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exam2 Flashcards

1
Q

cow fetal death of less than 8 weeks

A

early embryonic death

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2
Q

fetal death greater than 260 days in cows

A

still birth

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3
Q

intervention level of abortions in cow herd

A

> 5%

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4
Q

1 diagnosis of abortions in cows

A

unknown

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5
Q

tissue submissions for abortion dx in cows

A

placenta
fetus
maternal blood

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6
Q

cow ate old silage and then aborted baby in last trimester

fetus was all autolysed

A

listeria

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7
Q

bacterial cause of abortion which shows a clinically ill mamma cow

A

listeria

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8
Q

predilection site for lepto

A

renal tubules

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9
Q

T/F

all serovars of leptospirosis are zoonotic

A

true

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10
Q

treatment for outbreak of lepto

A

long term tetracyclines

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11
Q

when to collect cow urine to test for lepto

A

2nd pee after furosemide

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12
Q

zoonotic form of brucella abortus

A

undulant fever

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13
Q

T/F

brucella abortus is commonly transmitted via coitus

A

false

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14
Q

what follows abortion from brucella abortus

A

metritis and retained fetal membranes

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15
Q

tissues needed to diagnose brucella abortus

A

fetus lungs and abomasum

dx requires virus isolation

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16
Q

sign on fetus that brucella was the cause of the abortion

A

moroccan leather placentitis

dry thickened and cracked intercotyledon areas

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17
Q

vaccination for bruclla

A

heifers

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18
Q

What is the treatment for brucella and how do you handle it

A

reportable dz

no tx cull cow

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19
Q

also known as vibrio

A

campylobacter foetus veneralis

*obligate parasite of bovine gentalia

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20
Q

campylobacter foetus veneralis

transmission and pathogenesis

A

coitus or AI fomites

causes early embryonic death

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21
Q

campylobacter foetus veneralis

clinical signs in cow and in bull

A

cow - delayed return to estrus. will return to normal

bull - no signs. cull bull

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22
Q

GI tract inhabitant of cattle – not venereally transmitted – causes sporadic abortions in cattle

A

c. fetus fetus/c fetus jejunum

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23
Q

where does tritichomonas fetus like to live

A

preputial crypts - expecially in older bulls

transmitted by coitus – bulls are primary reservoir

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24
Q

what type of histogram will you see for diagnosing tritrichomonas

A

reverse stair step

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25
Q

dogs are the definitive host –

A

nespora caninum

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26
Q

diagnose neospora caninum

A

IHC of fetal tissues and placenta

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27
Q

what is the other name for bovine herpes virus 1

A

infectious bovine rhinotracheitis

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28
Q

dx bovine herpes virus 1

A

intranuclear inclusion bodies on IHC
abortion storms
autolysed foci necrosis on fetus liver

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29
Q

primary source of spreading bovine viral diarrhea viurs

A

persistently infected cattle

*virus isolation = gold standard dx

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30
Q

how is bluetongue virus transmitted

A

cuilcoides - to sheep and cows

*causes teratogenesis

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31
Q

only vax for bluetongue/orbivirus are

A

MLV - could propagate the virus

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32
Q

causes 70% of fungal abortions in cattle

A

aspergillus fumigatus

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33
Q

3 teratogenic plants

A

poison hemlock - conium maculatum
tobacco - nicotinia gluaca
lupines - anagryine

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34
Q

first green forage to appear, when ingested between day 50 and 75 of gestation, it will cause crooked calf syndrome

A

poison hemlock

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35
Q

causes severe spinal and limb deformities in cattle as well as cleft lips

A

lupines

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36
Q

T/F

lupines are teratogenic to cattle and small ruminants

A

false - not small ruminants

tx by rotation of pasture

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37
Q

when ingested between day 50-75 of gestation will cause curvature of the spine and forelimb arthrogryposis

