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Biology 411 > Exam1 > Flashcards

Exam1 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the four major types of biomolecules?

A
  1. Lipids (fats)
  2. Proteins (building blocks from amino acids)
  3. Nucleic acids (DNA, RNA)
  4. Carbohydrates (sugars and starches)
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2
Q

How are lipids different from the other 3 types of molecules?

A

They are all hydrophobic

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3
Q

List the biological functions of nucleic acids.

A
  1. repositories and transmitters of genetic information
  2. energy exchange: ATP & GTP
  3. Metabolic regulation
  4. Catalytic (some)
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4
Q

List the biological functions of proteins.

A
  1. “workhorse” of the cell

2. structure, movement, catalysis, antibodies

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5
Q

List the biological functions of carbohydrates.

A
  1. energy cycle of biosphere
  2. structural (cellulose in woody plants, exoskeletons in insects)
  3. molecular recognition
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6
Q

List the biological functions of lipids.

A
  1. structural - membranes
  2. energy storage and insulation (fats)
  3. vitamins - A, D, E,& K
  4. steroid hormones & eicosanoids
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7
Q

Describe the scientific method

A

observe -> hypothesis -> experiment -> observation

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8
Q

define hypothesis

A

tentative explanations

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9
Q

What are the possible outcomes of an experiment (relative to the hypothesis)?

A

reject or support…NOT prove

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10
Q

What are the four characteristics of life?

A
  1. complexity, with precise spatial organization on several scales
  2. the ability to change in response to the environment
  3. the ability to reproduce
  4. the capacity to evolve
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11
Q

What characteristics do the living and nonliving world share?

A
  1. the same chemical foundation

2. the same physical laws

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12
Q

What is thermodynamics?

A

the study of energy and its transformations
thermo = heat
dynamics = power

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13
Q

State the first law of thermodynamics

A
  • energy can neither be created nor destroyed

- it is transformed from one form to another

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14
Q

State the second law of thermodynamics

A
  • the degree of disorder in the universe tends to increase

- the amount of disorder is the entropy of a system

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15
Q

Define atomic mass and atomic number

A

atomic mass - sum of protons and neutrons

atomic number - number of protons

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16
Q

What are covalent bonds?

A

two atoms share a pair of electrons in a molecular orbital

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17
Q

polar covalent bonds are …

A

characterized by the unequal sharing of electrons due to large electronegativity differences

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18
Q

nonpolar covalent bonds are …

A

characterized by the equal sharing of electrons

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19
Q

What are hydrogen bonds?

A

an interaction of a hydrogen atom and an electronegative atom
- weak bonds, but help stabilize biological molecules

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20
Q

What are ionic bonds?

A

one atom steals an electron from the other atom. the two atoms are attracted to each other due to the formal charge between them.

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21
Q

The chemical structure of water:

A

+H – O-

+H /

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22
Q

Define hydrophobic

A
  • water-fearing
  • do not dissolve in water
  • nonpolar
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23
Q

Define hydrophillic

A
  • water-loving
  • dissolves in water
  • polar
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24
Q

Define amphipathic

A

molecules that contain one or more hydrophobic and one or more hydrophillic region

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25
Q

The hydrophobic effect

A

the tendency for hydrophobic molecules to cluster together to exclude water molecules

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26
Q

Self-dissociation of water equation

A

H2O OH- + H+

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27
Q

Value of Kw =

A

1x10^(-14) = [H+][OH-]

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28
Q

What are the concentrations of H+ and OH- in pure water?

A 
[H+] = 1x10^7
[OH-] = 1x10^7
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29
Q

Define acid

A

molecule that acts as a proton donor

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30
Q

Define base

A

molecule that acts as a proton acceptor

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31
Q

Ex of strong acid

A

HCL

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32
Q

Ex of strong base

A

NaOH

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33
Q

pH scale

A

low pH = acidic

high pH = basic

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34
Q

pH =

A

-log([H+])

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35
Q

pOH =

A

-log([OH-])

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36
Q

pH+pOH =

A

14

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37
Q

What are the four major elements found in biological molecules?

A
  • carbon
  • oxygen
  • hydrogen
  • nitrogen
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38
Q

How many covalent bonds does a carbon atom make?

