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Fundamentals of Flight > Exam1 > Flashcards

Exam1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is an aircraft

A

A device that us used, or intended to be used, for flight according to the current Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations (14 CFR) part 1. General aviation aircraft are certified under 14 CFR part 23.

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2
Q

Light Sport Aircrafts

A
  • Not designed to FAA standards, designed for low cost aircraft demands
  • One motor, max 2 seats, fixed-pitch propellor, unpressurized cabin
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3
Q

Pitching

A
  • Lateral Axis ( cat paws )

- Controlled by elevator

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4
Q

Rolling

A
  • Longitudinal Axis (barrel roll)

- Controlled by ailerons

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5
Q

Yawing

A
  • Vertical Axis (tea cup spin)

- Controlled by elevator (rudder)

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6
Q

Nose down force is a result of…

A

weight acting through the CG. Independent of airspeed.

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7
Q

Nose UP force is a result of …

A

the elevator and its dependance on airspeed

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8
Q

If the CG is to far forward …

A

then the nose-up force produced by the tail is to small and its difficult to raise the nose to flare during landing

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9
Q

Fuselage

A

center body. Holds crew/passengers/cargo

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10
Q

Wings

A

Attached to fuselage and main lifting surfaces

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11
Q

Empennage

A

Tail of aircraft which is attached to fuselage. Incorporates vertical and horizontal stabilizers and control surfaces.

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12
Q

Powerplant

A

whether a prop or a jet, always just an airprop

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13
Q

Landing gear

A

supports plane on the ground

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14
Q

Struts

A

Minimize structural requirements of high wing aircraft

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15
Q

What are wings made of?

A

Ribs (vertical) and stringers (horizontal)

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16
Q

What do wings support?

A

Ailerons and flap control surfaces

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17
Q

What material are wings made of?

A
  • Smooth thin stressed metal or fabric skin.

- Airflows over the skin of the wing to produce lift

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18
Q

What other things can the wings accomodate?

A

Fuel tanks and retracted landing gear.

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19
Q

Empennage

A

Includes fixed and moveable horizontal and vertical control surfaces

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20
Q

Empennage vertical control surfaces

A

vertical stabilizer (top fin) and moveable rudder (top fin’s flap)

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21
Q

Empennage horizontal control surfaces

A

horizontal stabilizer and moveable elevator

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22
Q

Trim Tabs

A

A moveable elevator control surface.

Allows pilot to achieve zero stick force ( hands off ) level flight

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23
Q

What is alternate design for a horizontal stabilizer ?

A

Stabilator

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24
Q

Landing gear

A
  • Tricycle is the most popular
  • Trail draggers (like snow skis) > floats > retractable landing gear (allows plane to fly faster, but you have to remember to put them down)
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25
Q

Powerplant parts (4)

A

Includes engine, engine frame, propeller, and aerodynamic cowl

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26
Q

Where are jet engines

A

Often under wing or over wing pods

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27
Q

Powerplant definition

A

Air pumps. Creates a reward stream of air to push the plane forward. Newtons 3rd law.

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28
Q

Types of aircraft construction

A
  • Truss, efficient but lack a stream lined shape. Good for bridges.
  • Monocoque, use formers (hollow discs on the inside) , bulkheads (disc attached to the fuselage), and a stressed skin.
  • Semimonocoque use formers, bulkheads, stringers and stressed skins.
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29
Q

Performance Instruments

A
  • airspeed indicator
  • altitude indicator
  • altimeter indicator
  • turn coordinator
  • heading indicator
  • vertical speed indicator
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30
Q

Control Instruments

A
  • manifold pressure gauge
  • altitude indicator
  • tachometer
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31
Q

Navigation Instruments

A
  • allows the AC to navigate point-to-point over the earth

- Glide slope data allows plane to land/takeoff in reduced visibility (in addition to a horizontal plane)

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32
Q

Air is a …. and the properties are …

A

FLUID!

Viscosity/Friction/Density/Pressure

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33
Q

What chemical elements make up the atmosphere

A

Nitrogen/oxygen/other gases

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34
Q

Atmospheric pressure, sea level

A

14.7 psi.

1 Hg per 1000 ft.

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35
Q

Pressure Altitude

A

altitude where the wieght of the atm. is 29.92 Hg

Find PA by setting altimeter to 29.92.