A

tobaccos

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38
Q

causes more economic losses than any other plant

A

locoweed

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39
Q

toxin in locoweed

A

swainsonine

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40
Q

toxin in ponderosa pine

A

isocupressic acid

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41
Q

what does ponderosa pine do

A

vasoconstriction at caruncles
hemorrhagic placenta
abortions

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42
Q

plant that produces toxic alkaloids and causes peripheral vasoconstriction

A

fescue – leads to summer slump

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43
Q 
what are those
oats 
wheat 
corn 
sudan grass 
johnson grass
A

nitrate producing plants – seen in drought periods
test hay, >1% is toxic
test ocular fluid or aborted fetus

methemoglobinemia in cows
fetal hypoxia and late term abortions

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44
Q

insecticides that have a harmful effect on bull fertility

A

pyrethroids

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45
Q

accumulation of allantoic fluid during last trimester

A

hydrallantois

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46
Q

inducing an abortion in a cow at day 5 - 150 of gestation

A

single injection of pgf

abortion in 5-7 days and estrus 3-5 later

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47
Q

inducing an abortion in a cow at day 150 - 240 of gestation

A

must remove ovarian and placental p4

25mg DEX and 25mg Lutalyse

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48
Q

induced parturition

A

25 mg dex and 25mg pgf = delivery in 40 hours

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49
Q

4 parts of a bull soundness exam

A
  1. physical exam
  2. minimum scrotal circumference based on age
  3. minimum progressive motility of 30%
  4. minimum of 70% morpholocially normal cells
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50
Q

T/F

test mating is included in a bull soundness exam

A

false

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51
Q

T/F

bull scrotum should be pendulous

A

true

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52
Q

a 2 yr old cow should have a scrotal circumference of what min to pass the BSE

A

34cm

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53
Q

t/F

on rectal exam of a bull, you should be able to place your finger into the inguinal ring

A

false - indicates hernia

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54
Q

minimum acccepted cow sperm motility

A

30%

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55
Q

semen is stained with __ to assess morphology

A

eosin-nigrosin

normal = 70%

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56
Q

primary sperm abnormality

A

originates in testes during spermatogenesis
production problem
involves head and middle

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57
Q

secondary sperm abnormality

A

originates in the tail/epidiymis

transit defect

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58
Q

morphological defect that can be compensated for by additional sperm

A

compensable

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59
Q

abnormality that will express a decrease in fertility at the 1% level of occurrence

A

non-compensable

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60
Q

body hair accumulation on the penis

A

penile hair rings

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61
Q

incomplete separation of penis and prepuce

A

persistent frenulum
heritable
tx - excision

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62
Q

penile warts

A

young bulls with bovine papilloma virus from homosexual riding
- can cause hesitancy to breed or scant hemorrhage post coitus

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63
Q

penile hematoma - sexual rest for __ days

A

60

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64
Q

S shaped penile deviation

A

apical ligament is too shorts

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65
Q

T/F

epididymitis is usually unilateral

A

true

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66
Q

when sheep and goats come into puberty

A

60% body weight

*short day fall breeders

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67
Q

ewe estrous cycle

A

17 dys

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68
Q

ewe estrus period

A

30 hours

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69
Q

ewe gestation

A

147 days

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70
Q

ewe p4 production

A

placenta

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71
Q

doe estrous cycle

A

21 days

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72
Q

doe estrus period

A

36 hours

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73
Q

doe gestation

A

150 days

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74
Q

doe p4 production

A

CL dependents

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75
Q

does estrus period behavior

A

from when the stand to be mounted til they refuse

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76
Q

shorten diestrus phase

A

prostaglandin

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77
Q

what is flushing in a ewe

A

increasing nutrients 2-3 weeks prior to breeding

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78
Q

mimic diestrus phase

A

progesterone

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79
Q

synchronize follicular wave

A

gnrh

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80
Q

CIDR in sheep and goats

A

12-14 days

81
Q

T/F

prostaglandins only work during the breeding season

A

true – must have a CL

give 2 doses 9 days apart in sheep

82
Q

what is involved in the maternal recognition of sheep pregnancy

A

interferon tau

83
Q

when can a fetal heartbeat be seen on US in sheep

84
Q

how to confirm sheep twins

A

must see both on the same screen

85
Q

what is “bagging up”

