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Histology/Embryology > EXAM2_HE14_15_Nervous_Tissue > Flashcards

EXAM2_HE14_15_Nervous_Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

4 stains used for Nervous tissue & ex

A
  1. HE
  2. NISSL (base-like-cell bodies)
  3. Golgi (silver based- processes & bodies)
  4. Myelin- lipid in myelin
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2
Q

3 types of neurons and function of each

A
  1. Multipolar (motor efferent)-interneurons
  2. Pseudounipolar (Sensory afferent)- post root ganglia & CN sensory ganglia
  3. Bipolar (most rare)- single dendrite- Retina, CNI,VIII
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3
Q
  1. Multipolar neuron features
A
  1. Euchromatic prominent nucleolus
  2. Basophilic
  3. Nissl Bodies (toluidine blue nissl stain)
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4
Q

Nissl bodies

A

collections of RER & FREE Ribosomes arranged as polyribosomes (polysomes)

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5
Q

Cytoplasmic components & functions of neurons

A

Lots of Nissl bodies and polyribosomes- PROTEIN SECRETION of NTM- lots of intracellular proteins

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6
Q

Dendrite structure

A

larger diameter than axon- not myelinated- Proximal parts have cytoplasmic organelles- Nissl bodies and golgi complexes

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7
Q

Axon basic structure

A

originates from cell body at axon hillock
-no nissl bodies/golgi
-no protein production
-

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8
Q

Initial segment

A

1st part of axon after axon hillock-
no nissl bodies or golgi
Site where AP is generated

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9
Q
  1. What does presence of mitochondria indicate in axon?
  2. Where are protein components of microtubules and neurofilaments synthesized?
  3. What is the function of the neurofilaments?
A
  1. Transport
  2. Polysomes in cell body
  3. tensile strength
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10
Q

AXONAL transport- 2 types and direction. What do viruses do?

A

-Req ATP
-MT’s & motor proteins (kinesin/dynein)
-transport organelles, synaptic vessels
1. Anterograde- away from cell body to MT/Kinesins
2. Retrograde- toward cell body MTs and Dyneins.
virus-use retrograde-toward cell body

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11
Q

Collaterals & Terminals

A

neurons can branch to other axon terminals (boutons)

cardiac muscle doesn’t have boutons

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12
Q

Internodal segments- nodes of Ranvier-
What stain used?
What appearance in HE stain?

A

Silver stain
segments of myelinated axon
gaps between internodal segments are nodes of ranvier
pale/white “moth eaten” w/ HE- high lipid content of myelin

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13
Q

Myelin formation

A

Glial cell + its cytoplasm wrap around neuron pushing nucleus to outside.
-phospholipid structure

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14
Q

Non-myelinated axons

A

Smaller diameter axons
slower conduction velocities (no myelin)
axon enveloped by glial cell+plasma membrane but NO wrapping

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15
Q

3 types of synapses

A
  1. axosomatic (axon to cell body)
  2. Axodendritic (axon to dendrite or dendritic spine)
  3. Axoaxonic (axon to axon)
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16
Q

Where is CNS neurons and glia derived from?
PNS neurons and glia?
When do neuropores close?

A

CNS- Neuroectoderm- neurotube
PNS-Neuroectoderm-neurocrest
Week 4 neuropores close

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17
Q

how do you classify neurons if they are CNS or PNS?

A

by developmental origin

and location of cell obdy

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18
Q

CT of CNS- what called? what does it line? 3 types

A

MENINGES: lines cavities of CNS

  1. Dura Mater- DIRCT (toughest)
  2. Arachnoid mater- Subarachnoid space
  3. Pia Mater- LCT (remains outer surface only- not in grey /white matter)
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19
Q

Grey Mater-Structure-Location
White Mater
What’s Unique to both GM and WM?

