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Applied Kinesiology > Exam1 > Flashcards

Exam1 Flashcards

1
Q

Biomechanics

A

Application of mechanical physics to human motion

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2
Q

Anatomical position

A

Standing upright posture, facing straight ahead, feet parallel and close, palms facing forward

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3
Q

5 types of bones

A

Long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid

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4
Q

Long bones

A

Shaft contains the medullary canal:

Phalanges, metatarsals, metacarpals, tibia, fibula, femur, radius, ulna, and humerus

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5
Q

Short bones

A

Small, cubical shaped, solid bones:

Carpals & tarsals

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6
Q

Flat bones

A

Usually have a curved surface and vary from thick tendons attach to very thin:
Ilium, ribs, sternum, clavicle & scapula

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7
Q

Irregular bones

A

Bones throughout the spine & ischium, pubis and maxilla

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8
Q

Sesamoid bones

A

Small bones embedded within go tendon of a musclelotendinous:
Patella, 1st metarsophalangeal,
1st metacarpophalangeal

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9
Q

Diaphysis

A

Long cylindrical shaft

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10
Q

Cortex

A

Hard, dense compact bone forming walls of diaphysis

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11
Q

Periosteum

A

Dense, fibrous membrane covering outer surface of diaphysis

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12
Q

Endosteum

A

Fibrous membrane that lines the inside of the cortex

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13
Q

Medullary (marrow) cavity:

A

Between walls of diaphysis, containing yellow or fatty marrow

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14
Q

Epiphysis

A

Ends of long bones formed from cancellous (spongy or trabecular) bone

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15
Q

Epiphyseal plate

A

Thin cartilage plate separates diaphysis & epiphyses

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16
Q

Articular (hyaline) cartilage

A

Covering of epiphysis to provide cushioning effects and reduce friction

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17
Q

Endochodral bones

A

Develop from hyaline cartilage

Hyaline cartilage masses at embryonic stage

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18
Q

Bone growth

A
  • Longitudinal growth continues as long as epiphyseal plates are open.
  • Shortly after adolescent plates disappear & close.
  • Most close by age 18 but some may be present until 25.
  • growth in diameter continues throughout life.
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19
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Cells that form new bone

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20
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Cells that resort old bone

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21
Q

Cortical bone

A
  • Low porosity 5-30% non mineralized tissue

- Cortical is stiffer & can withstand greater stress, but less strain than cancellous

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22
Q

Cancellous

A
  • Spongy and high porosity, 30-90%

- Cancellous is spongier and can undergo greater strain before fracturing

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23
Q

Wolff’s law

A
  • Bone size & shape are influenced by the direction and magnitude of forces that are habitually applied to them
  • bones reshape themselves based upon the stresses placed upon them
  • bone mass increases over time with increased stress
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24
Q

Synarthrodial

A

Immovable joint

  • suture: found in structures of cranial bones
  • gomphosis: socket of teeth
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25
Q

Amphiarthrodial

A

Slightly movable joints

  • syndesmosis:joint held together by strong ligamentous (tibiofibular)
  • symphysis: separated by fibrocartilage pad (intervertebral disk)
  • synchondross: separated by hyaline cartilage
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26
Q

Diarthrodial

A 
Freely moveable joint (synovial joints)
joint capsule sounds bony ends forming joints 
-arthrodial 
-ginglymus 
-trochoid 
-condyloid
-enarthrodial
-sellar
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27
Q

Arthrodial

A

Gliding joint

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28
Q

Ginglymus

A

Hinge joint

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29
Q

Trochoid

A

Pivot, screw joint

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30
Q

Condyloid

A

Knuckle joint

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31
Q

Enarthrodial

A

Ball and socket joint

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32
Q

Sellar

A

Saddle joint

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33
Q

How are muscles named?

A

Visual appearance
Anastomotic location
Function

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34
Q

2 major types of fiber arrangements

A

Parallel: to length of muscle, produce greater range of motion (flat,fusiform,strap,radiate,sphincter)

pennate: usually thin and broad, originate from broad, fibrous sheet like aponeuroses (unipennate,bi pennate,multipennate)

35
Q

Skeletal muscle tissue properties

A

Irritability
Contractility
Extensibility
Elasticity

36
Q

Intrinsic

A

Muscles within or belonging solely to body part upon which they act

37
Q

Extrinsic

A

Muscles that arise or originate outside of body part upon which they act

38
Q

Innervation

A

Segment of nervous system responsible for providing stimulus to muscle fibers within a specific muscle or portion of a muscle