A

after 100 days pregnant in sheep udders start to develop

86
Q

why are sleeves and gloves so important when pulling a lamb or goat in dystocia

A

a lot of zoonotic diseases in sheep cause abortions

87
Q

heritable trait in sheep where the cervix fails to completely dilate

88
Q

sheep/goat uterine involution takes how long

89
Q

sheep/goat uterine prolapse tx

A

elevate hind legs to aid in reduction

90
Q

placenta should be expelled by how many hours in goat/sheep

A

6 hours – if not give pgf2a or oxytocin to help

91
Q

causes cyclops babies if ingested between day 12-14 of gestation

A

veratrum californicum – skunk cabbage

92
Q

can lower spermatogenesis and lead to ram infertility if ingested

93
Q

estrogen producing plant that causes vaginal prolapse in sheep and goats

A

subterranean clover and alfalfa

94
Q

prolonged luteal phase in goats that leads to a retained CL so the uterus fills up with hyperechoic fluid

A

cloud burst – pseudopregnancy

tx- pgf2a

95
Q

clinical signs of blue tongue in sheep

A

swollen face ear tongue
coronary band ulceration/lameness
mouth and nose ulcerations - call authorities

96
Q

causes hairy shaker lamb

A

border disease virus

97
Q

border disease virus transmission and signs

A

oral transmission – infects fecal placental unit
can cause persistently infected animals
hydrencephaly and cerebellar hypoplasia

98
Q

disease transmitted by mosquitoes in SW US that causes still births, fevers, arthrogryposis and brachygnathia

A

cache valley disease

99
Q

virus in africa that is transmitted by mosquitos and culicoides that causes arthrogryposis and hydrocephalus

A

akabane virus

100
Q

brucella in goats that causes abortion

A

meletensis

101
Q

brucella in sheep causes epididymitis in rams

102
Q

most significant cause of abortion in sheep

A 
campylobacter fetus fetus 
zoonotic
transmitted in fetal fluids 
hepatic necrosis/donut lesions in liver 
tx tetracyclines or vaccinate before breeding
103
Q

most important cause of abortion in goats

A

chlamydophila abortus – zoonotic
also enzootic abortion of ewes
nectrotic placentitis - late term abortions

104
Q

histopath for chlamydophila abortus

A

zeil nelson stain

105
Q

“Q fever”

A

coxiella burnetii
obligate intracellular rickettsia
suclinical + abortions
tx tetracyclines

106
Q

T/F

intercotyledonary areas in aborted fetuses from toxiplasma gondii in sheep and goats will be normal

A

true – cotyledons will have yellow necrosis foci though

107
Q

T/F

do not breed polled goats

A

true

**associated with intersex

108
Q

use ____ to measure scrotal circumference in buck or ram

A

yellow tape

109
Q

surrounds ovary of the bitch

A

adipose tissue

110
Q

ability of hypothalamic neurons to produce significant gnrh

111
Q

initiation of overt activity in canine

112
Q

in canine time from one estrus to the next

A

about 7 months

inestrus period

113
Q

amount of progesterone that indicates LH peak in bitch

114
Q

amount of progesterone that indicates ovulation starting in the bitch

115
Q

amount of progesterone that confirms bitch ovulation

A

> 15 ng/ml

**rise in P4 of 3 ng/ml in 24 hours

**failure to confirm is a common mistake

116
Q

when to breed for natural or shipped canine semen

when to breed for frozen canine semen

A

shipped/natural : 48 - 96 hours after ovulation

frozen: 72 hours after ovulation

117
Q

embryos remain in oviduct __ days post ovulation

A

9 - 10 days

118
Q

canine oocyes are good for up to ___ hours post ovulation

119
Q

more definitive than progesterone —

120
Q

3 fractions of canine sperm

A

pre sperm
sperm rich
prostatic portion

121
Q

normal dog should have > __ % progressively motile sperm

122
Q

sperm concentration dog

A

4-400 x 10^6 / ml

123
Q

methods to breed dog to ensure sperm goes into uterus

A

transcervical or surgical (midline laparotomy)