Window at 3’oclock position on the altimeter is called the kolsman window

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36
Q

Density Altitude

A
  • Pressure altitude corrected for non-standard temp
  • used to calculate aircraft performance
  • higher density of air (lower density altitude) increases aircraft performance
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37
Q

How does an increase in pressure affect density altitude?

A

Lower DA

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38
Q

How does a decrease in temperature affect density altitude?

A

Lower DA

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39
Q

How does a increase in humidity affect density altitude?

A

Higher DA

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40
Q

Newtons Laws

A

1: A body at rest remains at rest
2: If a force hits a body the resulting acceleration is inversely proportional to the mass of the body and directly proportional to the applied force.
3. Equal and opp reaction

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41
Q

Bernoulli’s Principal

A

As flow speeds up, pressure goes down.

Airfoils have curved upper surface so the distance over the top is longer than the distance under the bottom

Continuity!

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42
Q

What is continuity

A

when the stream lines of a flow split over the shape , the must rejoin at the end of the shape.

Since the distance over the top is longer, the top stream must travel faster (lower pressure)

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43
Q

Wing Lift

A

pressure difference between top and bottom of wing

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44
Q

Airfoil Term: Leading Edge

A

rounded edge the divides the stream lines above and below the airfoil

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45
Q

Airfoil Term: Trailing Edge

A

Pointed shape where the stream lines rejoin after passing over and under the wing

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46
Q

Airfoil Term: Chord Line

A

straight line from the leading edge to the trailing edge. Chord is the width of the wing.

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47
Q

Airfoil Term: Mean Camber Line

A

curved line from the leading edge to trailing edge that is halfway between edges

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48
Q

Airfoil designs

A

check screen shot

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49
Q

Which airfoil has an abrupt stall and used for high performances AC

A

Laminar flow airfoil

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50
Q

AOA in accordance with the airfoil

A

angle between the chord and the free stream airflow in the front of the wing. Lift produced by the wing increases with AOA

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51
Q

Pressure Distribution and Behavior

A

Small neg AOA: balances pressure above and below wing, results in 0 lift
Small pos AOA: pressure on bottom higher than top and produces lift

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52
Q

How to get critical AOA

A

Increasing AOA increases lift until critical AOA is reached

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53
Q

Whats a stall

A

abrupt decrease in lift, not an absence.
When airflow separates from the upper surface of the wing.
Always occurs at the same AOA

54
Q

Wing tip vortices

A

Air flow below the wing to wrap about the wing tip to the top of the wing. This rotating circulation is the wing tip vortex

55
Q

How to avoid wing tip vorticies

A

land higher and longer than the preceding AC

56
Q

Four forces of flight

A
  1. Lift: airflow around the wing
  2. Weight: downward pull of gravity
  3. Thrust: forward force that pull AC through the air
  4. Drag: backward, retarding force which limits speed of airplane
57
Q

Drag

A
  • Created when smooth air is disturbed
  • Opposite direction of flight
  • Opposes thrust and limits forward speed
  • Induced or parasite
58
Q

Parasite Drag

A
  • When airspeed doubles, parasite drag doubles

- 3 Forms of parasite drag. Form/Interference/Skin Friction

59
Q

Form/Profile Drag

A

Drag produced by an objects shape

60
Q

Interference drag

A

generated by the mixing of airflow streamlines between airframe components such as the wing and the fuselage

61
Q

Skin Friction drag

A

frost or ice, aluminum is bumpy under magnification

62
Q

Induced Drag

A
  • byproduct of lift

- occurs whenever a moving object redirects the airflow coming at it

63
Q

Controls: Stick and Rudder

A

Traditional cable/pulley/spring/bell crank controls

64
Q

Primary Flight Controls

A

rudder petals and control column are connected to rudder/ailerons and elevator by cables, bell cranks and springs.

65
Q

Helicopter primary flight controls

A

Cyclic: controls AOA of rotter disc
Collective: controls AOA of rotter blades
Anti-torque petals: controls the force from the tail rudder

66
Q

Aircraft control surfaces

A
  • Alerions control roll
  • Elevator/Stabilator control pitch
  • Rudder controls yaw
  • All controls must be used together for coordinated flight
67
Q

Adverse Yaw

A

if pilot controls the alerions to bank right and the right wing produces more lift and drag. Unbalanced forces!

68
Q

Elevator

A
  • controls pitch
  • pitch changes are the result of changing the force that the tail produced to counteract the pitch up tendency of the wing
69
Q

Canards

A

AC with twin turboprop engines with a fixed t-tail

- good for yaw control

70
Q

Yaw Control: Rudders and V-Tails

A
  • Rudder is connected to vertical stabilizer and deflects to the right and left to induce yaw in the opp direction
  • V-tail converts traditional rudder and elevator inputs into the V-tail surface. Produces less drag.
71
Q

Wing Flaps

A

Change the shape of the wing to increase lift at low speeds

72
Q

Leading Edge Devices

A

High lift devices can be added to the edge of the wing. Fixed slats/moveable slats/leading edge flaps/leading edge cuffs

73
Q

Spoilers

A

High drag devices. Smaller ACs use speed brakes to avoid shock cooling the engine

74
Q

Trim Tabs

A

Helps the pilot get back to level flight with zero stick force. Like the little weight on a doctors scale

75
Q

Engine

A
  • produces thrust to propel AC
  • reciprocating and turboprop engines work in combination with a propeller to produce thrust
  • Turbojet and turbofan engines produce thrust directly
76
Q

Propeller

A

Converts mechanical energy to thrust

77
Q

Adjustable-Pitch Propellers

A

Constant speed propellers optimize the blade angle to produce the highest thrust for every altitude, airspeed and power setting

78
Q

Manifold pressure

A

measure of the power being produced

79
Q

When both the manifold pressure and RPM needs to change, avoid over stressing the engine by:

A
  • Power setting decreased: Reduce the manifold pressure before reducing RPMs
  • Power setting increased: Increase RPM first and then manifold pressure
80
Q

Induction

A

Air from combustion enters through an intake port on the front of the cowl

81
Q

What are carburetor induction systems

A

carburetor induction systems mix fuel with air just before the engine intake ports

82
Q

What are fuel injection systems

A

fuel injection systems mix with air just before of injects fuel into the cylinder

83
Q

Float Carburator Systems

A

Prone to icing because of ideal gas law, PV=NRT.

Designed to operate at a FULL RICH mixture at sea level

84
Q

Carburetor Icing

A

Float type carburetors are prone to icing due to the heat absorbed by fuel vaporization and decrease in air pressure. Conditions <70 and >80 humidity

85
Q

Fuel injection advantages

A
  1. reduction in evaporative icing
  2. better fuel flow
  3. faster throttle response
  4. Precise mixture control
  5. Better fuel distribution
  6. Easier cold weather starts
86
Q

Fuel injection disadvantages

A
  1. Hot starts are an issue
  2. Vapor lock (liquid fuel turns to vapor before it gets to the carburetor)
  3. restart after fuel starvation
87
Q

Superchargers

A

engine air-driven pump or compressor that provided compressed air to the engine to provide additional pressure (weight of air) to the engine so it can produce additional power

88
Q

Turbosuperchargers

A

Engine exhaust driven pump or compressor the provides compressed air to the engine to provide additional pressure (weight of air) to the engine so it can produce additional power

Allows engine to produce sea level power up to the critical altitude

89
Q

Ignition

A

AC’s use dual magneto systems. Magnetos are direct engine driven devices that generate a high voltage magnet and distribute it to the spark plugs.

90
Q

Oil Systems Benefits

A
  1. Lubrication of the engine’s moving parts
  2. Cooling of the system by reducing friction
  3. Removing heat from cylinders
  4. Providing a seal between the cylinder walls and pistons
  5. Carrying away contaminants
91
Q

Key metrics for oil systems

A

pressure, temperature and volume

92
Q

Engine cooling systems

A

cooling by oil and airflow, cowl flaps are used to increase airflow

93
Q

What is an important lagging indicator?