A

GM- CNS nuronal cell bodies (Nuclei)
WM- myelinated axons (Tracts)
NO CT IN GM OR WM

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20
Q

Nuclei

Tracts

A

N- collections of related neuronal cell bodies

T- collections of related nerve processes (axons)

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21
Q

Neuropil- What is it? What 3 things does it contain? how do you identify it? What could you confuse it with at LM?

A

The “Feltwork” around nuclei in the grey matter:
1. unmyelinated neuronal cell processes
2. glial cell bodies & processes
3. small blood vessels
Looks like LCT but ther is NO CT in GM or WM

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22
Q

Astrocytes- Origin, Locations, 4 functions

A

CNS Glial Cells- Neural Tube- in GM and WM
many cell processes radiate from cell body
1. guide migrating neurons during CNS development
2. Glia Limitans; Regulate ionic environment in ECM
3. Support blood/brain barrier
4. Proliferate at sites of injury (gliosis)

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23
Q

Glia Limitans

A

Thin barrier of astrocyte FOOT PLATES associated with parenchyma basal lamina surrounding the brain and spinal chord.

SEPARATES PIA & CNS TISSUE

regulates movement of small molecules and cells into brain and supports blood-brain barrier.

Astrocytes can regulate endothelial cells to adjust the leaky ability of the blood vessels

24
Q

Layers of the head

A

Scalp>Cranium (skull)>Dura>Arachnoid>subarachnoid space> Pia>Glia limitans>cerebral cortex

25
Q

What is the Blood brain barrier formed by? What is the most common and most aggressive malignant primary brain tumor and where is it derived from?

A

tight junctions between capillary endothelial cells
Glioblastoma multiforme- GBM
Astrocytoma of glial cells - astrocytes

26
Q

Oligodendrocytes- Origin-location-function-

What is demyelinating disease of oligodendrocytes?

A

CNS glial cells- Neural tube- found In WM

  1. myelination of CNS axons
    - can myelinate more than one axon
    - multiple internodal segments per axon
    - MS of CNS oligodentrocytes
27
Q

Microglia- Origin? Pathway? Location? Function?

A

CNS Glial cell- found in GM & WM
Monocytes>BBB>CNS>divide into microglia
Function as resident macrophage and Immune defense of CNS.

28
Q

Ependymal Cells- Origin? Location? Function? What is the main component of Ependymal cells?

A

CNS glial cell- originate from Neural Tube- Cuboidal- Makes CSF-

  • Line the central canal of spinal cord & ventricular system of brain
    1. A component of choroid plexus- Produce & circulate CSF
29
Q

What are the 4 Glial cells of the CNS? Functions? All three are derived from which place? where is the 4th glial cell derived from?

A
  1. Astrocytes (form glia limitans/support BBB)
  2. Oligodendrocytes (myelinate axons)
  3. Microglial (phagocytosis macrophages bone marrow)
  4. Ependymal (make and circulate CSF)-Choroid plexus
    NEURAL TUBE DERIVED EXCEPT
    MICROGLIA (macrophages in bone marrow)
30
Q

Where is CT in the grey/white matter of CNS? Why only 3 places? Is there a external lamina?

A 
CT COVERINGS (outer surfaces)
1. Dura
2. Arachnoid
3. Pia
Glia limitans present so no CT or external lamina with grey or white matter.
31
Q

What are Tracts? where located?

A

Tracts are myelinated axons of glia in the White Matter

32
Q

What are Nuclei? where located?

A

Nuclei are neuron cell bodies in the Grey Matter

33
Q

Origin of brain/spinal cord/ neurons & glia ?

A

Neural tube

34
Q

Origin of Neurons & nerve processes & glia outside brain and spinal cord?

A

Neural Crest

35
Q

Collections of functionally-related neuronal cell bodies

A

Ganglion

36
Q

Collections of functionally-related nerve fibers

A

Peripheral nerves

37
Q

What does silver stain highlight? What about Myelin stain?