124
Q

2 males breed same female during a single estrus

A

superfecundation

125
Q

1 female gets pregnant 2x - diff age fetuses in her

A

superfetation

126
Q

neonate puppy heartbeats need to be above `

127
Q

ultrasound can detect puppy at what day

128
Q

pregnant puppy can be detected using relaxin asssay at what days

129
Q

where does relaxin come from

130
Q

drops 24 hours prior to dog whelping

A

body temp – indicates drop in progesterone

131
Q

how to treat fetal wastage

A

evacuate uterine contents - pgf2a

132
Q

1 cause for canine dystocia

A

primary uterine inertia – P4 < 2 nb/ml = no labor

133
Q

4 signs of canine parturtion

A
  1. progesterone falls rapidly to <2 ng/ml
  2. transient drop in temp
  3. milk evident in glands 1-7 days prior
  4. nesting behavior 12-24 hours prior
134
Q

green black discharge in canine pregnancies

A

uteroverdin – placental marginal hematoma = provides fetus with iron

135
Q

intervention criteria in dog parturtition

A

active contractions >1 hour
rest periods > 4 hours
black thick discharge without fetus

136
Q

dog placenta

A

5 layers

zonary endotheliochorial

137
Q

signal to quit in dam bitch

A

pressure in glands

138
Q

puppies are what for the first 2-3 weeks

A 
poikilothermic 
need to keep them warm 
day 1-7 85-90*
day 8-28 80*
day 29+ 70-75*
139
Q

daily weigh gain for puppy

A

10% birth weight daily

140
Q

inflammation of the uterus (endo and myometrium)

141
Q

what phase does pyometra occcur

A

diestral disease - occurs during progesterone pahse of the cycle

142
Q

cystic endometrial hyperplasia

A

downregulation of estrogen receptors dur to increasing P4 may be defective so there are prolonged effects of estrogen on the endometrium

can lead to secondary e coli infection and endotoxemia

143
Q

treatment of choice for both open and closed pyo

A

ovariohysterectomy - spay

144
Q

T/F

medical therapy is used in closed pyos only

A

false - open pyo only

145
Q

firm tubular mass protruding from the vulva during or following parturition

A

prolapsed uterus

146
Q

T/F

galactorrhea is a proestrus condition

A

FALSE - diestrus

147
Q

spontaneous flow of milk from the mammary gland unassociated with pregnancy, 2-3 months after estrus

A

galactorhea

148
Q

spontaneous development of mammary gland

A

false pregnancy

149
Q

2nd most common tumor in the dog

150
Q

intact females risk compared to spayed females for developing mammary tumors

151
Q

is spayed before 1st estrus cycle, risk of malignant mammary tumor is

152
Q

is spayed after 2nd estrus cycle, risk of malignant mammary tumor is

153
Q

is spayed after 1st estrus cycle, risk of malignant mammary tumor is

154
Q

persistent uterine bleeding

A

subinvolution of placental sites (sips)

155
Q

lesions, histo and treatment for SIPS

A

erosions in endometrium
multinuclear giant trophoblast cells
self limiting

156
Q

T/F

any progesterone can masculinize the female fetuses

A

TRUE – wait until after 45 days pregnancy to supplement to avoud fetus masculizination

157
Q

angrogenic contraceptive for dogs - not for breeding bitches

A

mibolerone

158
Q

drug to decrease unwanted uterine contractions in dog

A

beta 2 agonist - terbutaline

159
Q

ovarian remnant syndrome

A

recurrent estrus after ohe
cytology will show proestrus/estrus
estradiol > 20ng/ml in diestrus
tx - exp lat and remove ovary leftovers

160
Q

surgery to correct adult dog vaginitis

A

episioplasty – removal of skin flappage around vulva

161
Q

screening test for brucella canis

A

rapid slide agglutination test

162
Q

what test confirms brucella canis

A

culture = absolute

163
Q

causes abortion due to placentitis and orchitis/epididymitis in dogs

A

brucella canis

164
Q

if positive result for brucella canis on routine screening ?

