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adolescent developmental psych > exam1 > Flashcards

exam1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the definition of developmental psychology?

A

The scientific study of the patterns of growth, change, and stability that occur from conception through death

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2
Q

What are the domains of development in developmental psych?

A

physical, cognitive and socio-emotional

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3
Q

What is physical development?

A

changes in the body and brain

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4
Q

What is cognitive development?

A

changes in thought, intelligence and language

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5
Q

What is socio-emotional development?

A

changes in relationships, emotions and personality

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6
Q

As developmentalists, what do we study?

A

age related changes

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7
Q

What is critical thinking?

A

process of conceptualizing, applying, analyzing, synthesizing and/or evaluating information

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8
Q

What are the 5 components of critical thinking?

A

actively open-minded thinking, search is thorough for the question, inference, split-mind, and confidence

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9
Q

What is empiricism?

A

All knowledge comes from the senses and experience (tabula rasa)

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10
Q

What is nativism?

A

children have innate knowledge of the world (born with knowledge rather than from experience)

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11
Q

What is evolutionary psychology?

A

How natural selection works

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12
Q

What is adaptation?

A

an individuals ability to adjust to changes and new experiences

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13
Q

What is natural selection?

A

conditions genes to make it difficult for some individuals to survive long enough to reproduce while others have selected genes to spread in the population

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14
Q

What is evolution?

A

Individuals within a species differ; some are better at adapting making them more likely to survive and pass along their characteristics

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15
Q

What is the difference between quantitative vs qualitative

A

Continuous vs discontinuous

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16
Q

What is the difference between nature vs nurture?

A

genetics vs environment

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17
Q

What is the difference between active vs passive child?

A

Children actively influencing their development through characteristics vs children simply being at the mercy of the enviornment

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18
Q

What is the difference between critical and sensitive periods?

A

A critical period is a time when something must occur to ensure normal development. A sensitive period is when a particular development is most likely but doesn’t have to occur at that time

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19
Q

What is comparative research?

A

Comparing two or more things to discover something about one or all of the things being compared

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20
Q

What is the biological perspective? (ecological, evolutionary)

A

Believes behavior to be a consequence of our genetics

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21
Q

What is the psychodynamic perspective?

A

Contends that childhood experiences are crucial in shaping adult personality

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22
Q

What is the learning perspective? (AKA behaviorism)

A

How environment and experience affects a person’s actions

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23
Q

What is the social cognitive theory?

A

considers behavior and development a dynamic and reciprocal interaction of the person, environment and behavior

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24
Q

What are the three components of the social cognitive theory? (AKA reciprocal determinism)

A

Modeling, observation, vicarious reinforcement

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25
Q

What is vicarious reinforcement?

A

behavior changes after seeing reward or punishment

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26
Q

What is the cognitive perspective?

A

Focuses on all internal mental processes like learning, how we acquiring knowledge, thinking, language development, attention and memory

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27
Q

What is the contextual perspective?

A

Focuses on environmental influences, their interaction with the child and relationships between the child and the physical, cognitive and social worlds

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28
Q

What are the systems theories?

A

dynamic: focuses on behavior during transitions
ecological: Focuses on individuals relationships with communities and the wider society

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29
Q

What are the properties associated with the scientific method?

A

Describe, explain, predict, influence

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30
Q

What is external validity?

A

results of a study can be generalized to and across other situations, people, stimuli and times

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31
Q

What is internal validity?

A

one is confident that the cause and effect relationship is not due to confounds

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32
Q

What is test-retest reliability?

A

similar scores across different times and situations

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33
Q

What is interrater reliability?

A

consistency of two different researchers getting the same results using the same measure

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34
Q

What does operationalize mean?

A

identifies how to specifically define and measure all research variables

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35
Q

How are constructs measured?

A

questionnaires or tests with multiple items

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36
Q

What is naturalistic observation?

A

observing subjects in their natural environment

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37
Q

What are structured surveys?

A

set of standardized questions with a fixed scheme

38
Q

What are the pros and cons of naturalistic observation?

A

Pros: high external validity
Cons: observer bias, time consuming, low internal and interrater reliability

39
Q

What is correlation research?

A

relationship between variables

40
Q

What are the pros and cons of correlation research?

A

Pros: prediction
Cons: doesn’t provide casual inclusions, 3rd variable problem

41
Q

What are correlation coefficients?

A

Magnitude- strength of relationship

direction- positive or negative

42
Q

What is experimental research?

A

isolate cause and effect with dependent and independent variables

43
Q

What are the pros and cons of experimental research?

A

pros: provides casual conclusions
cons: confounds, experimenter and subject bias

44
Q

What are age graded influences?

A

influences on development in the same group (ex. puberty)

45
Q

What are longitudinal studies?

A

measuring the same ability or behavior from the same sample on a regular basis over a period of time

46
Q

What are cross-sectional studies?

A

measures development changes by comparing children of different age groups at one time point

47
Q

What are the pros and cons of longitudinal studies?

