Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

adolescent developmental psych > exam1 > Flashcards

exam1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of developmental psychology?

A

The scientific study of the patterns of growth, change, and stability that occur from conception through death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the domains of development in developmental psych?

A

physical, cognitive and socio-emotional

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is physical development?

A

changes in the body and brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is cognitive development?

A

changes in thought, intelligence and language

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is socio-emotional development?

A

changes in relationships, emotions and personality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

As developmentalists, what do we study?

A

age related changes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is critical thinking?

A

process of conceptualizing, applying, analyzing, synthesizing and/or evaluating information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the 5 components of critical thinking?

A

actively open-minded thinking, search is thorough for the question, inference, split-mind, and confidence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is empiricism?

A

All knowledge comes from the senses and experience (tabula rasa)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is nativism?

A

children have innate knowledge of the world (born with knowledge rather than from experience)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is evolutionary psychology?

A

How natural selection works

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is adaptation?

A

an individuals ability to adjust to changes and new experiences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is natural selection?

A

conditions genes to make it difficult for some individuals to survive long enough to reproduce while others have selected genes to spread in the population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is evolution?

A

Individuals within a species differ; some are better at adapting making them more likely to survive and pass along their characteristics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the difference between quantitative vs qualitative

A

Continuous vs discontinuous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the difference between nature vs nurture?

A

genetics vs environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the difference between active vs passive child?

A

Children actively influencing their development through characteristics vs children simply being at the mercy of the enviornment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the difference between critical and sensitive periods?

A

A critical period is a time when something must occur to ensure normal development. A sensitive period is when a particular development is most likely but doesn’t have to occur at that time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is comparative research?

A

Comparing two or more things to discover something about one or all of the things being compared

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the biological perspective? (ecological, evolutionary)

A

Believes behavior to be a consequence of our genetics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the psychodynamic perspective?

A

Contends that childhood experiences are crucial in shaping adult personality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the learning perspective? (AKA behaviorism)

A

How environment and experience affects a person’s actions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the social cognitive theory?

A

considers behavior and development a dynamic and reciprocal interaction of the person, environment and behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the three components of the social cognitive theory? (AKA reciprocal determinism)

