Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIOL2200 > exam1 practice questions, Manson > Flashcards

exam1 practice questions, Manson Flashcards

1
Q

original definition of evolution by Darwin

A

descent with modification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

the key observation that explains a unifying theory of life

A

many basic characteristics are shared by all living things

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

the person that the ideas of scala naturae are based upon

A

Aristotle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

the theory of the origin of plants and animals when Darwin voyaged on the HMS Beagle

A

various species were created by divine intervention a few thousand years before

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Carolus Linnaeus

A

founded the binomial classification system and thought that resemblances among different species reflected the pattern of their creation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

the idea Curvier proposed

A

catastrophism (extinctions are a common occurence)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

the idea of Lyell

A

uniformitarianism (changes in the earth have happened before and will happen again)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Darwin’s 2 observations that founded the basis of his theory on natural selection

A

organisms within a population vary AND all populations produce more offspring than the environment can support (competition for survival)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

the idea of Malthus (economist)

A

organisms have the capacity to product more offspring than the environment can support

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

the smallest unit that can evolve

A

a population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

the pattern that homologous characteristics form on an evolutionary tree

A

a nested pattern

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

evidence for the hypothesis that all organisms are descended from a single common ancestor

A

all known organisms translate genetic information to produce protein molecules by the same genetic code

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

the evidence from molecular biology that support the theory of evolution

A

closely related organisms have more similar DNA and proteins than more distantly related organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

the observation Darwin made about species on islands

A

the species are often closely related to species from the nearest mainland or neighboring islands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

the implications of describing evolution as a scientific theory (it is one btw)

A

it’s a broad model that’s supported by many observations and much experimental evidence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

in the context of populations, the definition of evolution

A

evolution is a change in a population’s allele frequencies over generations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

the things allele frequencies can be altered by

A

natural selection, gene flow, and genetic drift

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

the mechanism that can form entirely new alleles

A

mutation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

the type of mutation that plays the most important role in increasing the number of genes in the gene pool

A

duplication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

the importance of neutral variation in evolution

A

neutral variation increases genetic variation, allowing a population to carry more alleles that may help it respond to environmental change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what the 1 represents in the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium

A

the sum of the frequencies of the genotypes for a particular gene locus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

the set of conditions required for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium

A

random mating, no natural selection, and a large population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

the most accurate measure of an organism’s fitness

A

how many fertile offspring it produces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

the myrtle warbler and Audubon’s warbler used to be identified as different species that lived side by side in parts of their ranges. but recent books have identified them as eastern and western forms of a single species. what is this an example of?

A

successful interbreeding and the production of fertile offspring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

when gene flow between 2 populations exist, the potential for what exists?

A

speciation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

at which point in the adaptation of a population is it clear that speciation has occurred?

A

gene pool changes establish reproductive barriers between 2 populations

26
Q

what prezygotic barriers prevent

A

the fertilization of gametes from members of closely related species

27
Q

the reproductive barrier that prevents individuals of closely related species from copulating successfully

A

mechanical isolation

28
Q

the condition necessary for speciation to occur

A

reproductive isolation

29
Q

the evolutionary mechanism that doesn’t contribute to the process of allopatric speciation

A

gene flow

30
Q

a new species is produced by allopolyploidy from 2 parental species that are 2n=4 and 2n=8. how many chromosomes are expected in the somatic cells of the new species

A

12 (n=2, n=4, 2+4=6, 2n=12)

31
Q

the reason why a new species can arise in a single generation

A

a change in the chromosome number that creates a reproductive barrier

32
Q

factors tending to lead to reinforcement in hybrid zones

A

hybrid breakdown, reduced hybrid fertility and viability, and sexual selection

33
Q

the tempo of evolution according to the punctuated equilibrium model of evolution

A

abrupt episodes of speciation among long periods of equilibrium (usually leading to extinction)

34
Q

the first things that must occur in order for speciation to occur

A

the interruption of gene flow between populations (they need to be reproductively isolated)

35
Q

the number of genes that must change in order to form a new species

A

no set number (genetic and environmental factors interact)

36
Q

the time interval between speciation events

A

depends on generation times, causes of speciation (reproductive isolation), environmental factors, and chance

37
Q

the usefulness of a four-stage hypothesis for the abiotic origin of life

A

it leads to predictions that can be tested

38
Q

the gas that early atmosphere Earth lacked

A

oxygen

39
Q

the gases scientists existed on early Earth’s atmosphere

A

nitrogen, water, carbon dioxide, ammonia, methane, and hydrogen

40
Q

the Miller and Urey abiotic synthesis experiment

A

simple organic molecules can form spontaneously under conditions like those thought to prevail early in Earth’s history

41
Q

the rudimentary qualities necessary for life that abiotically produced vesicles displayed

A

the ability to perform simple reproduction and metabolism

42
Q

the first self-replicating molecules

A

RNA

43
Q

the importance of ancient cyanobacteria to the history of life

A

they produced atmospheric oxygen

44
Q

the prokaryotic adaptation that occurred during the oxygen revolution and opened up the possibility for energy-demanding multicellular life-forms

A

cellular respiration

45
Q

the evidence that supports the hypothesis that mitochondria and plastids evolved from prokaryotic endosymbiosis

A

they have a single circular chromosome similar to bacterial chromosomes and their ribosomes are more like prokaryotic than eukaryotic ribosomes

46
Q

the 2 major problems that had to be solved before plants, animals, and fungi could fully move into terrestrial habitats

A

reproduction and prevention of dehydration

47
Q

how the breakup of Pangea affected evolution

A

the geographic isolation of populations that had previously coexisted led to speciation

48
Q

the events adaptive radiation are often seen after

A

major new evolutionary adaptations and mass extinctions

49
Q

how continental drift affects speciation

A

the joining of previously separated habitats can produce hybrid zones or establish competition between previously isolated populations, the breaking apart of landmasses promotes allopatric speciation, the climate change, the closing of an ocean basin can be a loss of habitat that wipes out species

50
Q

the gene whose mutations were responsible for many changes leading to the great diversity of life

A

developmental genes

51
Q

the things products of Hox genes provide

A

positional information in animal embroys

52
Q

the analytical approach to understanding the diversity and relatedness of extant and extinct organisms

A

systematics

53
Q

the focus of taxonomy

A

the classification of life-forms by their similarities and differences

54
Q

taxon

A

a formal grouping at any given level

55
Q

what a branch point in a phylogenetic tree represents

A

a point at which 2 evolutionary lineages split from a common ancestor

56
Q

what researchers use molecular homologies to reveal

A

the number of mutations in a particular sequence that occurred in each species since they diverged from a common ancestor

57
Q

the requirements of the most parsimonious tree

A

the fewest evolutionary events to have occurred in the form of shared derived characteristics

58
Q

what paralogous genes result from

A

gene duplication

59
Q

the evolutionary significance of paralogous genes

A

they increase the size of the genome and provide more opportunity for the evolution of novel characteristics

60
Q

the evolutionary significance of orthologous genes

A

the high percentage of orthologous genes found in vastly different organisms emphasizes the many biochemical and developmental pathways shared by all organisms

61
Q

an optimal way to get reliable results for an evolutionary clock

A

use as many genes as possible, sot that fluctuations in evolutionary rates will average out

62
Q

the basic assumption on which phylogenetic trees are based upon that has most likely been violated during the history of life

A

genes are passed vertically from one generation to the next

BIOL2200 (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions