exam2 Flashcards
1
Q
cow fetal death of less than 8 weeks
A
early embryonic death
2
Q
fetal death greater than 260 days in cows
A
still birth
3
Q
intervention level of abortions in cow herd
A
> 5%
4
Q
1 diagnosis of abortions in cows
A
unknown
5
Q
tissue submissions for abortion dx in cows
A
placenta
fetus
maternal blood
6
Q
cow ate old silage and then aborted baby in last trimester
fetus was all autolysed
A
listeria
7
Q
bacterial cause of abortion which shows a clinically ill mamma cow
A
listeria
8
Q
predilection site for lepto
A
renal tubules
9
Q
T/F
all serovars of leptospirosis are zoonotic
A
true
10
Q
treatment for outbreak of lepto
A
long term tetracyclines
11
Q
when to collect cow urine to test for lepto
A
2nd pee after furosemide
12
Q
zoonotic form of brucella abortus
A
undulant fever
13
Q
T/F
brucella abortus is commonly transmitted via coitus
A
false
14
Q
what follows abortion from brucella abortus
A
metritis and retained fetal membranes
15
Q
tissues needed to diagnose brucella abortus
A
fetus lungs and abomasum
dx requires virus isolation
16
Q
sign on fetus that brucella was the cause of the abortion
A
moroccan leather placentitis
dry thickened and cracked intercotyledon areas
17
Q
vaccination for bruclla
A
heifers
18
Q
What is the treatment for brucella and how do you handle it
A
reportable dz
no tx cull cow
19
Q
also known as vibrio
A
campylobacter foetus veneralis
*obligate parasite of bovine gentalia
20
Q
campylobacter foetus veneralis
transmission and pathogenesis
A
coitus or AI fomites
causes early embryonic death
21
Q
campylobacter foetus veneralis
clinical signs in cow and in bull
A
cow - delayed return to estrus. will return to normal
bull - no signs. cull bull
22
Q
GI tract inhabitant of cattle – not venereally transmitted – causes sporadic abortions in cattle
A
c. fetus fetus/c fetus jejunum
23
Q
where does tritichomonas fetus like to live
A
preputial crypts - expecially in older bulls
transmitted by coitus – bulls are primary reservoir
24
Q
what type of histogram will you see for diagnosing tritrichomonas
A
reverse stair step
25
dogs are the definitive host --
nespora caninum
26
diagnose neospora caninum
IHC of fetal tissues and placenta
27
what is the other name for bovine herpes virus 1
infectious bovine rhinotracheitis
28
dx bovine herpes virus 1
intranuclear inclusion bodies on IHC
abortion storms
autolysed foci necrosis on fetus liver
29
primary source of spreading bovine viral diarrhea viurs
persistently infected cattle
*virus isolation = gold standard dx
30
how is bluetongue virus transmitted
cuilcoides - to sheep and cows
*causes teratogenesis
31
only vax for bluetongue/orbivirus are
MLV - could propagate the virus
32
causes 70% of fungal abortions in cattle
aspergillus fumigatus
33
3 teratogenic plants
poison hemlock - conium maculatum
tobacco - nicotinia gluaca
lupines - anagryine
34
first green forage to appear, when ingested between day 50 and 75 of gestation, it will cause crooked calf syndrome
poison hemlock
35
causes severe spinal and limb deformities in cattle as well as cleft lips
lupines
36
T/F
| lupines are teratogenic to cattle and small ruminants
false - not small ruminants
| tx by rotation of pasture
37
when ingested between day 50-75 of gestation will cause curvature of the spine and forelimb arthrogryposis
tobaccos
38
causes more economic losses than any other plant
locoweed
39
toxin in locoweed
swainsonine
40
toxin in ponderosa pine
isocupressic acid
41
what does ponderosa pine do
vasoconstriction at caruncles
hemorrhagic placenta
abortions
42
plant that produces toxic alkaloids and causes peripheral vasoconstriction
fescue -- leads to summer slump
43
```
what are those
oats
wheat
corn
sudan grass
johnson grass
```
nitrate producing plants -- seen in drought periods
test hay, >1% is toxic
test ocular fluid or aborted fetus
methemoglobinemia in cows
fetal hypoxia and late term abortions
44
insecticides that have a harmful effect on bull fertility
pyrethroids
45
accumulation of allantoic fluid during last trimester
hydrallantois
46
inducing an abortion in a cow at day 5 - 150 of gestation
single injection of pgf
| abortion in 5-7 days and estrus 3-5 later
47
inducing an abortion in a cow at day 150 - 240 of gestation
must remove ovarian and placental p4
| 25mg DEX and 25mg Lutalyse
48
induced parturition
25 mg dex and 25mg pgf = delivery in 40 hours
49
4 parts of a bull soundness exam
1. physical exam
2. minimum scrotal circumference based on age
3. minimum progressive motility of 30%
4. minimum of 70% morpholocially normal cells
50
T/F
| test mating is included in a bull soundness exam
false
51
T/F
| bull scrotum should be pendulous
true
52
a 2 yr old cow should have a scrotal circumference of what min to pass the BSE
34cm
53
t/F
| on rectal exam of a bull, you should be able to place your finger into the inguinal ring
false - indicates hernia
54
minimum acccepted cow sperm motility
30%
55
semen is stained with __ to assess morphology
eosin-nigrosin
| normal = 70%
56
primary sperm abnormality
originates in testes during spermatogenesis
production problem
involves head and middle
57
secondary sperm abnormality
originates in the tail/epidiymis
| transit defect
58
morphological defect that can be compensated for by additional sperm
compensable
59
abnormality that will express a decrease in fertility at the 1% level of occurrence
non-compensable
60
body hair accumulation on the penis
penile hair rings
61
incomplete separation of penis and prepuce
persistent frenulum
heritable
tx - excision
62
penile warts
young bulls with bovine papilloma virus from homosexual riding
- can cause hesitancy to breed or scant hemorrhage post coitus
63
penile hematoma - sexual rest for __ days
60
64
S shaped penile deviation
apical ligament is too shorts
65
T/F
| epididymitis is usually unilateral
true
66
when sheep and goats come into puberty
60% body weight
| *short day fall breeders
67
ewe estrous cycle
17 dys
68
ewe estrus period
30 hours
69
ewe gestation
147 days
70
ewe p4 production
placenta
71
doe estrous cycle
21 days
72
doe estrus period
36 hours
73
doe gestation
150 days
74
doe p4 production
CL dependents
75
does estrus period behavior
from when the stand to be mounted til they refuse
76
shorten diestrus phase
prostaglandin
77
what is flushing in a ewe
increasing nutrients 2-3 weeks prior to breeding
78
mimic diestrus phase
progesterone
79
synchronize follicular wave
gnrh
80
CIDR in sheep and goats
12-14 days
81
T/F
| prostaglandins only work during the breeding season
true -- must have a CL
| give 2 doses 9 days apart in sheep
82
what is involved in the maternal recognition of sheep pregnancy
interferon tau
83
when can a fetal heartbeat be seen on US in sheep
25 days
84
how to confirm sheep twins
must see both on the same screen
85
what is "bagging up"
after 100 days pregnant in sheep udders start to develop
86
why are sleeves and gloves so important when pulling a lamb or goat in dystocia
a lot of zoonotic diseases in sheep cause abortions
87
heritable trait in sheep where the cervix fails to completely dilate
ringwomb
88
sheep/goat uterine involution takes how long
30 days
89
sheep/goat uterine prolapse tx
elevate hind legs to aid in reduction
90
placenta should be expelled by how many hours in goat/sheep
6 hours -- if not give pgf2a or oxytocin to help
91
causes cyclops babies if ingested between day 12-14 of gestation
veratrum californicum -- skunk cabbage
92
can lower spermatogenesis and lead to ram infertility if ingested
locoweed
93
estrogen producing plant that causes vaginal prolapse in sheep and goats
subterranean clover and alfalfa
94
prolonged luteal phase in goats that leads to a retained CL so the uterus fills up with hyperechoic fluid
cloud burst -- pseudopregnancy
tx- pgf2a
95
clinical signs of blue tongue in sheep
swollen face ear tongue
coronary band ulceration/lameness
mouth and nose ulcerations - call authorities
96
causes hairy shaker lamb
border disease virus
97
border disease virus transmission and signs
oral transmission -- infects fecal placental unit
can cause persistently infected animals
hydrencephaly and cerebellar hypoplasia
98
disease transmitted by mosquitoes in SW US that causes still births, fevers, arthrogryposis and brachygnathia
cache valley disease
99
virus in africa that is transmitted by mosquitos and culicoides that causes arthrogryposis and hydrocephalus
akabane virus
100
brucella in goats that causes abortion
meletensis
101
brucella in sheep causes epididymitis in rams
ovis
102
most significant cause of abortion in sheep
```
campylobacter fetus fetus
zoonotic
transmitted in fetal fluids