A

Modeling, observation, vicarious reinforcement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is vicarious reinforcement?
behavior changes after seeing reward or punishment
26
What is the cognitive perspective?
Focuses on all internal mental processes like learning, how we acquiring knowledge, thinking, language development, attention and memory
27
What is the contextual perspective?
Focuses on environmental influences, their interaction with the child and relationships between the child and the physical, cognitive and social worlds
28
What are the systems theories?
dynamic: focuses on behavior during transitions ecological: Focuses on individuals relationships with communities and the wider society
29
What are the properties associated with the scientific method?
Describe, explain, predict, influence
30
What is external validity?
results of a study can be generalized to and across other situations, people, stimuli and times
31
What is internal validity?
one is confident that the cause and effect relationship is not due to confounds
32
What is test-retest reliability?
similar scores across different times and situations
33
What is interrater reliability?
consistency of two different researchers getting the same results using the same measure
34
What does operationalize mean?
identifies how to specifically define and measure all research variables
35
How are constructs measured?
questionnaires or tests with multiple items
36
What is naturalistic observation?
observing subjects in their natural environment
37
What are structured surveys?
set of standardized questions with a fixed scheme
38
What are the pros and cons of naturalistic observation?
Pros: high external validity Cons: observer bias, time consuming, low internal and interrater reliability
39
What is correlation research?
relationship between variables
40
What are the pros and cons of correlation research?
Pros: prediction Cons: doesn't provide casual inclusions, 3rd variable problem
41
What are correlation coefficients?
Magnitude- strength of relationship | direction- positive or negative
42
What is experimental research?
isolate cause and effect with dependent and independent variables
43
What are the pros and cons of experimental research?
pros: provides casual conclusions cons: confounds, experimenter and subject bias
44
What are age graded influences?
influences on development in the same group (ex. puberty)
45
What are longitudinal studies?
measuring the same ability or behavior from the same sample on a regular basis over a period of time
46
What are cross-sectional studies?
measures development changes by comparing children of different age groups at one time point
47
What are the pros and cons of longitudinal studies?
pros: age related changes cons: time and cost, selective drop out, testing effects
48
What are the pros and cons of cross-sectional studies?
pros: less time and cost, only practical design to measure certain behaviors cons: measures age differences rather than age changes, selection bias
49
What are chromosomes?
found in the nucleus of cells, carries genetic info in the form of genes
50
What are genes?
unit of heredity transferred from parent to offspring, forms part of a chromosome
51
What is meiosis?
The formation of egg and sperm cells
52
What is the difference between monozygotic and dizygotic twins?
Monozygotic- identical, fertilization of a single egg that splits in two Dizygotic- fraternal, fertilization of two separate eggs during same pregnancy
53
What are alleles?
different versions of a gene
54
What are dominant vs recessive genes?
dominant- the trait that is shown or observed | recessive- the trait that is not seen
55
What are homozygous vs heterozygous genes?
homozygous- inherited two identical versions of a gene | heterozygous- two different versions of a gene (AKA alleles)
56
What is prenatal testing?
identifies whether the baby is more or less likely to have birth defects, which are usually genetic disorders
57
What is a structural vs regulatory sequence?
Structural- encodes proteins that function in the structure of a cell regulatory- carries out metabolic reactions
58
What is a genotype?
genetic code
59
What is a phenotype?
expression of the genotype in the form of characteristics and traits which are visible and can be measured
60
How many chromosomes are in the nucleus of a cell?
23
61
How many chromosomes are in the nucleus of sperm and ovum cells?
46
62
What is polygenic inheritance?
When one characteristic is controlled by two or more genes
63
What are epigenetics?
the study of how your behaviors and environment can cause changes that affect the way your genes work
64
What is a passive genotype?
association between the genotype a child inherits from their parents
65
What is an evocative genotype?
association between an individuals genetically influenced behavior and other reactions to that behavior
66
How do we test behavioral genetics?
family, twin and adoption correlations to estimate contributions of genetic and environmental influences
67
What is the Scarr and McCartney model?
proposed that genes affect the environments that individuals choose to interact with
68
What is conception?
sperm nearing the egg
69
What is the zygote?
conception to 2 weeks
70
What is the inner cell mass?
cellular mass on one side of embryo, forms within the blastocyst, prior to its implantation within the uterus
71
What is a trophoblast?
cells that form on the outer layer of a blastocyst. Presents 4 days post-fertilization. Provides nutrients to the embryo
72
What is a blastocyst?
fifth or sixth day of fertilization, a rapidly dividing ball of cells. Inner group of cells will become the embryo
73
What happens in the embryo?
2 to end of 8 weeks, development of major organs and neural tube, start of neurogenesis
74
What happens during the fetus stage?
9th week to birth, continued growth and cell differentiation, fetal sensory development, age of viability
75
What is age viability?
the age a premature baby can survive outside the uterus
76
What is APGAR?
``` Appearance Pulse Grimace Activity Respiration ```
77
What is a teratogen?
environmental substance that can cause damage during the prenatal period
78
What are some examples of a teratogen?
cigarettes, alcohol, nicotine, caffeine
79
How will deprivation affect brain development?
Could cause slower learning ability and more likely to have attention deficit/hyperactivity disorders
80
What is the concept of serve and return?
The child "serves" by reaching for interaction like crying, babbling etc and the caregiver returns with words, a hug, etc. This is considered a building block for early brain development
81
What is neurogenesis?
The process of new neurons forming in the brain
82
What is synaptic pruning?
The brains way of removing connections in the brain that are no longer needed; occurs between early childhood and adulthood
83
What is apoptosis?
genetically programmed cell death
84
What is myelination?
Fatty insulating material that wraps around an axon
85
What is plasticity?
The adaptability to changes in the environment
86
What is habituation?
The diminishing of a physiological or emotional response to a frequently repeated stimulus
87
What is preferential looking?
test used to assess visual acuity in infants and young children who are unable to identify pictures and letters
88
What is child directed speech?
physically exaggerated and tonally high-pitched style of speech used when talking to babies
89
What are some infant pattern preferences?
bright colors, movement, contrasting patterns
90
What is visual acuity?
measure of the ability of the eye to distinguish shapes and details of objects at a given distance
91
What is a visual cliff?
a test given to infants to see if they have developed depth perception
92
What are epigenetics?
How your behaviors and environment can cause changes that affect the way your genes work

adolescent developmental psych (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions