Exam Two Flashcards
According to theory-theory, what kind of information are young children seeking when they ask “Why?”
A) They are asking for a scientific reason fro why and how things happen.
B) They want to know how the situation or behavior affects them.
C) They are attempting to increase their vocabulary.
D) They are looking for an in-depth explanation.
B) They want to know how the situation or behavior affects them.
According to Vygotsky, which capability is demonstrated when young children imitate adult actions that are irrelevant, time-consuming, and inefficient?
A) Observing
B) Scaffolding
C) Modeling
D) Overimitation
D) Overimitation
A key factor that strengthens a preschooler’s cognition is:
A) having an older sibling.
B) whether or not the child is adopted.
C) body weight.
D) knowledge of the alphabet.
A) having an older sibling.
Salim is in a teacher-directed preschool. Which activity would his parents NOT expect him to be doing?
A) Listening to a story read aloud during circle time.
B) Forming the letter ‘M’ in a tray filled with shaving cream.
C) Gluing pieces of macaroni on a paper plate to form a number.
D) Working on a long-term individual project about bird.
D) Working on a long-term individual project about birds.
The characteristic of preoperational thought in which a young child thinks that nothing changes is called:
A) animism.
B) conservation.
C) static reasoning.
D) centration.
C) static reasoning.
Kayla is 4 years old and has recently begun coordinating the two sides of her body more efficiently. This improvement can be attributed to:
A) the growth of her corpus callosum.
B) her arms and legs growing longer.
C) her brain’s lateralization.
D) adequate calcium in her diet.
A) the growth of her corpus callosum.
Which type of injury prevention begins after an injury and is done to limit the damage caused by the injury?
A) Primary
B) Tertiary
C) Quaternary
D) Secondary
B) Tertiary
Joachim lives in the United States. His mother speaks to him in Spanish. His father speaks to him in German. His parents hope that Joachim will:
A) speak English with an accent.
B) become a balanced trilingual.
C) experience a language shift.
D) not learn English.
B) become a balanced trilingual.
The Piagetian term for a particular type of centration in which a child thinks about the world only from his or her personal perspective is:
A) static reasoning.
B) egocentrism.
C) irreversibility.
D) conservatism.
B) egocentrism.
The underlying factor allowing the development of theory of mind is:
A) the simultaneous development of magical thinking.
B) maturation of the prefrontal cortex.
C) static reasoning.
D) centration.
B) maturation of the prefrontal cortex.
A 6-year-old human’s brain is ___ percent of the adult brain’s weight.
A) 55
B) 65
C) 75
D) 90
B) 65
The increased activity of the amygdala is a reason that young children experience:
A) a language explosion.
B) the ability to write.
C) frightening nightmares.
D) an increased susceptibility to disease.
C) frightening nightmares.
At what age does any specific disease overtake accidents as a cause for human mortality?
A) 20
B) 40
C) 50
D) 60
B) 40
The left side of the brain notices ________, while the right sides grasps ________.
A) the big picture, the details
B) the details, emotions
C) emotions, language
D) creative impulses, detailed analysis
B) the details, emotions
Demetrius’s family recently immigrated to the United States from the Ukraine. After he attended kindergarten, his parents noticed that his English was more fluent than his native language. Demetrius was exhibiting:
A) a language shift.
B) accelerated bilingualism.
C) a vocabulary explosion.
D) linguistic egocentrism.
A) a language shift.
Sunnymont Preschool has plenty of opportunities for the children to play dress-up, dance, build with blocks, finger-paint, and be creative. Sunnymont is most likely a ________ program.
A) Vygotsky-based
B) child-centered
C) teacher-director
D) bilingual
B) child-centered
A child is shown two identical tall containers, both half-filled with water. The contents of one container are then poured into a short, wide container. If the child states that both containers still have the same amount, then the child understands the concept of:
A) classification.
B) conservation.
C) centration.
D) transformation.
B) conservation.
What proportion of all children under the age of 6 in the United States suffer from tooth decay?
A) 1/8
B) 1/4
C) 1/3
D) 1/2
C) 1/3
About ___ percent of people in Great Britain and the United States are left-handed.
A) 5
B) 10
C) 20
D) 50
B) 10
In developed nations, which nutrients are MOST apt to be lacking in a child’s diet?
A) Calcium, Iron, and Zinc
B) B Vitamins
C) Magnesium, Vitamin A, and Vitamin D
D) Vitamin C and Vitamin E
A) Calcium, Iron, and Zinc
Low-income males in Chicago who attended the High/Scope preschool had such long-lasting benefits from the program that for every $1 spent on the program, society saved ____ because as adults, the men avoided incarceration and paid income taxes.
A) $2
B) $4
C) $7
D) $12
B) $4
The goal of most teacher-directed preschools is:
A) promoting individual achievement.
B) encouraging informal social interaction.
C) to make children ready to learn.
D) teaching children to read by the end of the year.
C) to make children ready to learn.
An example of a gross motor skill is:
A) painting a picture.
B) dialing a phone.
C) picking up a bug.
D) hopping on one foot.
D) hopping on one foot.
Which statement about oral health is true?
A) It is not necessary to brush until children start to lose their baby teeth.
B) Almost all young children in the United States have been to the dentist.
C) Diet soda is a good option to help prevent tooth decay in children.
D) It is vital for children in early childhood to brush their teeth every day.
D) It is vital for children in early childhood to brush their teeth every day.
Opinions surrounding the issues of children’s freedom on playgrounds and their supervision in public places are often affected by a person’s:
A) culture.
B) education level.
C) income.
D) religion.
A) culture.
Daryl has a ball of Silly Putty. His 6-year-old son, Mason, watches as Daryl flattens the Silly Putty into a thin “pancake.” When Daryl asks Mason if there is now more Silly Putty, Mason replies “Yes” because he has:
A) an understanding of scaffolding.
B) not mastered the concept of conservation.
C) an understanding of object permanence.
D) demonstrated fast-mapping.
B) not mastered the concept of conservation.
The long band of nerve fibers that connects the brain’s hemispheres is:
A) myelination.
B) the corpus callosum.
C) the prefrontal cortex.
D) the axon cord.
B) the corpus callosum.
Preschoolers often have trouble tying their shoelaces because they have inadequate:
A) finger strength.
B) fine motor skills.
C) coordination and balance.
D) gross motor skills.
B) fine motor skills
The structures, rules, and techniques used to communicate meaning in language are called:
A) inflections.
B) logical extensions.
C) grammar.
D) theory-theory.
C) grammar.
Four-year-old Jonathan is sitting at the lunch counter next to his sister Erin. They are having hot dogs for lunch. When his mom cuts Jonathan’s hot dog into five pieces and Erin’s into six pieces. Jonathan protests, “Erin has more than me!” Which ability does Jonathan not yet demonstrate?
A) animism.
B) centration.
C) egocentrism.
D) conservation.
D) conservation.
What is a leading cause of death among children between the ages of 1 and 4 years old?
A) Drowning
B) Poisoning
C) Falling
D) Cancer
A) Drowning
Children typically understand the basics of grammar by the:
A) age of 2.
B) time the child has a vocabulary of about 300 words.
C) time the child has a vocabulary of about 600 words.
D) age of 5.
A) age of 2.
According to Vygotsky, guided participation requires that a child:
A) interacts with a mentor to accomplish a task.
B) is told instruction for a task only once.
C) discovers the solution to a task on his or her own.
D) be taught new skills by other children.
A) interacts with a mentor to accomplish a task.
Gross motor skills such as riding a tricycle are acquired:
A) through practice only.
B) due to brain maturation only.
C) through brain maturation and practice.
D) only if the parents teach the skills.
C) through brain maturation and practice.
Which is an example of scaffolding?
A) David helps his son build a model airplane by assembling it while his son watches.
B) Howard and Priscilla buy a Wii game system for their 5-year-old daughter Rebecca. They set it up for her and then allow her to figure out how to turn it on and use it.
C) Richard buys a do-it-yourself kite kit for his 6-year-old daughter Angela. He lays all of the pieces out for her and then allows her to read the instructions and follow them herself.
D) Miriam helps her son Ben to make cookies. She measures all of the ingredients out and places them on the counter in small bowls. She reads the recipe aloud as Ben places the ingredients in the bowl and mixes them together with a spoon.
D) Miriam helps her son Ben to make cookies. She measures all of the ingredients out and places them on the counter in small bowls. She reads the recipe aloud as Ben places the ingredients in the bowl and mixes them together with a spoon.
Logical extension involves:
A) linking a newly-learned word to other objects in the same category.
B) mentally charting new words.
C) applying a new concept to a preexisting category.
D) equilibrium.
A) lining a newly-learned word to other objects in the same category.
Jake’s father takes him to the barber for his first real haircut. At first, Jake is excited, but as soon as the barber makes the first cut in his hair he becomes very upset and tells his father to the barber stop. In spite of his father’s efforts to assure Jake that his hair will grow back, Jake is exhibiting the characteristic known as:
A) animism.
B) centration.
C) egocentrism.
D) irreversibility.
D) irreversibility.
When Jennie sees her third-grade teacher in the grocery store, she is shocked to see her outside of school. This is likely due to Jennie’s:
A) static reasoning.
B) abstract reasoning.
C) concrete thinking.
D) irreversibility.
A) static reasoning.
Piaget believed that until about age 6, it is difficult for children to think:
A) subjectively.
B) egocentrically.
C) logically.
D) about animism.
C) logically.
Nine-year-old Bobby has no problem understanding that the 20-year-old woman who sometimes stays with him is both a student and a babysitter. According to Piaget, this is because Bobby’s thinking has moved beyond:
A) conservation.
B) object permanence.
C) over-regularization.
D) centration
D) centration.
Sociodramatic play helps children to develop _____ when they act out fear, bravery, and fury.
A) self-control
B) gender roles
C) private speech
D) emotional regulation
D) emotional regulation
What is an example of reactive aggression?
A) Adrian tells Frank that he’s a sissy and everyone knows it.
B) Joanie hits Lexie after Lexie bumps into her during a game of catch.
C) Arthur wrestles Richie for fun.
D) Marion punches Arnold for no apparent reason.
B) Joanie hits Lexie after Lexie bumps into her during a game of catch.
Jaspreet frequently plays the piano whenever her family has guests because she enjoys the praise and attention that she receives. When alone, however, Jaspreet rarely plays the piano. Jaspreet’s motivation:
A) needs to be reinforced by her parents.
B) brings her great pleasure.
C) is mostly extrinsic.
D) will persist through adulthood.
C) is mostly extrinsic.
Which is NOT one of the types of play identified by Mildred Parten?
A) personal play
B) associative play
C) onlooker play
D) parallel play
A) personal play
Abida is a nurturing parent and has good communication with her children whom she never disciplines. Her parenting style is:
A) authoritative.
B) permissive.
C) neglectful.
D) authoritarian.
B) permissive.
Parents who set limits, enforce rules, and listen respectively to their children are exhibiting the _____ pattern of parenting.
A) permissive
B) authoritarian
C) authoritative
D) democratic
C) authoritative
What is a criticism of Baumrind’s classification of parenting styles?
A) She overlooked the fact that most authoritative parents are lax in discipline.
B) She did not realize that many permissive parents love their children.
C) She considered children’s temperamental differences.
D) She focused more on parental attitudes than on daily interactions.
D) She focused more on parental attitudes than on daily interactions.
Jose demonstrates warmth and nurturance towards his children. He does not believe in punishment of any sort and does not have any rules for his children. His parenting style is:
A) authoritarian.
B) authoritative.
C) neglecting.
D) permissive.
D) permissive.
A detailed 2010 study of Mexican-American mothers of preschoolers found that their parenting style was:
A) permissive.
B) authoritative.
C) authoritarian.
D) not identified by Baumrind.
D) not identified by Baumrind.
Girls usually develop emotional regulation ____ boys.
A) later than
B) at the same age as
C) earlier than
D) two years before
C) earlier than
Angelica is 3 years old and says frequently that she wants to “marry daddy”. According to psychoanalytic theory, this is a manifestation of:
A) the Oedipus complex.
B) sexual abuse.
C) the ego.
D) the Electra complex.
D) the Electra complex.
Three girls spread a rumor that 7-year-old Heather is a bed-wetter who still uses a pacifier. This is an example of _____ aggression.
A) instrumental
B) reactive
C) bullying
D) relational
D) relational
William is at the boy store and sees a construction set. He asks his dad if he can have it for his birthday. His dad asks him if he thinks he would be able to use it. William reminds his dad that he is good at building with blocks. What does this example demonstrate?
A) William’s dad’s inappropriate questioning of William’s initiative
B) William’s need to prove himself worthy to his father
C) William’s positive self-concept
D) William’s sense of shame and doubt
B) William’s positive self-concept
Which scenario best illustrates prosocial behavior?
A) Savannah takes out the garbage for a quarter.
B) Selena helps her mother clean so that her mother will take her to the park.
C) Gwen says “please” when asking her mother for a dollar
D) Bethany feeds her baby brother because her mother is sick
D) Bethany feeds her baby brother because her mother is sick
Children who lack self-control are most likely to have parents who have the _____ parenting style.