hepatic necrosis/donut lesions in liver
tx tetracyclines or vaccinate before breeding
```
103
most important cause of abortion in goats
chlamydophila abortus -- zoonotic
also enzootic abortion of ewes
nectrotic placentitis - late term abortions
104
histopath for chlamydophila abortus
zeil nelson stain
105
"Q fever"
coxiella burnetii
obligate intracellular rickettsia
suclinical + abortions
tx tetracyclines
106
T/F
| intercotyledonary areas in aborted fetuses from toxiplasma gondii in sheep and goats will be normal
true -- cotyledons will have yellow necrosis foci though
107
T/F
| do not breed polled goats
true
**associated with intersex
108
use ____ to measure scrotal circumference in buck or ram
yellow tape
109
surrounds ovary of the bitch
adipose tissue
110
ability of hypothalamic neurons to produce significant gnrh
puberty
111
initiation of overt activity in canine
proestrus
112
in canine time from one estrus to the next
about 7 months
| inestrus period
113
amount of progesterone that indicates LH peak in bitch
2 ng/ml
114
amount of progesterone that indicates ovulation starting in the bitch
5 ng/ml
115
amount of progesterone that confirms bitch ovulation
>15 ng/ml
**rise in P4 of 3 ng/ml in 24 hours
**failure to confirm is a common mistake
116
when to breed for natural or shipped canine semen
| when to breed for frozen canine semen
shipped/natural : 48 - 96 hours after ovulation
| frozen: 72 hours after ovulation
117
embryos remain in oviduct __ days post ovulation
9 - 10 days
118
canine oocyes are good for up to ___ hours post ovulation
108 hours
119
more definitive than progesterone ---
LH assays
120
3 fractions of canine sperm
pre sperm
sperm rich
prostatic portion
121
normal dog should have > __ % progressively motile sperm
80%
122
sperm concentration dog
4-400 x 10^6 / ml
123
methods to breed dog to ensure sperm goes into uterus
transcervical or surgical (midline laparotomy)
124
2 males breed same female during a single estrus
superfecundation
125
1 female gets pregnant 2x - diff age fetuses in her
superfetation
126
neonate puppy heartbeats need to be above `
200bpm
127
ultrasound can detect puppy at what day
22 - 25
128
pregnant puppy can be detected using relaxin asssay at what days
21 - 28
129
where does relaxin come from
placenta
130
drops 24 hours prior to dog whelping
body temp -- indicates drop in progesterone
131
how to treat fetal wastage
evacuate uterine contents - pgf2a
132
#1 cause for canine dystocia
primary uterine inertia -- P4 < 2 nb/ml = no labor
133
4 signs of canine parturtion
1. progesterone falls rapidly to <2 ng/ml
2. transient drop in temp
3. milk evident in glands 1-7 days prior
4. nesting behavior 12-24 hours prior
134
green black discharge in canine pregnancies
uteroverdin -- placental marginal hematoma = provides fetus with iron
135
intervention criteria in dog parturtition
active contractions >1 hour
rest periods > 4 hours
black thick discharge without fetus
136
dog placenta
5 layers
| zonary endotheliochorial
137
signal to quit in dam bitch
pressure in glands
138
puppies are what for the first 2-3 weeks
```
poikilothermic
need to keep them warm
day 1-7 85-90*
day 8-28 80*
day 29+ 70-75*
```
139
daily weigh gain for puppy
10% birth weight daily
140
inflammation of the uterus (endo and myometrium)
metritis
141
what phase does pyometra occcur
diestral disease - occurs during progesterone pahse of the cycle
142
cystic endometrial hyperplasia
downregulation of estrogen receptors dur to increasing P4 may be defective so there are prolonged effects of estrogen on the endometrium
can lead to secondary e coli infection and endotoxemia
143
treatment of choice for both open and closed pyo
ovariohysterectomy - spay
144
T/F
| medical therapy is used in closed pyos only
false - open pyo only
145
firm tubular mass protruding from the vulva during or following parturition
prolapsed uterus
146
T/F
| galactorrhea is a proestrus condition
FALSE - diestrus
147
spontaneous flow of milk from the mammary gland unassociated with pregnancy, 2-3 months after estrus
galactorhea
148
spontaneous development of mammary gland
false pregnancy
149
2nd most common tumor in the dog
mammary
150
intact females risk compared to spayed females for developing mammary tumors
7x
151
is spayed before 1st estrus cycle, risk of malignant mammary tumor is
0.5%
152
is spayed after 2nd estrus cycle, risk of malignant mammary tumor is
26%
153
is spayed after 1st estrus cycle, risk of malignant mammary tumor is
8%
154
persistent uterine bleeding
subinvolution of placental sites (sips)
155
lesions, histo and treatment for SIPS
erosions in endometrium
multinuclear giant trophoblast cells
self limiting
156
T/F
| any progesterone can masculinize the female fetuses
TRUE -- wait until after 45 days pregnancy to supplement to avoud fetus masculizination
157
angrogenic contraceptive for dogs - not for breeding bitches
mibolerone
158
drug to decrease unwanted uterine contractions in dog
beta 2 agonist - terbutaline
159
ovarian remnant syndrome
recurrent estrus after ohe
cytology will show proestrus/estrus
estradiol > 20ng/ml in diestrus
tx - exp lat and remove ovary leftovers
160
surgery to correct adult dog vaginitis
episioplasty -- removal of skin flappage around vulva
161
screening test for brucella canis
rapid slide agglutination test
162
what test confirms brucella canis
culture = absolute
163
causes abortion due to placentitis and orchitis/epididymitis in dogs
brucella canis
164
if positive result for brucella canis on routine screening ?
do AGID to rule out false positives
165
if positive for brucella canis and showing clinical signs..
do blood or discharge cultures
166
if negative for brucella canis on routine screen
no other test needed
167
if negative for brucella canis but showing clinical signs ?
3 monthly tests are required to rule out false negative..
168
what test will rule out false positive for brucella canis
agar gel immunodiffusion test (AGID)
169
T/F
| mycoplasma in dogs can be treated using tetracycline
true
170
temperature sensitive virus that replicates in the oropharynx of dogs
canine herpes virus
171
what is the time frame for herpes virus to infect a naive bitch to cause issues to the pups
last 3 weeks of pregnancy and first 3 weeks of neonatal life
172
clinical signs of canine herpes virus
fading puppy syndrome
| crying, greenish stool, abdominal pain, high mortality
173
on necropsy and histopath what are pathognomonic for canine herpes virus
petechial hemorrhage on liver, kidney, lung, spleen
| intranuclear inclusion bodies !!!
174
dog testes descend into the scrotum by when
10 days -- both should be there by 16weeks
| not considered cryptorchid until 6 months old
175
testicular torsion tx of choice
bilateral orchidectomy
176
most common tumor after skin tumors in male dogs
testicular tumors
sertoli = 44%
leydig/interstial cell = 25%
both cause paraneoplastic syndrome
177
T/F
| tumor that causes dog to have hyperestogenism behaviors produces estrogen
FALSE -
178
T/F
| TVT is a cause of azoospermia
false
179
TVT is treatable with what chemo drug
vincristine
180
dog with red pea appearance at tip of penis
urethral prolapse -- do a urtheropexy
181
persistent erection
priapism
182
constipation and flat ribbon feces in male dog
benign prostatic hyperplasia
183
on a prostatic wash how can you differentiate benign from malignant tumors
benign - uniform cells
tumor - variable cells
septic - inflammatory cells
184
most common cause of prostatitis
e coli
185
acute bacterial prostatitis
fever depression pain on rectal palp pyuria neutrophilia
| may occur along with BHP
186
chronic bacterial prostatitis
recurrent UTIs and concurrent BHP
187
prostate adenocarcinoma
poor appetite weight loss hind limb weakness
| carcinoma cells in urine sediment
188
protatitis and paraprostatic cyst
palpable abdominal cyst mass filled with yello orange fluid
189
estrus in a cat
vocal
3-16 days
high estrogen
cat copulation - needs neck bit
190
period when queen was not mated
post - estrus
| 8-10 days
191
cat gestation
65 days
192
camelid luteal phase
short - 9 days
193
camelid luteolysis
left horn/ side control is ipsilateral
194
mating in camelids
occurs in sternal recumbency and lasts 25-45 minutes
195
T/F
| >95% of gestation in a camelid is on the right uterine horn
false -- LEFT
196
camelid gestation length
11.5 months
197
induces the pre-ovulatory LH surge in camelids
ovulation inducing factor
198
phase when female camelid is non receptive and does not accept mating
luteal phase
199
fourth membrane cria are born with covering them
epidermal membrane - provides lubrication
