Exam1 Flashcards
For ANY disease, the patient must be ______ before performing OMT
Stable
New onset of chest pain or shortness of breath is not the time for what?
OMT
Somatic dysfunctions can occur where?
Anywhere!
Sympathetic levels
Parasympathetic levels
Soma (not autonomic related)
Viscerosomatic reflexes occur at?
Sympathetic levels and Parasympathetic levels
Facilitated segments ONLY occur at?
Sympathetic levels
What is the treatment for temporal arteritis?
Steroids
Sometimes, muscle hypertonicity, contraction, and/or spasm can be caused by?
Direct irritation of the muscle from the structure overlying it
If there is a renal lithiasis, it may cause?
It may cause the psoas to become hypertonic & you would have a positive Thomas test
If there is appendicitis, it may cause?
The psoas to become hypertonic and you would have a positive Thomas test
If there are inflamed lymph nodes, it may cause?
The muscle they are touching to become hypertonic, such as the sternocleidomastoid
After obtaining a history, you perform what?
A physical exam
What is the first thing you do in a physical exam?
Observation
A reversible dextroscoliosis or levoscoliosis means?
There is NO Sagittal component present (no flex ion or extension component) so it follows Fryette Type I mechanics
A dextroscoliosis would have the convex side pointing which direction?
Right. Therefore indicating a neutral side-bending left, rotating right pattern for the vertebrae
A dextroscoliosis from T4-T6 would have all the vertebrae?
Neutral, side bent left, rotated right
Left lateral convexity means?
Vertebrae are sidebent right
Right lateral convexity means the vertebrae?
Side-bent
When treating a group dysfunction with OMT, treat what group of the curve
The apex. Example T10-T12, then go for T11
Type II dysfunction would usually occur at?
The apex/middle of the group curve
Translation to the right =
Left side bending
Translation to the left =
Right sidebending
Principle 1 of osteopathic medicine
The body is a unit; the person is a unit of mind, body, spirit.
Example of principle 1
Gastric ulcer causes thoracic tissue texture changes
Principle 2 of osteopathic medicine
The body is capable of self regulation, self healing & health maintenance
Example of principle 2
Healed fracture
Principle 3 of Osteopathic medicine
Structure & function are reciprocally interrelated
Principle 4 of osteopathic medicine
Rational treatment is based upon an understanding of the basic principles of body unity, self-regulation, & the inter-relationship of structure and function
Biomechanical model
Anatomy of muscles, spine, extremities; posture, motion
OMT directed toward normalizing mechanical somatic dysfunction, structural integrity, physiological function, homeostasis
Neurological model
Emphasizes CNS, PNS and ANS that control, coordinate and integrate body functions
Proprioceptive and muscle imbalances, facilitation, nerve compression disorders, autonomic reflex and visceral dysfunctions, brain/CNS dysfunctions
Respiratory/circulatory model
Emphasizes pulmonary, circulatory and fluid (lymphatic, CSF) systems
Lymphatic techniques
Metabolic/nutritional model
Regulates through metabolic processes
Behavioral (psychobehavioral)
Focuses on mental, emotional, social & spiritual dimensions related to health & disease
Post ganglionic sympathetic fibers lead to what?
Tissue texture changes, such as hypertonicity, moisture, erythema, etc…
Dorsal horn of the spinal cord is where somatic and visceral AFFERENTS nerves do what?
Synapse! Giving a viscerosomatic reflex
Somatosomatic reflex
localized somatic stimuli producing patterns of reflex response in segmentally related somatic structures. For example, rib somatic dysfunction from an innominate dysfunction.
Somatovisceral reflex
localized somatic stimulation producing patterns of reflex response in segmentally related visceral structures. For example, triggering an asthmatic attack when working on thoracic spine
Viscerosomatic reflex
localized visceral stimuli producing patterns of reflex response in segmentally related somatic structures. For example gallbladder disease affecting musculature.
A
Viscerovisceral reflex
localized visceral stimuli producing patterns of reflex response in segmentally related visceral structures. For example, myocardial infarction and vomiting.
Old is _____, hot is _____
Cold, not
Signs of acute somatic dysfunction when palpating
Recent history (injury) Sharp or severe localized pain Warm, moist, sweaty skin Boggy,, edematous tissue Erythematous Local increase in muscle tone, contraction, spasm, increased muscle spindle firing Normal or sluggish ROM May be minimal or no somatovisceral effects
Signs of chronic somatic dysfunction when palpating
Long-standing Dull, achy diffuse pain Cool, smooth, dry skin Possible atrophy Fibrotic, ropy feeling tissue Pale/skin pallor Decreased muscle tone, contracted muscles, sometimes flaccid Restricted ROM Somatovisceral effects more often present
Orientation of superior facets
Cervical: BUM
Thoracic: BUL
Lumbar: BM
Orientation of inferior facets
Cervical: AIL
Thoracic: AIM
Lumbar: AL
Fryette Law 1
When side-bending is attempted from neutral (anatomical) position, rotation of vertebral bodies follows to the opposite direction.
Typically applies to a group of vertebrae (more than two)
Occurs in a neutral spine (no extreme flexion or extension) NO SAGITTAL COMPONENT
Side-bending and rotation occur to opposite sides
Side-bending precedes rotation
Side-bending occurs towards the concavity of the curve
Rotation occurs towards the convexity of the curve
Diagnosed as a Type I dysfunction
Fryette Law 2
When side-bending is attempted from non-neutral (hyperflexed or hyperextended) position, rotation must precede side-bending to the same side.
Typically applies to a single vertebra
Occurs in a non-neutral spine (flexion or extension of spine present) SAGITTAL COMPONENT
Side-bending and rotation occur to same sides
Rotation precedes side-bending
Rotation of the vertebra occurs into the concavity of the curve
Diagnosed as a Type II dysfunction
May be described as traumatic injury
If indirect treatment is used, the dysfunction is?
Exaggerated/augmented
If direct treatment is used, the dysfunction is?
The barrier is engaged/dysfunction reversed
Examples of Direct Techniques
Myofascial Release (May also be indirect)
Soft tissue
Articulatory
Muscle Energy
High velocity, low amplitude (HVLA)
Springing
Cranial (may also be indirect)
Still Technique (combined indirect and direct)
Initial positioning of Still Technique set up is indirect
Ending positioning of Still Technique is direct
Stretching
Longitudinal or parallel traction technique in which the origin & insertion of the myofascial structures being treated are longitudinally separated
Kneading
A perpendicular traction technique in which a rhythmic, lateral stretching of a myofascial structure, where the origin and insertion are held stationary and the central portion of the structure is stretched like a bowstring
Inhibition
A deep inhibitory pressure, which is a sustained deep pressure over a hypertonic myofascial structure
Effleurage
Gentle stroking of congested tissue used to encourage lymphatic flow
Petrissage
Involves pinching or tweaking one layer and lifting it or twisting it away from deeper areas
Tapotement
A striking the belly of a muscle with the hypothecate edge of the open hand in rapid succession in order to increase it’s tone and arterial perfusion. A hammering, chopping percussion of tissues to break adhesions and/or encourage bronchial secretions
Examples of indirect techniques
Counterstrain FPR BLT Functional technique Myofascial release Cranial Still technique
Neurologic exam of root C4
Sensation- shoulder
Motor- none
Reflex- none
Neurologic exam root of C5
Sensation- lateral elbow
Motor- biceps
Reflex- biceps
Neurologic exam of root C6
Sensation- thumb, index finger
Motor- wrist extensors
Reflex- triceps
Neurologic exam root of C7
Sensation- mid finger
Motor- triceps
Reflex triceps
Neurologic exam root C8
Sensation- ring finger, pinky
Motor- wrist flexors
Reflex- none
Neurologic exam root of T1
Sensation- medial elbow
Motor- interossi
Reflex- none
Sympathetic level for head and neck
T1-T4
Sympathetic levels heart
T1/T2-T5/T6
Sympathetic levels respiratory
T1/T2-T6/T7