Exam5 Flashcards
List the organs of the urinary system
The kidneys Renal pelvis Ureters Bladder Urethra
List four functions of the kidneys
- maintain homeostasis of water, salts, acids and bases
- excretion of nitrogenous wastes from the body
- production of the active form of vitamin D
- carry out gluconeogenesis during the unfed stage
List the three steps involves in urine formation
Glomerular filtiration
Tubular reabsorption
Tubular secretion
Deamination results in this nitrogenous waste in the urine
Urea, it is the most abundant nitrogenous waste in the urine
Which urethral sphincter is composed of skeletal muscle
The external uretheral
It is voluntarily relaxed to empty the bladder
Which uretheral spincter is composed of smooth muscle
The internal urethral spincter
It is not voluntarily controlled
Muscle ATP metabolism results in this nitrogenous waste in the urine
Creatinine
The nephrons glomerulus continues as what
Proximal convoluted tubule
In what part of the nephron does most reabsorption take place
Proximal convoluted tubule
List five abnormal constituents in urine
Gluose
Ketones
Blood cells
Albumin
In what part of the nephron does filtiration occur
It only occurs in the glomerulus
Trace the flow of blood from the renal artery back to the renal vein
Renal artery Segmental artery Interlobar artery Arcuate artery Cortical radiate artery Cortical radiate vein Arcuate vein Interlobar vein Renal vein
Which artery and vein are found in the renal
Interlobar arteries and veins
Define miicturition
The process of urinating
List the four parts of a nephron from proximal to distal
Renal corpuscle
Proximal convoluted tubule
Nephron loop (loop of henle)
Distal convoluted tubule
What is the glomerulus
A capillary bed that is part of the renal corpuscle, it produces the filtrate
What two structures make up the renal corpuscle
Glomerulus ans glomerular capsule
What region of the kidney contains the renal
Renal cortex
What do calyces drain urine into
Renal pelvis, from there urine is drained into the ureter
What blood vessel directly suppplies arterial blood to the glomerulus
Afferent arteriole
What blood vessels are associated with the nephron loops
Vasa recta, these blood ladder-like capillaries receive blood from the efferent arterioles of juxtamedullary nephrons
Where are the cortical radiate arteries located
Cortex of the kidney, they are branches of the arcuate arteries
List three differences between the female and male urethra
The female urethra transports urine only; it is 1-1.5 inches long; the male urethtra has three regions and is less prone to a UTI
In what region of the kidney are the renal pyramids located
Renal medulla
What is the function of the anti diuretic hormone (ADH0
Reduces urinary output by reducing the amount of water eliminated from the body; reabsorbs water at the collecting duct
What is the trigone
Region at the base of the urinary bladder found in males and females, outlined by three openings: two ureters and the urethra
List the three segments of the male urethra
Prostatic urethra ( passes through the prostate gland)
Intermediate/membranous urethra ( passes through the urogenital diaphragm muscle )
Spongy urethra ( passes through the corpus spongiest of the penis )
What is the renal pelvis
Large funnel-like structure of the kidney that connects the medulla to the ureter
Why are urinary tract infections more common in females
The length of the urethra is shorter in males
What kidney structures are located between each renal pyramid
The renal columns are located in the renal medulla and separate each renal pyramid from the next
Where is the kidneys fibrous capsule located
It covers that kidney, external to the renal cortex. It functions in protection
What structures are located at the renal hilum
Urethra, renal artery and vein
What is the destructor muscle
It must contract for micturition to occur
What is the function of the urethra in males and females
Transport urine out of the body
What is the name of the pressure responsible for the filtration of fluid out of the glomerulus
Glomerular hydrostatic pressure is the force within the glomerular capillaries (HPgc) that is responsible for pushing water and solutes out of the blood across the filtration membrane, into the glomerular capsule space. An increase in HPgc results in more filtrate produced
Where is fluid moving to in the process of filtration
From the glomerulus into the nephron’s capsule space
Where is fluid moving to in the process of tubular reabsorption
From the nephron into the blood
Where is fluid moving to in the process of tubular secretion
From the blood into the nephron
What blood vessel directly drains blood from the glomerulus
The efferent arteriole drains the glomerular capillary bed
Which segment of the nephron loop (loop of Henle) is permeable to H2O
The descending lim since it has aquaporins that function in the reabsorption of water
Which has a smaller diameter the afferent arteriole or the efferent arteriole
The efferent arteriole has a smaller diameter, this creates a high hydrostatic blood pressure that drives the process of filtration
What are two types of nephrons? Which are more abundant ?
Cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons
Cortical nephrons are the majority
What is urines pH
Slightly acidic, average pH of 6 but ranging from 4.5 to 8
What has a higher specific gravity, water or urine
Urine has a higher specific gravity compared to water because it contains dissolved solutes
What is the most abundant nitrogenous waste in urine
Urea
What gives urine its yellow color
A pigment called urochrome
What is Pyuria
Presence of WBCs or pus in urine
What is the epithelium of the urinary bladder
Transitional epithelium
Where are podocytes located in the nephron
They surround the endothelial cells that makeup the wall of the glomerulus
What is a collecting duct
A structure that collects filtrate from nephrons
What organ produces urea from ammonia and CO2
The liver
