Exam two study guide Flashcards
In regard to function of skeletal system, what are the five functions of the skeletal system?
Support, storage, blood cell production, protection and movement.
The support function does what
provides support and framework for attachment of soft tissue and organs.
Storage function does what
Calcium and phosphorus ions in body fluids, stores energy in lipids in yellow marrow.
Blood cell production (hematopoiesis) does what
red and white blood cells within red marrow.
Protection does what
bones protect soft tissue and organs
Movement does what
attach to bones by tendons, use as levers
In regard to general shapes of bones, long bones are
longer then wide, (femur) head of bone is proximal
Short bones are
generally cube shaped and mostly spongy bone, (carpal, sesamoid)
Flat bones are
thin, flattened, usually curved (parietal bone from roof of skull)
irregular bones are
complex shaped (vertebrae)
Osteocytes are
Mature bone cells found in compact and spongy bone, maintain normal bone structure by recycling calcium salts
Osteoblast are
cells responsible for production of new bone (osteogenesis). Produce new bone matrix and deposition of calcium salts
osteoclasts are
dissolve bony matrix by recreating acids and enzymes through resorption, regulates amounts of calcium and phosphates in fluids
ossification is
cartilage or other connective tissue are replaced by bone
calcification is
deposit of calcium salts during ossification
modeling is
all long bones start as cartilage, serves as model
remodeling is
continuously losing/bring in calcium & minerals through blood and pull of gravity
Calcium Metabolism is
D3 has been processed into liver, kidneys convert to calcitroll, a hormone that stimulates absorption of Ca & phosphate ions in digestion tract
Diaphysis is
a central shaft of long bone
Epiphyses is
expanded portions of the long bone covered by hyaline (articular cartilage)
Physis is
Growth
Metaphysis is
between growth
Periosteum is
outer surface of a bone, isolates bone from surrounding tissue, circ. and nervous supplies, growth and repair
Cancellous bone is
also called trabecular bone, spongy part of bone which fills the epiphyses
Red marrow is
forms blood cells in spongy bone of flat bones and epiphyses of some long bones
yellow marrow is
storage area for adipose tissue
oseon is
basic function and structural unit of compact bone
Lamellae is
cylindrical structures of calcified matrix orient parallel to long axis of central canal
Lacunae is
small pockets found in matrix between lamellae
Canaliculi is
small channels through matrix which interconnect lacunae to blood vessels
Calcium is
most abundant mineral in human, calcium phosphate 2/3 wt. of bone (calcium,ca phosphate, ca salt)
In regard to fractures, closed and open are
no broken skin, not exposed to environment and open skin, open to environment.
greenstick is
children, angular force applied to long bone, bowing 1 side of cortex, fracture opposite side
Torus is
localized buckling or bulge, little to no displacment
Transverse is
perpendicular to the long bone
Oblique is
angular break, obliquely along axis
spiral is
or torsion, broken with twisting force on more then one plane
Comminuted is
three or more bone frag
Segmental is
leaves free floating segment of bone
impacted is
axial load force, drives bone ends together
in regards to injuries, sprain is
stretches or tears one or more ligaments with in joints
strain is
muscle tissue gets torn
dislocation is
complete displacement of a bone end from normal position
subluxation is
partial dislocation with in a joint capsule, risk of entrapping, compressing or tearing nearby blood vessels
Articular tissue is
thin cap of the original cartilage model, remains exposed to the joint cavity
epiphyseal plate is
growth plate, lengthwise growth bone by puberty
fossa is
shallow depression
Foramen is
rounded passageway for blood vessels and nerves
sinus is
chamber within a bone normally filled with air
groove is
sulcus
Osteon or Haversian Structure
basic functional and structural unit of compact bone, see slide 23 for pic
Axial Skeleton is
80 bones, skull, vertebral column, thoracic cage
Appendicular skeleton is
126 bones, upper/ lower limbs, pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle
Bones of the face and skulls
22 bones, 8 skull, 14 face
Skull is comprised of
8 bones, frontal, 2 parietal, occipital, 2 temporal, sphenoid and ethmoid
Face is comprised of
14 bones, maxilla, zygomatic, lacrimal, nasal, vomer, inferior nasal conchae, mandible, palatine see slide 31
Foramen Magnum is
big hole under skull for brain stem and spinal cord
Vertebra body is
weight bearing portion of the vertbra
Hyoid bone is
base of tongue, doesn’t articulate
fontanel is
baby’s soft spot, cranial bones connected to fibrous connective tissue-bone in infancy
Three (axial) parts of sternum are
Manubrium, body and xiphoid process
Bones that form ankle are
Talus (articulates), Calcaneus, navicular, cuboid, 1,2,3 cuneiform
Atlas is
C1 vertebrae
Axis is
C2 vertbrae
Ribs and locations are
12 ribs, true ribs (7) attched to sternum, False (8-10) fuse together, floating (11-12) no connective tissue
three joint classifications are
Fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial
Fibrous joints are
reflect type of connective tissue that binds (little to no movement) suture line in skull
Cartilaginous joints are
bone ends are connected to fibrocartilage (little or no movement) intervertebral joints, pelvis
Synovial joints are
surrounded by fibrous tissue and end of bones are covered by cartilage (free movement) wide range
Types of joints
Gliding, hinge, pivot, ellipsoidal, saddle, ball and socket
Gliding joints are
non axial, flat surface allow slide (clavicles, carpals, and tarsals)
Hinge joints are
uniaxial, angular movement in single plane (elbow, knee and ankle)
Pivot joints are
uniaxial, permit rotation only (head, head of radius)
Ellipsoidal are
biaxial, oval articular face with depression pop end (radius with carpal)
Saddle joints are
biaxial, articular faces fit together like saddle (carpo-metacarpal joint-thumb)
Ball and socket joints are
multi axial, round head of bone rests within a cup-shaped depression (shoulder and hip joints)
Diarthrosis is
a freely moveable joint (synovial)
Amphiarthrosis is
a slightly moveable articulation
Synarthrosis is
an immovable joint which bones are united by fibrous connective tissue
Hematopoiesis is
production of all types of blood cells, reside in bone marrow, maintain stem cell
Sella turcia is
saddle shaped depression in the body of the sphenoid bone (landmark)
inroVertebral disc is
fibrocartilage between vertebral bodies so they dont touch
Hard Palates vs Soft palates
roof of mouth; hard front, soft in back
vertebral column break down and count
24 single bones; cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, coccyx
cervical vertebrae is
c1-c7
Thoracic vertebrae is
t1-t12
Lumbar vertebrae is
L1-L5
