Exam2 Flashcards
1
Q
Andrew Jackson Hamilton
A
Appointed military governor of Texas & 11th Governor of Texas during Reconstruction (opposed by secessionists)
2
Q
After Governor Jackson Hamilton, ____ was elected governor
A
James Throckmorton
3
Q
James Throckmorton (__)
A
Democrat
- Limited rights of blacks
4
Q
Most blacks became ____ after emancipation
A
sharecroppers
5
Q
Tenant farmer
A
rented the land
6
Q
Freedman’s Bureau formed by _____
A
US Army
7
Q
F. Bureau’s goal
A
help black adjustment and start black schools in south
8
Q
Black codes aka Jim Crow Laws
A
- Blacks must have an employment contract
- Wages could be deducted
- No black testimony in courts
- Church oversight
9
Q
Congressional Reconstruction
A
Congress seized control of reconstruction from President Johnson
10
Q
Why did congress seize control of reconstruction from President Johnson
A
Radical republicans were angry with happenings in South (black killings), Southern politicians returning to DC
11
Q
Congressional Reconstruction main events
A
Imposed martial law (appointed Military Generals),
Demanded new State Constitutions (accept 13th, 14th amendments)
12
Q
14th amendment
A
Citizenship is a birthright
13
Q
13th amendment
A
no slavery
14
Q
Takeaway from Congressional Reconstruction
A
brought blacks into government
15
Q
Texas v White
A
Texas reconstruction government demanded return of US bonds that had been sold illegally by Confederate Texas legislature. Court ruled that once a state, always a state so claim was null
16
Q
1869 Texas Constitution
A
Blacks could vote –> many blacks elected to Gov’t
17
Q
Ku Kux Klan founded by
A
Nathan Bedford Forest near end of Civil war
18
Q
3 versions of KKK
A
- Initial, put down by army
- 1920s-30s came back
- Brown vs Board of Education
19
Q
KKK scare tactics intended to
A
suppress black vote, increase conservative seats -> abolished public schooling
20
Q
Redeemers
A
Former confederates during reconstruction
21
Q
Carpetbagger
A
Politician who came from other states to take advantage of disarray
22
Q
Scallawags
A
Politician who tried to take advantage of disarray
23
Q
Texas Redeemer Const of 1876
A
- “Let power reside in customs, traditions”
- Low taxes
24
Q
Compromise of 1877
A
Hays vs Tilden election undecided so —> allowed Hays to win but had to end southern occupation
25
Compromise of 1877 marked ___
the end of Reconstruction
26
Morrill-Land-Grant Act of 1862
- Federal land granted to states for Agr & Mechanical education
- Sold 180,000 acres to fund Texas A&M
- Federal funding held back until A&M admitted blacks
27
Progressie Era 1900-1920s
- Most populist policies got implemented
| - Black percentage in Texas fell due to increased population of blacks
28
Populism Era marked by
- Farmer's Alliance
- People's party
- Labor activism
- Racial cooperation
29
Progressive Era marked by
- era of reform
- Govt viewed as problem solver
- Racial segregation (legal)
30
Progressive Era immigration
huge influx from east, south Europe (up to 1922)
31
Progressive immigration urbanization
elevators, cars, higher buildings
32
Progressive era labor
Child labor issues
33
Theme of Prog. Era
feeling between both parties that Gov should play an important role
34
Progressive Era Natural Disasters
- Galveston 1900 Hurricane
- General Slocum Steamboat Fire
- Triangle Disaster Fire (shirtwaist factory)
- Titanic
35
Progressive Era Natural disasters led to
Public safety issue awareness -> building codes, regulations, food safety laws
36
Joseph Daley
senator that took money from corporations, opposed progressivism
37
Gov. Campbell (TX)
- Supported progressivist movements
- Bank insurance law
- Changed schooling laws
38
18th Amendment
Prohibition
39
Prohibition
- Long time coming (men were heavy drinkers)
40
Leader in prohibition movment
Jenny Beauchamp (TX)
41
Presidents associated with Prohibition
Teddy Roosvelt
Taft
W. Wilson
42
Federal Reserve was created by
W. Wilson
43
16th amendment
Income tax
44
17th amendment
Direct election of Senator
45
19th amendment
Women's vote
46
Gov James Ferguson
- 1st state mental institution
- Conservation
- Drivers licenses
- Speed limits
- Opposed compulsory school attendance
47
Opposed Ferguson, supported Women's right to vote
William Hobby
48
Minnie Fisher Cunningham
Founded woman's rights club
49
Paradoxes of Progressivism
1. Prohibition (step too far)
2. Racial segregation
3. White Primaries
50
Plessy vs Ferguson
Upheld constitutionality of segregation ("separate but equal")
51
Oil boom in Tx during
1920's
52
Permanent University Fund created under
Redeemer constitution
53
Indian Policy
established relationship between the US govt and Indian tribes
54
Comanche Leader of Quahadi band of Comanche people, son of Cynthia Ann Parker
Quanah Parker
55
Cynthia Ann Parker
Captured white girl from Texas, assimilated into Comanche culture, refused assimilation
56
Adobe Walls
Battle between US army and American indians in Adobe Walls Texas