A

Oil temperature

94
Q

Exhaust systems

A

On each side of engine, be careful of carbon monoxide

95
Q

Starting System

A

most aircrafts have automatic starters, can be supplied by external plug

96
Q

Combustion

A

fuel air mixture burns in a predictable way while driving the piston down the cylinder

97
Q

What causes detonation

A
  1. wrong fuel grade
  2. operation at higher temps and low RPM
  3. high power settings and a lean mixture
  4. Extended ground operations or long climbs during which cylinder cooling is reduced
98
Q

what is detonation

A

uncontrolled ignition that can occur when the cylinder is on the up stroke

99
Q

FADEC

A

Fully automatic digital engine control.

removes need for pilot to control fuel-air mixture

100
Q

Turbine Engines

A

Air enters the front and leaves the back at a greater velocity. Difference is thrust, thrust is converted to mechanical

101
Q

Types of turbine engines

A
  1. turbojet
  2. turboprop
  3. turbofan
  4. turboshaft
102
Q

Turbine Instruments: Engine pressure ratio

A

measures difference between intake and exhaust pressure

103
Q

Turbine Instruments:

Exhaust Gas Temperature

A

measures operating temp within engine

104
Q

Turbine Instruments: Torquemeter

A

Measures the power output in psi, % or ft-lbs

105
Q

Turbine Instruments: N1 and N2 Indicator

A

Rotational speed of the low pressure compressor presented in % of limit

106
Q

Performance Comparison: Brake Horsepower

A

actual horsepower delivered to the shaft

107
Q

Performance Comparison: Net Thrust

A

thrust produced by turbojet or turbofan engine

108
Q

Fuel Systems

A

gravity feed is most common with high wing ACs.

Most ACs have 2 fuel pumps ( engine driven and 2 speed electrical)

Most have fuel selectors and notoriously bad fuel gauges

109
Q

What allows the pilot is inject fuel into the cylinders for starting?

A

manual fuel primer

110
Q

AVGAS comes in what grades

A

80 - 100 - 100LL

111
Q

Jet fuel comes in 3 grades

A

JET A - JETA-1 - JETB

112
Q

Reasons for fuel contamination

A
  1. Inadequate preflight check
  2. Servicing AC with improperly filtered fuel
  3. Storing aircraft with partially empty tanks
  4. Lack of proper maintenance
113
Q

Heating Systems

A
  • Fuel Fired heaters
  • Exhaust heating systems
  • Combustion heater systems
  • Bleed air
114
Q

Electrical Systems

A
  1. Alternator/generator
  2. Battery
  3. Master/battery switch
  4. Alternator/generator switch
  5. Bus bar, fuses, and circuit breakers
  6. Voltage regulator
  7. Ammeter/load meter
  8. Associated electrical wiring
115
Q

Power consumers

A
  1. Position light
  2. anti-collision/landing lights
  3. Taxi Lights
  4. cabin lights
  5. instrument lights
  6. radio
  7. turn indicator
  8. fuel gauges
  9. stall warning system
  10. pilot heat
  11. starting motor
116
Q

Position Lights colors

A

Red-left

Green-right

117
Q

Hydraulic System parts

A
  1. reservoir
  2. hand, electrical, or engine driven pump
  3. filter
  4. selector valve that control direction of flow
  5. pressure relief valve
  6. actuator
118
Q

Landing Gear Tricycle Benefits

A

Better breaking and visibility and resistant to ground looping

119
Q

Conventional (tail wheel) Landing gear disadvantages

A

subject to ground loop - loss of lateral stability

120
Q

Fixed and retractable landing gear

A

Fixed: simpler and stronger
Retractable: complex and reduces parasite drag and consumes fuselage volume

121
Q

Pressurization benefits

A

Allows operation above 12,500 ft with O2

122
Q

Instrumentation: Cabin/differential pressure indicator

A

cabin rate climb/descent

123
Q

Oxygen Systems

A

Required at 12500 ft (30 min) and always above 14000

Oxygen bottles are a fire concern

124
Q

Oxygen Delivery Systems

A

Oxygen masks/cannula`

125
Q

Airfoil anti-ice systems

A

Heated leading edge

Windscreen/propeller anti-ice

126
Q

Pilot Static Instruments: Altimeter

A

Aneroid wafers expand and contract relative to a reference pressure

127
Q

airspeed indicator

A

measures difference between static and dynamic pressure

128
Q

Inclinometer

A

depicts yaw. Step on a ball to coordinate a turn

129
Q

wing will always stall at the critical AOA independent of:

A

weight, bank angle, temp, density altitude, CG

130
Q

what is the difference between density altitude is and density in the atmosphere.

A

The density altitude is the altitude relative to standard atmospheric conditions at which the air density would be equal to the indicated air density at the place of observation. … In hot and humid conditions, the density altitude at a particular location may be significantly higher than the true altitude.

Fundamentals of Flight (1 decks)

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