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Foundations > Exam3- Fluids, electrolytes, and acid-base balance > Flashcards

Exam3- Fluids, electrolytes, and acid-base balance Flashcards

1
Q

hypovolemia or isotonic FVD

A

loss of h2o AND electrolytes from the ECF

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2
Q

dehydration

A

loss of h2o without the loss of electrolytes

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3
Q

risk factors for hypovolemia

A
  • excessive GI loss: vomiting, diarrhea, nasogastric suctioning
  • sweating
  • excessive urination (DI, kidney disease, AI, osmotic diuresis)
  • third spacing (peritonitis, ascites, burns, intestinal obstruction
  • poor intake (anorexia, nausea, NPO)
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4
Q

risk factors for dehydration

A
  • hyperventilation
  • DKA
  • prolonged fever
  • enteral feeding with poor water intake
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5
Q

S/S for both dehydration and hypovolemia (FVD)

A
  • hypothermia
  • hypotension
  • tachycardia
  • tachypnea
  • dizziness, syncope, confusion, fatigue
  • weight loss
  • dry mucous membranes
  • oliguria (decreased urine output)
  • nonelastic skin turgor
  • no tears
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6
Q

hypervolemia (FVE)

A

excess water AND sodium

increased blood volume

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7
Q

overhydration (hypoosmolar fluid imbalance)

A
  • retention of more water than electrolytes

- causes hemodilation

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8
Q

risk factors for hypervolemia

A
  • heart failure
  • poor kidney function
  • plasma fluid shifts (hypertonic fluid, burns)
  • excessive sodium intake
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9
Q

risk factors for overhydration

A
  • head injuries
  • anesthetics
  • SIADH (excess secretion of ADH)
  • water replacement without electrolytes replacement (strenuous exercise with profuse diaphoresis)
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10
Q

S/S for FVE

A
  • hypertension
  • bounding pulse
  • tachycardia
  • confusion
  • muscle weakness
  • weight gain
  • edema/ascites
  • JVD
  • dyspnea
  • crackles
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11
Q

sodium range

A

135-145

in the ECF

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12
Q

potassium range

A

3.5-5.0

in the ICF

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13
Q

calcium range

A

9-10.5

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14
Q

magnesium range

A

1.3-2.1

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15
Q
  • excess of water in the plasma or loss of sodium-rich fluids
  • water moves IN to the cell, causing cellular swelling (cerebral edema)
A

hyponatremia

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16
Q
  • serious electrolyte imbalance: can cause significant neurological, endocrine, and cardiac disturbances
  • water moves OUT of the cell, making the cell dehydrated
A

hypernatremia

17
Q
  • tachycardia
  • hypotension
  • headache, confusion
  • decreased deep tendon reflexes
  • hyperactive bowel sounds
  • abdominal cramps
  • N/V
A

S/S for both hyponatremia and hypernatremia

18
Q
  • weak irregular pulse
  • hypotension
  • muscle cramping
  • mental confusion
  • premature ventricular contractions
  • bradycardia
  • flattened T waves
  • ST depression
  • hypoactive bowels
  • n/v/
A

hypokalemia S/S

19
Q
  • slow irregular pulse
  • hypotension
  • mental confusion
  • lack of reflexes
  • v-fib
  • peaked T waves
  • widened QRS, cardiac arrest
  • hyperactive bowels
  • diarrhea
A

hyperkalemia S/S

20
Q
  • numbness and tingling
  • muscle spasms
  • hyperactive DTR
  • +chvostek’s sign (facial twitching)
  • +trousseau’s sign (hand/finger spasms with BP cuff)
  • laryngospasm
  • prolonged QT interval and ST segment
  • hyperactive bowels, diarrhea
  • seizures
A

hypocalcemia S/S

21
Q
  • decreased reflexes
  • bone pain
  • dysrhythmias
  • increased risk of blood clots
  • weakness, lethargy
  • decreased LOC
A

hypercalcemia S/S

22
Q
  • hyperactive DTR
  • muscle tetany
  • +chvostek
  • +trousseau
  • tetany
  • seizures
  • hypoactive bowels
  • constipation
  • tachycardia
  • hypertension
A

hypomagnesemia S/S

23
Q
  • diminished DTR
  • muscle paralysis
  • shallow respirations (decreased RR)
  • bradycardia, hypotension
  • lethargy
A

hypermagnesemia S/S

24
Q

chloride

A
  • other electrolytes
  • in the ECF
  • bound to other ions (CaCl2)
25
Q

phosphate (phosphorus)

A

-ICF anion
-bound with calcium in teeth and bones
-inverse relationship with calcium
(increased phosphate= decreased calcium)

26
Q

bicarbonate

A
  • in the ICF and ECF
  • acid-base balance
  • regulated by the kidneys
  • produced by body to act as buffer
27
Q

normal blood pH

A

7.35-7.45

28
Q

<7.35

A

acidosis

29
Q

> 7.45

A

alkalosis

30
Q

normal pCO2

A

33-45 mmHG

31
Q

repiratory

A

pertaining to CO2 (acid)

-affected by ability to adequately exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide

32
Q

respiratory acidosis

A

pCO2 > 45mmHg

retaining CO2

33
Q

respiratory alkalosis

A

pCO2 < 35mmHg

excessive ventilation

34
Q

metabolic

A

pertaining to HCO3- (base)

-kidneys control by retaining or excreting HCO3- in response to body’s pH

35
Q

normal HCO3-

A

22-26

36
Q

metabolic acidosis

A

HCO3 < 22

too much acid in the body or body unable to excrete enough acid

37
Q

metabolic alkalosis

A

HCO3 > 26

acid loss or too much base

38
Q

practice:

pH= 7.27
pCO2= 36
HCO3-= 19
A

metabolic acidosis

pH is acidic (7.27)
pCO2 is within range (36)
HCO3- level is below normal (acidic) (19)

pH 7.35-7.45
pCO2= 35-45
HCO3= 22-26

39
Q

practice:

pH= 7.52
pCO2= 28
HCO3-= 23
A

respiratory alkalosis

pH is alkalotic (7.52)
pCO2 is alkalotic (28)
HCO3 is within range (23)

pH 7.35-7.45
pCO2= 35-45
HCO3= 22-26

Foundations (4 decks)

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