, finance using debt (issue bonds) - signalling undervalued stocks
Third, finance using equity (issue stocks) - signalling overvalued stocks

45
Q

Q
Explain sensitivity analysis and its advantages/disadvantages.

A

-
Sensitivity analysis compares the outcome of a project by varying the value of one input at a time. e.g. a project that is dependent on oil price and construction cost, may choose to do sensitivity analysis by varying the oil price by +/- 10% and 20% or vary the construction cost by +/- 10% and 20%, and study how the NPV of the project varies as the input varies.
-
Major disadvantage is that we only vary one variable at the time, while there is a chance many of the variable may experience changes at the same time due to correlation. Moreover, we do not know what change is more likely, e.g. is a reduction in oil price by 20% equally probable as a 10% increase in construction cost?

46
Q

Q
Explain the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM).

A

A
CAPM is defined by:
And calculates the expected return of an asset i by using a risk premium against the market and the risk associated with the market, as defined by Beta.
-
A Beta of 2 means that the asset is twice as risky as the market, and with a 10% increase (decrease) in the market the asset will increase (decrease) with 20%.
(do we have the formulas for these?)

47
Q

Q
Explain the opportunity cost of capital.

A

A
The opportunity cost of capital is the expected rate of return investors could earn in financial markets at the same level of risk as the asset the investor considers investing in. I.e. opportunity cost from using a warehouse for a new project, instead of continuing earning a rent for the warehouse.
This implies the two options are mutually exclusive.