A

pros: age related changes
cons: time and cost, selective drop out, testing effects

48
Q

What are the pros and cons of cross-sectional studies?

A

pros: less time and cost, only practical design to measure certain behaviors
cons: measures age differences rather than age changes, selection bias

49
Q

What are chromosomes?

A

found in the nucleus of cells, carries genetic info in the form of genes

50
Q

What are genes?

A

unit of heredity transferred from parent to offspring, forms part of a chromosome

51
Q

What is meiosis?

A

The formation of egg and sperm cells

52
Q

What is the difference between monozygotic and dizygotic twins?

A

Monozygotic- identical, fertilization of a single egg that splits in two
Dizygotic- fraternal, fertilization of two separate eggs during same pregnancy

53
Q

What are alleles?

A

different versions of a gene

54
Q

What are dominant vs recessive genes?

A

dominant- the trait that is shown or observed

recessive- the trait that is not seen

55
Q

What are homozygous vs heterozygous genes?

A

homozygous- inherited two identical versions of a gene

heterozygous- two different versions of a gene (AKA alleles)

56
Q

What is prenatal testing?

A

identifies whether the baby is more or less likely to have birth defects, which are usually genetic disorders

57
Q

What is a structural vs regulatory sequence?

A

Structural- encodes proteins that function in the structure of a cell
regulatory- carries out metabolic reactions

58
Q

What is a genotype?

A

genetic code

59
Q

What is a phenotype?

A

expression of the genotype in the form of characteristics and traits which are visible and can be measured

60
Q

How many chromosomes are in the nucleus of a cell?

A

23

61
Q

How many chromosomes are in the nucleus of sperm and ovum cells?

A

46

62
Q

What is polygenic inheritance?

A

When one characteristic is controlled by two or more genes

63
Q

What are epigenetics?

A

the study of how your behaviors and environment can cause changes that affect the way your genes work

64
Q

What is a passive genotype?

A

association between the genotype a child inherits from their parents

65
Q

What is an evocative genotype?

A

association between an individuals genetically influenced behavior and other reactions to that behavior

66
Q

How do we test behavioral genetics?

A

family, twin and adoption correlations to estimate contributions of genetic and environmental influences

67
Q

What is the Scarr and McCartney model?

A

proposed that genes affect the environments that individuals choose to interact with

68
Q

What is conception?

A

sperm nearing the egg

69
Q

What is the zygote?

A

conception to 2 weeks

70
Q

What is the inner cell mass?

A

cellular mass on one side of embryo, forms within the blastocyst, prior to its implantation within the uterus

71
Q

What is a trophoblast?

A

cells that form on the outer layer of a blastocyst. Presents 4 days post-fertilization. Provides nutrients to the embryo

72
Q

What is a blastocyst?

A

fifth or sixth day of fertilization, a rapidly dividing ball of cells. Inner group of cells will become the embryo

73
Q

What happens in the embryo?

A

2 to end of 8 weeks, development of major organs and neural tube, start of neurogenesis

74
Q

What happens during the fetus stage?

A

9th week to birth, continued growth and cell differentiation, fetal sensory development, age of viability

75
Q

What is age viability?

A

the age a premature baby can survive outside the uterus

76
Q

What is APGAR?

A 
Appearance 
Pulse
Grimace
Activity
Respiration
77
Q

What is a teratogen?

A

environmental substance that can cause damage during the prenatal period

78
Q

What are some examples of a teratogen?

A

cigarettes, alcohol, nicotine, caffeine

79
Q

How will deprivation affect brain development?

A

Could cause slower learning ability and more likely to have attention deficit/hyperactivity disorders

80
Q

What is the concept of serve and return?

A

The child “serves” by reaching for interaction like crying, babbling etc and the caregiver returns with words, a hug, etc. This is considered a building block for early brain development

81
Q

What is neurogenesis?

A

The process of new neurons forming in the brain

82
Q

What is synaptic pruning?

A

The brains way of removing connections in the brain that are no longer needed; occurs between early childhood and adulthood

83
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

genetically programmed cell death

84
Q

What is myelination?

A

Fatty insulating material that wraps around an axon

85
Q

What is plasticity?

A

The adaptability to changes in the environment

86
Q

What is habituation?

A

The diminishing of a physiological or emotional response to a frequently repeated stimulus

87
Q

What is preferential looking?

A

test used to assess visual acuity in infants and young children who are unable to identify pictures and letters

88
Q

What is child directed speech?

A

physically exaggerated and tonally high-pitched style of speech used when talking to babies

89
Q

What are some infant pattern preferences?

A

bright colors, movement, contrasting patterns

90
Q

What is visual acuity?

A

measure of the ability of the eye to distinguish shapes and details of objects at a given distance

91
Q

What is a visual cliff?

A

a test given to infants to see if they have developed depth perception

92
Q

What are epigenetics?

A

How your behaviors and environment can cause changes that affect the way your genes work

adolescent developmental psych (1 decks)

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