Exam Unit 3 Flashcards
Plan 3 points for evaluating one social psychological explanation of stress (Daily hassels- Super heoro)
- Daily hassels and negative effects: bouteyre (41% of uni students depressive symptoms), Sher 2004 (biological response increased cortisol in healthy + development of depression in vulnerable)
- Age differences effecting: Aldwin (2014) as get older more hassels less uplifts
- Hassels and uplifts scale: social desirability, unwilling to admit, does not allow for ‘uneffected’ only ‘somewhat’, difference in perception
Plan to points of a social psychologicak explanation of stress (life changes- side kick)
- Holmes and Rahe: life events linked with illness in navy personel
- Cohen: life events scale then exposed to virus , ethical issues but condoundings controlled
Strengths and weaknesses of one biological explanation of stress (Acute)
S= providing explanations for stress related diseases: Leor et al found an increase in the number of deaths caused by cardiovascular problems on the day of an eathquake in california W= Adrenaline cooing with stressor: fight or flight being male based research, Shelly Taylor found women do tend or befriend instead, protecting off spring
Individual differences explanation of stress
- Hardiness: Control, commitment, challenge. Focusing, Relieving, Self improvement. Training targets perception and coping and provides ability to cope with situations later in life but takes time commitment and money and we should consider gender differences in research.
- Type A/B: A= stress, ambition, impatient, negative health. B= relaxed,layed back nature E.g. Rosemman- 70% with heart disease was A
What are the two methods of modifying stress (explanation only)
Beta blockers- non selective= propanolol blocks adrenaline and noradrenaline: heat, kidney, liver, B1+B2. Selective= Atenolol, heart as only block B1
Stress inoculation training- process: 1. conceptualisation- relationship, break down stressor 2. Skills acquisition- coping skills, strategies practiced 3. Application- apply skills role play
Evaluate Beta blockers
Reduces time off work helping economy
Reduces physical symptoms
Banned in sports
Multiple side effects- risk of addition
Evaluate Stress Inoculation training
Blementhal- men with heart disease had less problems after SIT
More long lasting compared to drug therapy
Terri Saunders- stress in workplace better performing under stress after SIT
May cause distress psychological harm
The 4 characteristics of crime
- Sex offenders- social contact without consent, inflicting pain/humiliation, Like watching violence + exposing themselves
- Murderers type 1- social offender, lower IQ, socially inadequate + lack of discipline as a child
- Murderers type 2- organised/non social offender, higher IQ, socially adequate, harshly disciplined as a child
- Terrorist- motivated by politically/economically triggered issues, potential psychological defect that produces errant behaviours (schiz/paranoia)
Explain Biological explanation 1 of criminal behaviour
Inherited criminality
- candidate genes: Bruner- those with violent criminal history all shared a gene leading to low levels of MAOA
- diathesis stress: genes on or off but needing to be triggered
- difference in brain: Raine- violent individuals having reduced function in the prefrontal cortex
Explain Biological explanation 2 of criminal behaviour
Role of the amygdala
- YuGao: amygdala and fear conditioning, a dysfunction of amygdala means they can’t link punishment to behaviour
- Caccaro: found people with IED had high levels of amygdala activity linking amygdala activity and processing aggressive emotions
Evaluate biological explanation 1 of criminal behaviour: inherited criminality
W- determinist explanation
W- brain differences: cause/effect must be linked to physical/psychological effect
Evaluate biological explanation 2 of criminal behaviour : role of amygdala
W- nature only
W- reductionist: other parts of brain not considered
S- support from longitudinal studies- aggression associated with lower amygdala volumes: variables controlled, internal validity
Explain individual differences 1 of criminal behaviour
Eyesnecks criminal personality
- theory of personality , 3 dimensions:
1. Extraversion: outgoing, positive, bored easily. Underaroused + seek arousal
2. Neuroticism: negative, depressed, moody. Unstable + overreact
Link- extraverts condition contain slower and psychoticism more impulsive
Explain individual differences 2 of criminal behaviour
Cognitive factors
- Cognative dissortions: criminals suffer non criminals don’t causing…..
Errors in attribution (reasoning)
Hostile attribution ( always thinking the worst)
Minimalisation (under exaggerated)
E.g. Kholbergs- moral reasoning
Evaluate individual differences 1 of criminal behaviour : eyesnecks criminal personality
S- interactionist (N+N)
W- not consistent (home/work personality)
W- only based on caught criminals
Evaluate individual differences 2 of criminal behaviour: cognative factors
W- only based on caught criminals
W- nature only
Explain social psychological explanation 1 of criminal behaviour
Differential association theory
- criminals made not born
- Sutherland: if family held pro crime attitudes you would accept these as the norm
- Skinners rats: operant conditioning
Explain Social psychological explain 2 of criminal behaviour
Gender socialisation
- Patterns of socialisation E.g. Sutherland: boys encouraged to be risk takers, girls to conform
- Toys: gender aimed
- Role model, social learning theory: observation, imitation, reinforcement + Difference in social control
Evaluate social psychological explanation 1 of criminal behaviour: Differential association theory
S- previous research- 40% with convict fathers committed crime by the age of 18 compared to 13% who don’t, BUT NOT showing cause and effect
W- Farmington: father being influence- father may not be present
C’s: 4 point plan on sexism
Gender differences/bias- Frued psych development femininity failed masculinity, Hoffman girls better, kohlberg male assuming universal
Heterosexism- Alpha (distinguishing diff perpetuate stereotypes) or beta (desregarding diffs devalued). Nature nurture (brain = understanding but believed)
Historical and social context- fight or flight Shelley Taylor. Feminist psych more bio diffs but social stereotypes greater contribution.
Invisibility of women- top 100 only 6 women
Advantages and disadvantages of ethical issues
Advantages:
Individual participants- double obligation dilemma, always a risk but..
Benefits to society- understanding, eye witness testimony, antidepressants
Disadvantages:
Risk management techniques (ethical commitee), baumrind (criticised milgram legitimise)
Potential concequences to society- socially sensitive (bluestein and Schwartz), diagnosing potential developing schiz (early intervention or believed behaviour)
Cultural bus- free or not (4 points)
- Greater understanding through cross cultural studies (Kholbergs sample) VS Natural tendency to ethnocentrism (Ks same western method, own normal/better)
- Greater recognition of ethnocentrism VS Alpha and Beta bias (schiz vary between cultures and western samples theories ignoring differences)
- The more research less likely to be bias VS western bias in text books (Rozenweig- 64% American)
- Indigenous VS Funding making widening Ps unlikely
3 points of scientific status
Benefits of being a science to society and the economy- ethical/moral research for drug therapy
Costs of being a science- determinist (cause and effect, butterfly effect), reductionist (Laing missed elements so should be individual cases)
Changing nature of science- subject matter = mental illness but should be how we can flourish, Watson and Raynor
Explain methods of modifying criminal behaviour 1
Anger management- aim to help reduce anger, prisons (75% improvement rates, reduced costs). Novacco 3 aims cognative restructuring, regulation of arousal and behavioural strategies
SIT (conceptualise, skills acquisition, application)