A

4

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39
Q

Diversity of carbon atom

A
  • 4 covalent bonds
  • link with each other to form long chains that can be branched or form a ring structure
  • double bond with adjacent carbons (prevents flexibility and rotation)
  • Isomers
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40
Q

List the the functions of nucleic acids

A

main: form long, linear polymers for encoding, transmitting, and expressing genetic information
other: energy exchange, metabolic regulation, catalytic

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41
Q

Griffith’s experiment and conclusion:

A

added dead virulent cells to nonvirulent cells, and some of the nonvirulent cells became virulent. Conclusion: some type of molecule carried the genetic information

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42
Q

Experiment by Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty and conclusion:

A

concluded that DNA carried the genetic information

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43
Q

What is the Central Dogma of Biology?

A

DNA is transcribed into RNA and that RNA is translated into protein

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44
Q

What are the three parts to a nucleic acid?

A
  • 5-carbon sugar
  • a base
  • one or more phosphate group
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45
Q

Which carbon in the sugar ring is linked to the phosphate group?

A

The 5’ carbon

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46
Q

What are the four bases found in DNA?

A

Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)
Thymine (T)
Cytocine (C)

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47
Q

Which bases are purines?

A
  • double ring structures

Adenine and Guanine

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48
Q

Which bases are pyrimidines

A
  • single ring structures

Thymine and Cytosine

49
Q

What is a nucleoside?

A

the combination of a sugar and base

50
Q

What is a nucleotide?

A

a nucleoside with one or more phosphate groups

51
Q

What is a phosphodiester bond?

A
  • each nucleotide sugar is linked to the phosphate group of the neighboring nucleotide
  • the C - O - P - O - C linkage connecting two nucleotides
52
Q

What is the chemical sense of a nucleotide?

A

5’ - 3’

53
Q

Describe the major features of the DNA double helix

A
  • the sugar-phosphate backbone winds around the outside of the molecule and the bases point inwards
54
Q

What is the pattern of hydrogen bonding between bases in the double helix?

A

complementary base pairing:
A-T
G-C

55
Q

Other than hydrogen bonds, what forces holds together the double helix?

A

base stacking - non-polar bases stacking as tightly as possible

56
Q

What are the differences between DNA and RNA?

A

DNA - A, T, C, G - monophosphate - large - double stranded

RNA - A, U, C, G - triphosphate - small - single stranded

57
Q

What evidence supports the RNA World hypothesis?

A
  1. RNA used in key cellular processes (DNA replication, transcription, and translation)
  2. Experiments have shown that RNA can evolve over time
  3. Can act as a catalyst (ribosomes)
58
Q

What are proteins?

A

working molecule of the cell

59
Q

What are some of the cellular functions of proteins?

A
  • carry out the program of activities encoded by genes
  • enzymes - catalyze thousands of reactions (specific and fast)
  • regulatory, structural, protective roles
60
Q

What are the two major categories of proteins and how do they differ?

A

Fibrous: non soluble in water, no backbone folding
Globular: soluble in water, folded into spherical shape

61
Q

What is the general structure of an amino acid?

A
  • a central alpha carbon
  • an amino group
  • a carboxyl group
  • a hydrogen
  • and an R group
62
Q

Hydrophobic amino acids:

A
  • nonpolar

- provides energy for protein folding

63
Q

Hydrophilic amino acids:

A
  • polar

- tend to be on the surface of proteins interacting with aqueous solutions

64
Q

Acidic amino acids:

A

donate a proton and become negative

65
Q

Basic amino acids:

A

take a proton and become positive

66
Q

What is special about the amino acid glycine?

A
  • R group is Hydrogen
  • no chiral
  • non polar and small, increases flexibility of the polypeptide backbone
67
Q

What is special about the amino acid proline?

A
  • R group is linked back to the amino group

- restricts rotation and puts constraints on protein folding

68
Q

What is special about the amino acid cysteine?

A
  • contains a -SH group

- 2 cysteine can form covalent bond (disulfide bond)

69
Q

How is the peptide bond formed?

A

the carboxyl group of one amino acide reacts with the amino group of another acid, and a molecule of water is released

70
Q

What is the sense of a protein?

A

N-term vs C-term

71
Q

Protein Primary Structure:

A
  • the sequence of amino acids
  • determines the 3D structure and properties
  • held together by peptide bonds
72
Q

Protein Secondary Structure:

A
  • results from interactions between stretches of nearby amino acids
  • result of hydrogen bonding patterns in the backbone of the polypeptide
73
Q

Protein Tertiary Structure:

A
  • the 3D shape of a protein
  • determined by spatial distribution of hydrophilic and hydrophobic side chains along the molecule as well as by chemical bonds and interactions that form between the side chains
74
Q

Protein Quaternary Structure:

A
  • the result of protein sub units interacting with one another
  • when tertiary structure come together to form a single protein
75
Q

What are the two common types of secondary structure in proteins?

A
  • alpha helix

- beta sheet

76
Q

What is considered the “backbone” of a protein?

A

The peptide linkages, along with the alpha-carbon atoms to which R-groups are attached

77
Q

What method is commonly used to determine the structure of a protein?

A

x-ray crystallography

78
Q

How did the cell get its name?

A

Robert Hooke thought they looked like cells in a monastery

79
Q

What is the Cell Theory?

A
  1. Cells are the fundamental units of life; a cell is the simplest unit capable of independent existence
  2. A living thing is made of cells
  3. All cells come from preexisting cells
80
Q

Why are cells so small?

A

smaller objects have a greater surface/volume ratio and therefore have better communication with the environment

81
Q

What are the structural differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

A

Prokaryotes are smaller and have no organelles

Eukaryotes are bigger and have organelles

82
Q

What are the main features of the typical prokaryotic cell?

A
  • Chromosomal DNA
  • Plasmid DNA
  • Cytoplasm
  • Ribosome
  • Flagellum
  • Cell wall
  • Plasma membrane
83
Q

List three cellular features of plant cells that are not found in animal cells

A
  1. Vacuoles
  2. Cell Wall
  3. Chloroplasts
84
Q

What is the endomembrane system?

A

organelles that communicate with each other:

  • nuclear envelope
  • endoplasmic reticulum
  • Golgi apparatus
  • lysosomes
  • plasma membrane
  • vesicles that move between them
85
Q

Cell membrane/cell wall function

A

provides additional support for the cell, creates a barrier between the cell and the outside world.

86
Q

Cytoplasm vs cytosol

A

cytoplasm: cell contents
cytosol: everything in cytoplasm except organelles

87
Q

Ribosome function

A

protein sysnthesis

88
Q

Nucleus function

A

protect fragile DNA

89
Q

Cytoskeleton function

A

give shape and provide movement

90
Q

Cytoskeleton types

A
  • microtubules
  • actin filaments
  • intermediate filaments
91
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum function

A

produces many lipids and proteins

92
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum function

A

site of fatty acid and phospholipid sysnthesis

93
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum function

A

sites of protein sysntesis

94
Q

Golgi apparatus function

A
  1. modify proteins and lipids produced in the ER
  2. sort proteins and lipids as they move to their final destination
  3. glycosilation - synthesize the cell’s carbohydrates
95
Q

Lysosome function

A

degrades polymers into monomeric building blocks

96
Q

Mitochondria function

A

harness energy from chemical compounds and convert it into ATP

97
Q

Chloroplast function

A

capture the Sun’s energy to synthesize simple sugars for use in the plant cell and in photosynthesis

98
Q

Which organelles are surrounded by a double membrane?

A

mitochondria
chloroplasts
nucleus

99
Q

How are proteins directed to the proper part of the cell?

A

Signal sequences: no signal peptide, amino terminal signal, and internal signal

100
Q

What is the function of the signal recognition particle (SRP)?

A

binds to the ribosome, causing translation to pause

101
Q 
Which of the following is not a macromolecule? 
A. carbohydrates  
B. water 
C. nucleic acids
D. proteins
E. lipids
A

B. water

102
Q

A hypothesis in biology is best described as:
A. a possible explanation of an observation
B. an observation that supports a theory
C. a general principle that explains some aspect of life
D. an unchanging statement that correctly predicts some aspect of life

A

A. a possible explanation of an observation

103
Q

A scientific theory is:
A. a guess about how things work in the world
B. a statement of how the world works that is supported by experimental data
C. a belief held by many scientists
D. both a and c

A

B. a statement of how the world works that is supported by experimental data

104
Q 
Amino acids are the monomers of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_. 
A. nucleic acids 
B. proteins
C. carbohydrates 
D. lipids
A

B. proteins

105
Q

The cell theory states:
A. cells are small
B. cells are highly organized
C. there is only one type of basic cell
D. all living things are made up of cells

A

D. all living things are made up of cells

106
Q

The property that distinguishes one atom from another atom is:
A. the number of electrons
B. the number of protons
C. the number of neutrons
D. the combined number of protons and neutrons

A

B. the number of protons

107
Q 
Which of the following eukaryotic cellular structures are enclosed by a double membrane? 
A. ribosome and nucleolus 
B. ribosome and nucleus 
C. mitochondria and nucleus 
D. mitochondria and lysosome
A

C. mitochondria and nucleus

108
Q

Which three cellular components are present in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
A. ribosomes, chloroplasts, mitochondria
B. nucleus, ribosomes, RNA
C. RNA, DNA, ribosomes
D. endoplasmic reticulum, DNA, RNA
E. mitochondria, DNA, RNA

A

C. RNA, DNA, ribosomes

109
Q 
The chemical bond between water molecules is a \_\_\_\_\_ bond. 
A. ionic 
B. nonpolar covalent 
C. polar covalent 
D. hydrogen
A

D. hydrogen

110
Q

Which of the following are characteristic of biological systems?
A. high degree of chemical complexity
B. high degree of organization
C. ability to sense and respond to environment
D. highly regulated
E. all other choices are true

A

E. all other choices are true

111
Q

The First Law of Thermodynamics simply states that:
A. energy is constantly being created in the universe.
B. disorder in the universe is continually increasing.
C. energy can be created but not destroyed.
D. energy can neither be created nor destroyed, just changed from one form to another.
E. energy can be recycled through the universe

A

D. energy can neither be created nor destroyed, just changed from one form to another.

112
Q 
Nonpolar molecules tend to aggregate in water because they are forced to come into close 
proximity with each other due to: 
A. ionizing interactions 
B. hydrophilic interactions 
C. hydrophobic interactions 
D. dissolving interactions
A

C. hydrophobic interactions

113
Q 
Compared with a pH of 7, a solution of pH 5 has: 
A. 1/100 of the hydrogen concentration 
B. 5/7 of the hydrogen concentration 
C. very nearly the same concentration 
D. 2 times the hydrogen concentration 
E. 100 times the hydrogen concentration
A

E. 100 times the hydrogen concentration

114
Q 
A peptide bond is found in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_. 
A. proteins 
B. lipids 
C. carbohydrates 
D. only fats 
E. nucleic acids
A

A. proteins

115
Q

You arrive late to a biological seminar. However, just as you enter the room, you hear the
speaker referring to the “amino end” and the “carboxyl end” of a macromolecule. Immediately,
you know that they are talking about a:
A. carbohydrate
B. protein
C.DNA
D. lipid

A

B. protein

116
Q 
Proteins are created with:
A. phosphodiester bonds 
B. peptide bonds 
C. a phosphate and two fatty acids bonded to glycerol 
D. sugar polymers
A

B. peptide bonds

117
Q 
The α helix and β pleated sheet represent \_\_\_\_\_ structure in proteins. 
A. primary 
B. secondary 
C. tertiary 
D. quaternary 
E. polymer
A

B. secondary

118
Q

Defects in which of the following structures are responsible for a condition called “exercise
intolerance,” where individuals suffer extreme fatigue from minimal exertion?
A. mitochondrion
B. ribosome
C. endoplasmic reticulum
D. Golgi apparatus
E. lysosome

A

A. mitochondrion

119
Q

Which of the following sequences of events correctly describes the progress of a protein that will
be secreted from the cell?

  1. SRP binds to the growing polypeptide chain and to the ribosome.
  2. Translation resumes.
  3. SRP binds to its receptor.
  4. The signal sequence is cleaved.
  5. Protein synthesis begins in the cytosol.
  6. Translation pauses.

A. 5 -> 1 -> 6 -> 3 -> 2 -> 4
B. 5 -> 6 -> 1 -> 3 -> 2 -> 4
C. 3 -> 6 ->1 -> 2 -> 4 -> 5

A

A. 5 -> 1 -> 6 -> 3 -> 2 -> 4

Biology 411 (1 decks)

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