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Physiological Psychology > Exam2 > Flashcards

Exam2 Flashcards

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1
Q

neuraxis

A

an imaginary line drawn through the center of the length of the CNS, from the bottom of the spinal cord to the front of the forebrain

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2
Q

ipsilateral

A

located on the same side of the body

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3
Q

contralateral

A

located on the opposite side of the body

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4
Q

transverse sections (cross sections)

A

with respect to the CNS, a slice taken at right angles to the neuraxis

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5
Q

frontal section (coronal section)

A

a slice through the brain parallel to the forehead

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6
Q

horizontal section

A

A slice through the brain parallel to the ground

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7
Q

sagittal sections

A

a slice through the brain parallel to the neuraxis and perpendicular to the ground

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8
Q

neural tube

A

a hollow tube, closed at the rostral end, that forms from ectodermal tissue early in embryonic development; serves as the origin of the CNS

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9
Q

ventricular zone

A

a layer of cells that line the inside of the neural tube; contains progenitor cells that divide and give rise to cells of the CNS

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10
Q

progenitor cells (founder cells)

A

cells of the ventricular zone that divide and give rise to cells of the CNS

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11
Q

radial glia

A

special glia with fibers that grow radially outward from the ventricular zone to the surface of the cortex; provide guidance for neurons migrating outward during brain development

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12
Q

symmetrical division

A

division of a progenitor cell that gives rise to two identical progenitor cells; increases the size of the ventricular zone and hence the brain that develops from it

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13
Q

asymmetrical division

A

division of a progenitor cell that gives rise to another progenitor cell and a neuron, which migrates away from the ventricular zone toward its final resting place in the brain

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14
Q

apoptosis

A

death of a cell caused by a chemical signal that activates a genetic mechanism inside the cell

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15
Q

cervical vertebrae

A

vertebrae of the neck area; 7 vertebrae

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16
Q

atlas

A

top cervical vertebra - pivot for head

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17
Q

Axis

A

2nd cervical vertebra; includes odontoid process

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18
Q

odontoid process

A

part of axis that forms pivot point

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19
Q

thoracic

A

upper chest cavity vertebrae; 12 vertebrae

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20
Q

articulations

A

point of attachment for ribs and hip bones

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21
Q

lumbar

A

lower back vertebrae ; five vertebrae

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22
Q

sacral

A

fused vertebrae forming back of pelvic girdle; five vertebrae

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23
Q

coccyx

A

fused vertebrae forming “tail bone”; five vertebrae

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24
Q

transverse process

A

bone extensions to each side of vertebrae, anchor points

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25
Q

spinous process

A

bone extensions on dorsal aspect of vertebrae, anchor points

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26
Q

central foramen

A

opening in the bone down the core of the vertebral column

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27
Q

dura mater

A

tough, outer protective layer of meninges

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28
Q

arachnoid

A

thin middle layer of meninges, lots of vascularization

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29
Q

pia mater

A

thin inner layer of meninges, holds shape and protects brain

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30
Q

central gray matter

A

neuron somas (butterfly)

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31
Q

dorsal root

A

afferent sensory fibers entering spinal cord

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32
Q

ventral root

A

efferent motor fibers leaving cord

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33
Q

dorsal root ganglion

A

unipolar somas of cutaneous sense neurons

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34
Q

Bell & Magendi

A

developed the “Law of Roots”

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35
Q

central lumen

A

circulation of CSF

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36
Q

fila

A

finger-like branching of the roots, distribute information through cord

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37
Q

Rami comunicantes

A

send info into the sympathetic ganglion chain

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38
Q

spinal root

A

a bundle of axons surrounded by connective tissue that occurs in pairs, which fuse and form a spinal nerve

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39
Q

cauda equine

A

horse’s tail; a bundle of spinal roots located caudal to the end of the spinal cord;

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40
Q

dorsal horn

A

contains somas for sending sensory info up to brain

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41
Q

ventral horn

A

contains somas for motor neurons

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42
Q

gracile tract

A

carries ipsilateral epicritic sensory info to brain stem

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43
Q

cuneate tract

A

carries ipsilateral epicritic sensory info to brain stem

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44
Q

ventral spinothalamic tract

A

carries contralateral protopathic info to brain

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45
Q

lateral spinothalamic tract

A

carries contralateral protopathic info to brain

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46
Q

direct pyramidal tract

A

carries ipsilateral motor info from cortex (20%)

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47
Q

lateral pyramidal tract

A
  • carries contralateral motor info from cortex (80%)
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48
Q

simple reflex arc

A

a simple behavior performed by spinal neurons alone

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49
Q

segmental reflex

A

a reflex involving a single vertebral level

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50
Q

suprasegmental reflex

A

a reflex involving multiple vertebral levels

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51
Q

cranial vascularization

A

supplies the brain with blood

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52
Q

cerebral artery

A

serves the outer surface of brain

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53
Q

carotid artery

A

serves the inner core of brain

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54
Q

arachnoid granulations

A

enhances transfer between CSF and blood supply

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55
Q

subarachnoid space

A

filled with CSF, floats and protects brain, waste removal; fluid filled space that protects the brain

56
Q

Superior Sagital Sinus

A

blood pool on upper surface of cortex, waste removal

57
Q

origin of the cranial nerves

A

see pons and general hindbrain areas

58
Q

pons

A

white matter paths into cerebellum from cerebral cortex, areas for arousal and sleep

59
Q

brachium conjunctivum

A

path into cerebellum (inner)

60
Q

brachium pontis

A

path into cerebellum (outer)

61
Q

decusation of the pyramids

A

point on hindbrain where motor fibers decussate

62
Q

cerebral peduncles

A

white matter paths from lower brain into cerebrum

63
Q

laminae quadrigenima

A

collective name for colliculi

64
Q

superior colliculi

A

visual motor control center (pupils, tracking, convergence)

65
Q

inferior colliculi

A

auditory relay center

66
Q

medial geniculate nucleus

A

auditory relay center; a group of cell bodies within the ___________ body of the thalamus; receives fibers from the auditory system and projects fibers to the primary auditory cortex

67
Q

lateral geniculate nucleus

A

the only subcortical synapse for “seeing”;

69
Q

choroid plexus

A

contains ependemal cells; the highly vascular tissue that protrudes into the ventricles and produces cerebrospinal fluid

70
Q

4th ventricle

A

reservoir of CSF; the ventricle located between the cerebellum and the dorsal pons, in the center of the metencephalon

71
Q

Aqueduct of Sylvius

A

CSF circulation between 3rd and 4th ventricles

72
Q

cerebellum

A

posture, balance, muscle tone, ballistic timing, well learned behaviors

73
Q

tectum

A

dorsal part of midbrain (includes the superior and inferior colliculi)

74
Q

tegmentum

A

ventral part of midbrain, motor nuclei here; includes the periaqueductal gray matter, reticular formation, red nucleus, and substantia nigra

75
Q

deep cerebellar nuclei

A

Nuclei located within the cerebellar hemispheres; receive projections from the cerebellar cortex and send projections out of the cerebellum to other parts of the brain

76
Q

medulla oblongata

A

located in myencephalon; controls vital functions such as regulation of the cardiovascular system, respiration, and skeletal muscle tonus

77
Q

midbrain/ mesencephalon

A

the central of the three major divisions of the brain; contains the tectum and tegmentum and surrounds the aqueduct of sylvius

78
Q

reticular formation

A

a large network of neural tissue located in the central region of the brain stem, from the medulla to the diencephalon; plays a role in sleep and arousal, attention, muscle tonus, movement, and various vital reflexes

79
Q

periaqueductal gray matter

A

the region of the midbrain surrounding the aqueduct of sylvius; contains the neural circuits involved in species-typical behaviors, such as fighting and mating

80
Q

red nucleus

A

a large nucleus of the midbrain that receives inputs from the cerebellum and motor cortex and sends axons to motor neurons in the spinal cord

81
Q

substantia nigra

A

a darkly stained region of the tegmentum that contains neurons that communicate with the caudate nucleus and putamen in the basal ganglia; important in parkinson’s disease

82
Q

thalamus

A

sensory relay, motor areas, pain transmission;

84
Q

massa intermedia

A

connects two lobes of thalamus (L/R communication); a bridge of tissue that crosses through the middle of the third ventricle

85
Q

hypothalamus

A

multiple areas controlling feeding, fleeing, fighting and mating

86
Q

pituitary gland

A

master gland of the endocrine system

87
Q

infundibular stalk

A

connects hypothalamus to pituitary

88
Q

median emminence

A

point where stalk joins to pituitary

89
Q

mammillary bodies

A

a protrusion of the bottom of the brain at the posterior end of the hypothalamus, containing some hypothalamic nuclei; part of the limbic system; memory, emotion

90
Q

corpus collosum

A

L/R cortical communication; a large bundle of axons that interconnects corresponding regions of the association cortex on each side of the brain

91
Q

anterior commisure

A

L/R subcortical communication

92
Q

posterior commisure

A

L/R subcortical communication

93
Q

fornix

A

L/R limbic communication

94
Q

pineal gland

A

meletonin secretion, seasonal coloration, seasonal mating

95
Q

optic chiasm

A

an X shaped connection between the optic nerves, located below the base of the brain, just anterior to the pituitary gland

96
Q

anterior pituitary gland

A

an endocrine gland whose secretions are controlled by the hypothalamic hormones

97
Q

posterior pituitary gland

A

an endocrine gland that contains hormone-secreting terminal buttons of axons whose cell bodies lie within the hypothalamus

98
Q

basal ganglia

A

collection of nuclei for smoothing, starting and stopping movement; a group of subcortical nuclei in the telencephalon, the caudate nucleus, the globus pallidus, and the putamen; important parts of the motor system

99
Q

caudate nucleus

A

input area

100
Q

lenticular nucleus

A

collective name for globus pallidus and putamen

101
Q

globus pallidus

A

output area

102
Q

putamen

A

input area for motor control area

103
Q

internal capsule

A

white matter paths for pyramidal fibers through brain

104
Q

frontal lobe

A

motor control, motor planning, emotional expression, strategy planning, “I”, working memory, “executive function”

105
Q

parietal lobe

A

primary somatosensory area, spatial perception, body memories, motor plans

106
Q

temporal lobe

A

primary auditory cortex, auditory memories (sup.), visual recognition (inf.)

107
Q

occipital lobe

A

primary and secondary visual cortex, visual memories and recognition

108
Q

central fissure (central sulcus)

A

separates frontal from parietal lobe

109
Q

precentral gyrus

A

primary motor cortex

110
Q

postcentral gyrus

A

primary somatosensory cortex

111
Q

primary visual cortex

A

the region of the posterior occipital lobe whose primary input is from the visual system; along the upper and lower banks of the calcarine fissure

112
Q

primary auditory cortex

A

the region of the superior temporal lobe whose primary input is from the auditory system; located along the lateral fissure

113
Q

primary somatosensory cortex

A

the region of the anterior parietal lobe whose primary input is from the somatosensory system

114
Q

calcarine fissure

A

a fissure located in the occipital lobe on the medial surface of the brain; most of the primary visual cortex is located along its upper and lower banks

115
Q

lateral fissure

A

the fissure that separates the temporal lobe from the overlying frontal and parietal lobes

116
Q

primary motor cortex

A

the region of the posterior frontal lobe that contains neurons that control movements of skeletal muscles

117
Q

sensory association areas

A

those regions of the cerebral cortex that receive information from the regions of primary sensory cortex; parietal lobe other than the primary somatosensory cortex

118
Q

motor association cortex

A

The region of the frontal lobe rostral to the primary motor cortex; controls the primary motor cortex

119
Q

prefrontal cortex

A

the region of the frontal lobe rostral to the motor association cortex; involved in formulating plans and strategies

120
Q

neocortex

A

the phylogenetically newest cortex, including the primary sensor cortex, primary motor cortex, and association cortex;

121
Q

cisterna superior

A

reservoir of CSF

122
Q

cisterna cerebello-meduliaris

A

reservoir of CSF

123
Q

third ventricle

A

circulation and collection of CSF; located in the center of the diencephalon

124
Q

lateral ventricles

A

circulation and collection of CSF; left and right; found in the center of the telencephalon/two hemispheres

125
Q

limbic system

A

a group of brain regions including the anterior thalamic nuclei, amygdala, hippocampus, limbic cortex, and parts of the hypothalamus, as well as their interconnecting fiber bundles

126
Q

limbic cortex

A

phylogenetically old cortex, located at the medial edge of the cerebral hemispheres; part of the limbic system

127
Q

cingulate gyrus

A

a strip of limbic cortex lying along the lateral walls of the groove separating the cerebral hemispheres, just above the corpus callosum;

128
Q

hippocampus

A

a forebrain structure of the temporal lobe, constituting an important part of the limbic system; learning and memory

129
Q

amygdala

A

a structure in the interior of the rostral temporal lobe, containing a set of nuclei; part of the limbic system; emotions (fear) and emotional memories

130
Q

spinal nerves

A

combination of dorsal and ventral roots; a peripheral nerve attached to the spinal cord

131
Q

sympathetic ganglion chain

A

one of a pair of groups of sympathetic ganglia that lie ventrolateral to the vertebral column

132
Q

Posterior lateral nuclei

A

area of thalamus

133
Q

anterior nuclei

A

area of thalamus

134
Q

laminar nuclei

A

area of thalamus

135
Q

posterior nuclei

A

area of thalamus

136
Q

medial nuclei

A

area of thalamus

137
Q

pulvinar

A

area of thalamus

Physiological Psychology (1 decks)

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