57
Texas Population Changes
In-migrants from South after reconstruction, five cities with more than 20k people
58
Cattle Ranching
Depletion of buffalo leaves grazing land for cattle --> cattle ranching boom
59
XIT Ranch
Largest ranch in TX created by the state to raise money to fund state capital in Austin
60
Barbed Wire
Patent filed by Joseph Living and led to end of open range, creating land disputes
61
Law West of the Pecos
Judge Roy Bean
62
Who said "West of the Pecos there is no law, west of the Pecos there is no God"
Judge Roy Bean
63
Reorganized Texas Rangers
Formed to maintain slavery before the Republic of Texas. They were disbanded during reconstruction, but Redeemers reconstituted them
64
The New South
term given to development of Southern economy after slavery with increase in urbanization
65
What led to urbanization in Tx
Railroads
66
Farmer's Alliance
Founded in Lampasas County, became politically active, opposing monopolistic transportation (railroads)
67
Cleburne Demands
Farmer's Alliance called for reform in land ownership, increase in money supply, and government regulation of railroads
68
Populist Movement
Political campaign that welcomed women, blacks. Wanted to issue money based on value of crops
69
People's Party
called for abolition of national banks, graduated income tax, direct election of senators, 8hr working day, and government control of railroads, telegraphs, and telephones
70
Bimetalism
System allowing unrestricted currency of two metals as legal tender at a fixed ratio
71
Sub-treasury Plan
Cotton placed in government warehouses at harvest time, loans made available up to 80% value, 2% interest rate
72
Election of 1896
Republic William McKinley (gold standard platform) vs Democrat William Jennings Bryan (free silver platform)
73
Free silver platform
advocated an expansionary monetary policy featuring unlimited coinage of silver
74
Winner of 1896 Election
William Mckinley (gold standard platform)
75
Lost Cause Ideology
Portrayed Confederate cause as a heroic one against great odds despite its defeat while downplaying central role of slavery
76
Confederate Memorials
Huge boom of memorials during early 20th century to promote Lost Cause and Antebellum Culture
77
Jesse Washington
Black teenage farmhand lynched in Waco, Tx for raping and murdering wife of white employer
78
Rosenwald Schools
State of the art schools for blacks in the rural south built by Booker T Washington and Julius Rosenwald
79
Farmers' Improvement Society
Helped poor farmers escape cycle of debt caused by share-cropping and credit system
80
Texas Convict Leasing System
Leased convicts to companies needing labor (railroads, etc...)
81
Mexican Revolution 1910
Revolt against Porfirio Diaz led by Pancho Villa following rigged election against Fracisco Madero
82
Current Mexican constitution (1917)
Enacted by Venustiano Carranza
83
Villistas
Pancho Villa followers during Mexican revolution
84
Mexican Punitive Expedition
President Wilson sent troops to capture Pancho Villa
85
Zimmerman Memo
Secret German memo proposing a military alliance with Mexico before WWI, sparking American outrage and support for US declaration of war on Germany
86
Camp Logan
WWI army training camp built by blacks soldiers, ravaged by Flu
87
Camp Logan Riot
riot triggered by belief that fellow black soldier was unfairly incarcerated in Houston
88
Birth of a Nation
Pro south film portraying Civil War and Reconstruction
89
Birth of a Nation reception
Very popular, helped inspire 2nd KKK
90
Nativism
Movement to restrict immigration using things like literacy tests, followed by eugenics movement in the 20s
91
First female governor of Texas
Ma ferguson
92
Ma Ferguson's husband
Governor James Ferguson (impeached and convicted)
93
Ma Ferguson's views
Firm stance against KKK and Prohibition
94
Great Depression
Severe worldwide economic depression after Black Tuesday
95
Dust Bowl
Period of severe dust storms damaging the ecology and agriculture during the 1930s
96
Boll Weevil
Snout beetle that was devastating to cotton farming for 30 yrs
97
New Deal
Series of federal programs, public work projects, financial reforms and regulations in response to Great Depression
98
Texas Centennial 1936
World fair at Fair Park in Dallas celebrating 100th anniversary of Texas independence from Mexico
99
Texas Centennial 1936
World fair at Fair Park in Dallas celebrating 100th anniversary of Texas independence from Mexico, buffered Dallas from Great Depression
100
League of United Latin American Citizens
Oldest Latino civil rights organization established in Corpus Christi Texas by Hispanic WWI veterans who sought to end ethnic discrimination
101
Emma Tenayuca
Mexican American labor leader, union organizer and educator known for organizing Mexican workers in Texas and leading the Souther Pecan Shelling worker's strike
102
Klan Imperial Wizard
Hiram Evans (TX)
103
When did US become a superpower?