39
Q

Amplitude

A

Range of muscle fiber length between maximal and minimal lengthening

40
Q

Gaster

A

Belly or body of muscle the contractile portion of muscle

41
Q

Origin

A

The proximal attachment of a muscle or the part that attaches closest to midline ( the least moveable part)

42
Q

Insertion

A

The distill attachment or part that attaches farthest from midline( most movable part)

43
Q

Agonist muscle

A

Cause joint motion through a specified plane of motion (primary movers)

44
Q

Antagonist muscles

A

Located opposite side of joint from agonist

Contralateral muscles

45
Q

Kinesiology defined

A

Study of motion or human movement

46
Q

Stabilizers

A

Surround joint or body part

Contract to fixate or stabilize the area (enable another body part to exert force& move)

47
Q

Synergist

A

Assist In action of agonist
Not necessary prime movers for action
Know as guiding muscles

48
Q

Neutralizes

A

Contract to neutralize the action of another muscle to prevent undesirable movements

49
Q

Neural control of voluntary movement

A 
Cerebral cortex 
Basal ganglia
Cerebellum 
Brain stem
Spinal cord
50
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

Highest level of control

Provides for creation of voluntary movement

51
Q

Basal ganglia

A

Controls maintenance of postures and equilibrium

Controls learned movement such as driving a car

52
Q

Cerebellum

A

Major integrator of sensory impulses

Provides feedback relative to motion

53
Q

Brain stem

A

Functions in arousal or maintaining wakeful state

54
Q

Spinal cord

A

Common pathway between CNS and PNS

Most specific control

55
Q

Proprioceptors

A

Work in combination with other sense organs to accomplish kinesthesis

56
Q

Kinesthesis

A

Conscious awareness of position and movement of body in space

57
Q

Golgi tendon organ

A

Protects us from An excessive contraction by causing its muscle to relax

58
Q

Uniarticular muscle

A

Cross and act directly only on the joint that they cross

Ex. Brachialis can only pull humerus and ulna closer together

59
Q

Biarricular muscle

A

Cross and act on two different joints

60
Q

Multiarticular muscle

A

Acts on three or more joints due to the line of pull between the origin and insertion crossing multiple joints

61
Q

Levers

A

Cannot be changed but can be utilized more efficiently

  • levers are ridged bar that turns about on an axis or rotation or a fulcrum
  • axis is a point of rotation about which lever moves
62
Q

1st class Lever

A

Axis is between force and resistance

F-—A——R

63
Q

2nd class lever

A

Resistance is between force and axis

F—-R——A

64
Q

3rd class lever

A

Force is between Axis and Resistance

A——F—-R

65
Q

Axis,point of Force, point of Resistance

A

Axis: The point of rotation
Point of Force: usually the muscle
Point of resistance: body weight plus any added weight

66
Q

Mechanical advantage

A

Force/Resistance or

length of force arm/ Length of Resistance arm

67
Q

Torque

A

The turning effect of an eccentric force

68
Q

Eccentric force

A

Forced applied off center of any direction not in line with the center of rotation of an object with a fixed axis

69
Q

Short lever arm

A

Best for quickness

70
Q

Wheels and axis

A

Used primarily to enhance range of motion and speed of movement in the muscleosketal system
-if wheel radius is greater than radius of axle then longer force arm takes place resulting in mechanical advantage

71
Q

Pulleys

A

Single pulleys function to change effective direction of force application

72
Q

Law of motion

A
  • Body in motion is produced by or started by some action of muscular system
  • motion can not occur without force

Types of motion

  • linear
  • angular motion
73
Q

Angular displacement

A

Change in location of a rotating body

74
Q

Linear displacement

A

Distance that a system moves in a straight line

75
Q

Speed

A

How fast an object in moving or distance in an amount of time

76
Q

Velocity

A

Includes the direction and describes the rate of displacement

77
Q

Law of inertia

A

A body in motion tends to remain in motion at the same speed in a straight line unless acted on by force; A body at rest tends to remain at the rear unless acted on by a force

78
Q

Inertia

A

Resistance to action or change

The greater the objects mass the greater the inertia

79
Q

Law of acceleration

A

A change in the acceleration of body occurs int the same direction as the force that caused it

80
Q

Acceleration

A

The rate of change in velocity

81
Q

Mass

A

The amount of matter in the body

82
Q

Law of reaction

A

For every action the is an opposite and equal reaction

83
Q

Friction

A

Force that results from resistance been tween surfaces of two objects from moving upon one snother

84
Q

Force formula

A

Force =mass x acceleration

Applied Kinesiology (3 decks)

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