A

do AGID to rule out false positives

165
Q

if positive for brucella canis and showing clinical signs..

A

do blood or discharge cultures

166
Q

if negative for brucella canis on routine screen

A

no other test needed

167
Q

if negative for brucella canis but showing clinical signs ?

A

3 monthly tests are required to rule out false negative..

168
Q

what test will rule out false positive for brucella canis

A

agar gel immunodiffusion test (AGID)

169
Q

T/F

mycoplasma in dogs can be treated using tetracycline

170
Q

temperature sensitive virus that replicates in the oropharynx of dogs

A

canine herpes virus

171
Q

what is the time frame for herpes virus to infect a naive bitch to cause issues to the pups

A

last 3 weeks of pregnancy and first 3 weeks of neonatal life

172
Q

clinical signs of canine herpes virus

A

fading puppy syndrome

crying, greenish stool, abdominal pain, high mortality

173
Q

on necropsy and histopath what are pathognomonic for canine herpes virus

A

petechial hemorrhage on liver, kidney, lung, spleen

intranuclear inclusion bodies !!!

174
Q

dog testes descend into the scrotum by when

A

10 days – both should be there by 16weeks

not considered cryptorchid until 6 months old

175
Q

testicular torsion tx of choice

A

bilateral orchidectomy

176
Q

most common tumor after skin tumors in male dogs

A

testicular tumors
sertoli = 44%
leydig/interstial cell = 25%

both cause paraneoplastic syndrome

177
Q

T/F

tumor that causes dog to have hyperestogenism behaviors produces estrogen

178
Q

T/F

TVT is a cause of azoospermia

179
Q

TVT is treatable with what chemo drug

A

vincristine

180
Q

dog with red pea appearance at tip of penis

A

urethral prolapse – do a urtheropexy

181
Q

persistent erection

182
Q

constipation and flat ribbon feces in male dog

A

benign prostatic hyperplasia

183
Q

on a prostatic wash how can you differentiate benign from malignant tumors

A

benign - uniform cells
tumor - variable cells
septic - inflammatory cells

184
Q

most common cause of prostatitis

185
Q

acute bacterial prostatitis

A

fever depression pain on rectal palp pyuria neutrophilia

may occur along with BHP

186
Q

chronic bacterial prostatitis

A

recurrent UTIs and concurrent BHP

187
Q

prostate adenocarcinoma

A

poor appetite weight loss hind limb weakness

carcinoma cells in urine sediment

188
Q

protatitis and paraprostatic cyst

A

palpable abdominal cyst mass filled with yello orange fluid

189
Q

estrus in a cat

A

vocal
3-16 days
high estrogen
cat copulation - needs neck bit

190
Q

period when queen was not mated

A

post - estrus

8-10 days

191
Q

cat gestation

192
Q

camelid luteal phase

A

short - 9 days

193
Q

camelid luteolysis

A

left horn/ side control is ipsilateral

194
Q

mating in camelids

A

occurs in sternal recumbency and lasts 25-45 minutes

195
Q

T/F

>95% of gestation in a camelid is on the right uterine horn

A

false – LEFT

196
Q

camelid gestation length

A

11.5 months

197
Q

induces the pre-ovulatory LH surge in camelids

A

ovulation inducing factor

198
Q

phase when female camelid is non receptive and does not accept mating

A

luteal phase

199
Q

fourth membrane cria are born with covering them

A

epidermal membrane - provides lubrication

therio (1 decks)

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