During WWII
104
Fort Hood
tank training camp
105
Labor shortage during WWII
led to labor shortage, hired women, blacks
106
Bracero Program
Legal mexican immigration to supply labor for ww2
107
Oveta Culp Hobby
Highest ranking military woman during WWII
108
James Earl Rudder
Military Hero who brought women into Texas a&m
109
Camp Hearne
50,000 Prisoners of War held with LAX security
110
Effects of WW2 on cities
Drew labor into cities, boosted urbanization
111
Smith v Allwright (1944)
Black dentists Smith was denied right to vote by primary official Allwright. Decision overturned law authorizing primary internal rules (white primaries)
112
Texas Regulars formed in response to
Smith v Allwright
113
Texas Regulars were
group from TX formed to deny FDR a majority of the electoral college, lost decisively, however
114
Regulars viewpoints
States rights, anti-communism, white supremacy
115
States Rights Democratic Party aka
Dixiecrats
116
Dixiecrat views
Segregationist, protect state's rights, retain Jim Crow laws
117
Mexican Americans exceed African Americans in TX
due to the Bracero program and immigration
118
American GI Forum
Hispanic civil rights organization formed due to outrage to Felix Longoria Affiar
119
Felix Longoria Affair
Cemetary owner didn't allow Felix Longoria to be buried there
120
Sweatt v Painter
Sweatt rejected from UT school of law based on race, Supreme Court ruled alternative school unequal to UT Law
121
Brown v Board of Education
Plessy v Ferguson repealed, school segregation repealed
122
Barbara Smith Conrad "When I Rise"
Center Point, TX opera singer who wasnt allowed into UT musical. Became world renowned opera singer
123
Governor Alan Shivers Interposition
Shivers led democratic conservative faction, interposition
124
Interposition
claimed right of US state to oppose actions of federal govt that state deems unconstitutional
125
First Tejano elected to Congress
Henry Gonzales
126
Great Society
1964, LBJ's policies of fighting poverty and racial injustice
127
War on Poverty
LBJ's program to provide more social services for the poor and elderly
128
Civil Rights Act
Outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex and national origin. Ended unequal voter registration requirements, racial segregation in schools and employment
129
Voting Rights Act 1965
Removed poll tax, literacy tests
130
Bilingual Education ACt
Directed school districts to set up classes for immigrants in their own language while they were learning English
131
Barbara Jordan
1st Texan woman elected to TX Congress
132
Why did white voters leave Dem party?
After George Wallace (pro-segregation) lost on an independent ticket, whites left to become Republicans, blacks joined Dem party
133
Freedom riders
rode integrated buses into segregated states
134
SNCC
organized sit-ins
135
Chicano movement
Farm workers movement became Chicano movement, promoted latin arts, literature, politics, and civil rights
136
La raza unida
Political party centered on Chicano nationalism, capaigned for better housing, work, and educational opportunities for Mexican Americans
137
Corridos
Storytelling songs popular during Chicano movement
138
Oil embargo, 1973
OPEC placed embargo on oil headed to US due to arming of Israel, made prices skyrocket. Made Texas oil valuable
139
Oil boom and bust 70s-80s
Economic boom in Tx due to embargo, in 80s price declined and oil companies suffered greatly
140
Reagan Bush Era deregulation
economy is better with little government regulation
141
Sen Lloyd Bentsen
Senator from Texas on Dem ticket
142
George HW Bush
Reagan's VP during 80s, elected President in 88
143
Ross Perot
Tx businessman known for running for President. Founder of Electronic Data Systems
144
Governor Ann Richards
45th governor of Texas, second female govr and 39th democrat
145
NAFTA
CANADA, US, MX trade agreement eliminating barriers and facilitating cross-border movment between countries