A

highlights the cell bodies and processes. the grey matter.

highlights the lipids of myelin shows reverse of silver stain. highlights the white matter

38
Q

What make up the Grey matter in the CNS? Functionally related nerve processes? what do they make up?

A

Nuclei (cell bodies of neurons)

Tracts (axons of the nuclei) - make up the white matter

39
Q

What is the dead give away that you are looking at a neuron in grey matter?

A

Nissl bodies (usually around a bullseye)- its the neuron cell bodies (nissl)

40
Q

What occurs in brain damage repair?
What happens if repair goes too far?
What repairs better CNS or PNS? Why?

A

Gliosis at brain injury

  • astrocytes proliferate creating a bridge and gap over that area
  • Too much astrocyte proliferation creates a GLIAL SCAR & prevents regeneration of axons
  • cns doesn’t regenerate as well as pns
41
Q

GBM

A

neoplastic changes to astrocytes that create malignant tumors

42
Q

External lamina functions? needed in CNS?

A

adherence, filtration barrier;

not needed b/c we have astrocytes that do this

43
Q

Round cells with euchromatic nuclei, prominent nucleolous, Lots of cytoplasm with tiny cells forming complete ring around the cells. What does a LMN look like in conjunction?

A

chocolate Malt balls
pseudounipolar neurons
-satellite cells around cell body- glial- Neural Crest

Lower Motor Neuron of CNS (has nissl bodies w/ bullseye in middle)

44
Q

Pseudounipolar cells what are the two parts?

A
  • Central process (into cns) and

- Peripheral process (to muscles)

45
Q

Posterior Root Ganglion

A

No synapses. Has a pseudounipolar neuron for sensory and a Lower Motor Neuron for action

46
Q

Nerve fibers less bundled- Neuronal cell bodies less densely packed- more scattered. Tiny cells form incomplete ring around the cells . Euchromatic nuclei, nucleolus. Why cells so spread apart?

A

Motor ganglia- autonomic: sympathetic & parasympathetic

Synapses occur here!

47
Q

4 types of peripheral nerves

A

Axons-

  1. Cranial nerves & branches
  2. Spinal roots, nerves, rami & branches
  3. Sympathetic & Parasympathetic nerves
  4. Visceral sensory nerves
48
Q

Epineurium- Structure? What does it surround? Function?

A

DiRCT/TypeI collagen/ ELASTIC FIBERS

  • Surrounds entire peripheral nerve
  • interacts w/ adjacent neurovasuclar structures
49
Q

Perineurium- Structure? What does it surround? Function?

A

DiRCT but less dense/still Elastic

-Surrounds bundles of axons called Fascicle

50
Q

Endoneurium- Structure? what does it surround?

What makes ECM? Is CT found in CNS?

A

LCT & Reticular TypeIII collagen
-surrounds individual myelinated & unmyelinated axons
-ECM made by fibroblasts & schwann cells (glial cells)
NO CT IN CNS!

51
Q

Thick black border around cells what is it? what surrounds these cells?

A

myelin around cells- endoneurium

52
Q

SCHWANN CELL- origin? Functions? disease? What advantage over oligodendrocyte in CNS?

A

SECRETORY! from Neural crest (PNS)

  1. Reticular fibers (type III collagen into endoneurium)
  2. External lamina (TypeIV, PGs’)(separates schwann cell from endoneurium)-blood nerve barrier
    - external lamina guides repair
    - one schwann cell wraps only one internodal segment on one axon

NO EXTERNAL LAMINA IN CNS-

53
Q

What did you forget about schwann cells?

A

They envelop unmyelinated axons- think about what this will look like at TEM

54
Q

Sensory Ganglia- What type of neurons? what part of functional nervous system?

A

Sensory ganglia- Posterior root ganglia- Pseudounipolar neurons- Somatic reflex

NO SYNAPSES occur within the ganglia

55
Q

Motor ganglia- what type of neurons?

A

Autonomic- multipolar neurons- visceral reflex

Has synapses

Histology/Embryology (8 decks)

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