exam2 Flashcards
When using a microscope to view cells you obtained from scraping under your fingernails, you notice that the cells lack nuclei; therefore, you conclude that the cells must be a type of ________ cell.
Prokaryotic
One difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells is that eukaryotic cells ______ prokaryotic cells
have membrane-enclosed structures called organelles, which are lacking in
You find a cell of a type you have never seen before. The cell has both a nucleus and a cell wall. Therefore, you conclude that it is likely to be a(n) ________ cell.
Plant
Which one of the following groups is composed of prokaryotic cells?
Bacteria
Which is a function of the plasma membrane?
regulate traffic of chemicals in and out of the cell
When mixed with water, phospholipids spontaneously form membranes because they ________.
have hydrophilic phosphate groups that are attracted to water and hydrophobic fatty acid tails that avoid water
Which of the following are the two main components of cellular membranes?
Proteins and phospholipids
Which of these distinguishes a plant cell from an animal cell?
presence of a cell wall
The nuclear envelope is composed of ______
a double membrane
The structural combination of DNA and protein forms ________
Chromatin
Coded genetic information is produced in the nucleus and transferred to the cytoplasm in a molecule called ____
messenger RNA
Where does protein synthesis take place?
on ribosomes
The function of the chloroplast is to __________.
convert light energy to chemical energy
Mitochondria, the sites of cellular respiration, are found in __________.
plant cells and animal cells
Energy can be defined as ________.
the capacity to cause change
You are riding on your bike and stop pedaling, coasting along the road. Eventually, your bike slows down and stops. What happened to the energy of your motion when your bike stopped?
It was released as heat.
Which of the following is an example of potential energy?
a bowling ball placed on the top shelf of a closet
Molecules of food have a form of potential energy called __________.
chemical energy
Calories are units of __________.
energy
What compound directly provides energy for cellular work?
ATP
ATP energizes other molecules in cells by transferring a(n) ________ to those molecules.
phosphate group
ATP drives work in cells by __________
transferring its phosphate group to other cell molecules
The sum total of all the chemical reactions that occur in organisms is called ________
metabolism
An enzyme’s function is most dependent on its ________.
shape
The region of an enzyme to which a substrate binds is called the ________ site.
active
Substances that plug up an enzyme’s active site are enzyme ________.
inhibitors
Activation energy can be described as __________.
energy that must be invested to start a reaction
Osmosis can be defined as ________
the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane
If placed in tap water, an animal cell will undergo lysis, whereas a plant cell will not. What accounts for this difference?
relative inelasticity and strength of the plant cell wall
Active transport ________.
can involve the transport of ions
Which one of the following is an example of osmosis?
Water enters a plant by passing through the root cell membranes.
A process is referred to as aerobic if it requires ________
oxygen
Respiration describes the exchange of gases between your blood and the air. Cellular respiration ________
produces ATP
Choose the equation that describes aerobic cellular respiration most accurately.
glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy
The final electron acceptor of aerobic respiration is ______
oxygen
Where in the cell does glycolysis occur?
cytoplasm
__________ is used as fuel and __________ is produced as a waste in the overall process of cellular respiration.
Glucose … carbon dioxide
The main function of cellular respiration is __________
making ATP to power cell activities
Aerobic metabolism always requires _____
oxygen
At the end of the electron transport chain the electrons are taken up by oxygen to generate __________
water
Which metabolic pathway is common to both aerobic and anaerobic processes of sugar breakdown?
glycolysis
What waste product do yeast produce under anaerobic conditions?
ethyl alcohol
What is the name of the process in which pyruvic acid is converted to lactic acid?
fermentation
What is the function of stomata?
gas exchange
What are the membranous sacs found within a chloroplast?
thylakoids
A shade-tolerant plant that is provided its preferred wavelength of light, but only minimal amounts of water, would likely experience _______
decreased amounts of ATP being produced by the plants
The Calvin cycle makes direct use of ________ to make ________
CO2, ATP, and NADPH; sugar
The overall function of the Calvin cycle is __________
making sugar
Where does the energy for the Calvin cycle come from?
NADPH and ATP
