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BMS 300 > Exam2 > Flashcards

Exam2 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the three box model?

A

input (PNS)–>analysis/integration (CNS)–>output (PNS)

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2
Q

input

A

sensory afferent
“to carry forward”
PNS

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3
Q

analysis/integration

A

brain
spinal cord
CNS

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4
Q

output

A

motor efferent
“to carry away”
PNS

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5
Q

transduction

A

the conversion of 1 energy form to another

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6
Q

what are the three types of energy?

A

electromagnetic radiation–>(light–>vision)
mechanical(movement–>touch,hearing)
chemical (molecule –>taste, smell)

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7
Q

neuron

A

the functional unit of the nervous system

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8
Q

functional organization of a neuron

A 
input-->dendrites 
     ligand gated channels 
     stretch activated 
conductile-->axon 
     v-gated Na+ and K+ channels 
output-->v-gated Ca2+ channels
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9
Q

law of dynamic polarization

A

the information in the form of action potential will flow in one direction
cell body——->

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10
Q

axoplasmic transport

A

fast and slow

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11
Q

fast axoplasmic transport

A 
get on an airplane and go directly somewhere 
vesicular proteins (neurotransmitters), kinesin, microtubules
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12
Q

slow axoplasmic transport

A

“move now and again”–>hitchhiker analogy

cytoplasmic (cytoskeleton), kinesin, microtubules, katanan

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13
Q

Glial cells in the CNS

A

astorcytes

oligondendrocytes

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14
Q

astrocytes

A

pick up ions and neurotransmitter
maintain the extracellular environment condosive to neuron
regulates the extracellular K+ concentration
regulates the neurotransmitter concentration at synapses
the output region releases a neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft
basically bind neurotransmitters at the input site and vacuum them together

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15
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

-will myelinate many neurons
-insulating fat layer made out of cell membrane of the oligondendrocytes
-sends out a process that allows it to stick to the plasma membrane of the axon but it doesn’t stop, it then continues to send an extension around the cell
-the leading edge insinuated itself under the first layer then breaks the bonds between the two membranes
and then it will go around and around in circles and after a while it will go back around to the oligondendrocytes
-used to send out process to generate an insulating layer
-schwann cells do pretty much the same thing

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16
Q

multiple sclerosis

A
  • reduced mylination disease of the glia cells

- disease of the oligodendrocytes

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17
Q

electrical movement through a membrane

A

chemical

electrical

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18
Q

chemical

A

ions –> ion goes down the concentration gradient /diffusion

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19
Q

electrical

A

negative charged impermeable things

“brake”

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20
Q

the membrane potential seeks…

A

the equilibrium potential for the ion that is most dominance (most permeable)

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21
Q

where are the K+ leak channels located

A

on the cell body (important for membrane resistance)

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22
Q

where are the stretch activated channels located

A

idkkk

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23
Q

where are the ligand gated channels located

A

on the dendrites

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24
Q

where are the v-gated Na+ channels located

A

in the nodes

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25
Q

where are the v-gated K+ channels located

A

in the nodal region

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26
Q

what are the 4 steps of the action potential

A

resting
depolarization
repolarization
hyperpolarization

27
Q

at resting potential v-gated channels are…

A

all channels are closed

28
Q

depolarization v-gated channels are…

A

Na+ channels are open

29
Q

repolarization v-gated channels are…

A

Na+ channels inactivate
–>ball and chain
K+ channels are open

30
Q

hyperpolarization v-gated channels are…

A

some K+ channels are open

Na+ channel resets

31
Q

during resting ion permeability

A

K+ (due to the K+ leak)

32
Q

depolarization ion permeability

A

Na+ flows into the cell

33
Q

repolarization ion permeability

A

K+ flows out of the cell (down the concentration gradient)

34
Q

hyperpolarization ion permeability

A

K+

35
Q

resting action potential curve

A

flat

-70mv (around the Ek)

36
Q

depolarization curve

A

sharp upward curve (approaching Ena=40)

37
Q

repolarization curve

A

downward curve (approaching the Ek=-80)

38
Q

hyperpolarization curve

A

below the resting potential (-70) to the -80mv=Ek

39
Q

what is released from a lower motor neuron and binds to ligand gated channels found concentrated at the neuromuscular junction on the sarcolemma membrane

A

Acetylcholine Ach

40
Q

an EPSP is generated in the muscle fiber and if threshold is met BLANK channels open which are located along BLANK

A

V-gated Na+

sarcolema

41
Q

an action potential is generated in the muscle cell causing the BLANK plug to be removed from the BLANK located on the BLANK

A

DHP plug
RYR
sarcoplasmic reticulum

42
Q

calcium is released into the sarcoplasm and binds to BLANK which causes BLANK to uncover myosin binding sites on actin filaments

A

trophonin C

tropomyosin

43
Q

Actin and myosin bind when ATP is BLANK

A

hydrolyzed (cleaved)

44
Q

The BLANK occurs when ADP + Pi leave

A

power stroke

45
Q

For the muscle to relax, myosin and actin need to disassociate by BLANK binding to myosin
In addition BLANK needs to be pumped back into the BLANK

A

ATP
Ca2+
sarcoplasmic reticulum

46
Q

what is the nervous system composed of

A

individual units called neurons
directionality of information flow
law of dynamic polarization

47
Q

the neuron doctrine

A

the neuron as the fundamental structural unit of the nervous system

48
Q

what did santiago say?

A

the nervous system was composed of individual units called neurons
directionality of information flow
law of dynamic polarization

49
Q

where is protein synthesis confined to?

A

the neuronal cell body

50
Q

what kind of channels are in the input region

A

ligand gated channels

the response is proportional to the number of channels that open

51
Q

what kind of channels are in the conductile region

A

voltage gated channels (all or nothing)
Na+
K+
**action potential propogated along conductile region
**carried electrical information for long distances

52
Q

neurons

A

assymmetric cells

53
Q

axoplasmic transport

A

fast 200-400 m a day
vesillos and microtubules
slow -0.1-2mm a day
intermitten movement

54
Q

what is a ganglian

A

a collection of nerve cell bodies that exists outside the central nervous system

55
Q

threshold

A

the point where Na+ influx is balanced by K+ efflux

point where Na+ permeability is balanced by K+ permeability

56
Q

membrane potential

A

seeks the equilibrium potential of the ion whose permeability is dominant

57
Q

Ena

A

40mv

58
Q

Ek

A

70-80mv

59
Q

glial cells

A

act as glue–> cells holding the nervous system together
in the CNS glia are essential for regulating the environment in which neurons function
astrocytes
oligondendrocytes

60
Q

mylination

A

they wrap conductile regions of neurons with concentric rings (layers) of plasma membrane that we call myelin (laid down in layers)

61
Q

nerust potential

A

the equilibrium potential for potassium

62
Q

sulcatory conduction

A

to hop

63
Q

synapse

A

to clasp or to hold

BMS 300 (5 decks)

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