A) abusive
B) overcontrolling
C) authoritarian
D) permissive
D) permissive
The clinical term for an illness or disorder of the mind is referred to as:
A) psychopathology
B) emotional instability
C) insanity
D) mental disturbance
A) psychopathology
According to Freud, boys in the third psychoanalytic stage of development:
A) are openly angry with their fathers.
B) secretly want to replace their fathers.
C) disrespect their mothers.
D) believe their fathers are perfect.
B) secretly want to replace their fathers.
_____ differences are biological and _____ differences are culturally prescribed.
A) Gender; sex
B) Sex; gender
C) Sibling; parental
D) Parental; sibling
B) Sex; gender
Roderick hits or kicks Edwin on the playground nearly every day. He also encourages other children to laugh at Edwin’s attempts to kick a ball. Roderick is using _____ aggression against Edwin.
A) reactive
B) instrumental
C) bullying
D) relational
C) bullying
According to Erikson, children have _____, and thus believe that they can achieve any goal.
A) a sense of self-doubt
B) a weak self-concept
C) strong feelings of guilt
D) an unrealistic self-concept
D) an unrealistic self-concept
By the age of __, children are convinced certain toys are appropriate for one gender but not the other.
A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4
D) 4
Erikson called the psychosocial developmental stage that occurs between 3 and 6 years of age:
A) initiative versus guilt.
B) industry versus inferiority.
C) the preoperational stage.
D) autonomy versus inferiority.
A) initiative versus guilt.
According to Freud’s psychoanalytic theory, the Electra complex causes girls to:
A) resent their father because he has a penis.
B) adore their father and resent their mother.
C) prefer their mother to their father.
D) try to make peace when parents fight.
B) adore their father and resent their mother.
Billy and Rodney are both building with construction bricks. They are sitting apart, each with his own set of bricks. What type of play is this?
A) cooperative play
B) parallel play
C) onlooker play
D) solitary play
B) parallel play
Rough-and-tumble play between boys and fathers may prevent _____ at a later age.
A) development of the prefrontal cortex
B) the development of imagination
C) antisocial behavior
D) emotional regulation
C) antisocial behavior
A parenting style characterized by high parent-to-child communication, low warmth, and high expectation of maturity is:
A) authoritarian.
B) authoritative.
C) permissive.
D) neglectful.
A) authoritarian.
When 4-year-old Karen is angry, she lashes out by hitting. This is an example of:
A) an internalizing problem.
B) an externalizing problem.
C) modulated emotional expression.
D) frustration management.
B) an externalizing problem.
Jared, age 5, describes himself as a good soccer player with back hair who laughs a lot. His description demonstrates his developing:
A) self-esteem.
B) self-concept.
C) self-deprecation.
D) self-criticism.
B) self-concept.
A child’s cognitive understanding of sex differences would be his or her:
A) Oedipal complex.
B) Electra complex.
C) superego.
D) gender schema.
D) gender schema.
The preeminent psychosocial accomplishment between the ages of 2 and 6 is learning when and how to:
A) make friends.
B) know right from wrong.
C) regulate emotions.
D) make choices.
C) regulate emotions.
_____ are marked by excessive guilt, withdrawal, or fearfulness.
A) Extrinsic motivations
B) Intrinsic motivations
C) Internalizing problems
D) Externalizing problems
C) Internalizing problems
Four-year-old Amelia wants to play with her brother Garth’s trucks. Garth is six, and he tells her she can’t play with them because she’s a girl. Garth’s refusal is based on his:
A) humanism.
B) gender schema.
C) Oedipus complex.
D) androgyny.
B) gender schema
According to the text, sociodramatic play may help children to develop:
A) theory of mind.
B) gross motor skills.
C) aggressive tendencies.
D) antisocial behavior.
A) theory of mind.
In Freudian theory, a little boy who develops sexual feelings toward his mother and becomes jealous of his father is experiencing:
A) the Elextra complex.
B) penis envy.
C) the Oedipus complex.
D) identification.
C) the Oedipus complex.
Which scenario is an example of antisocial behavior?
A) Jamie offers to share his toys with Jill.
B) Mark intentionally knocks over Simon’s blocks.
C) Holly watches while other children jump rope.
D) Courtney helps her mom rake leaves in the yard.
B) Mark intentionally knocks over Simon’s blocks.
One study of 807 mistreated children found that 35 years after becoming adults, they had a higher risk of being _____ than their same-sex peers from they same ethnicity, neighborhood, and SES.
A) diabetic
B) deaf
C) unemployed
D) accident prone
C) unemployed
When 4-year-old Karen is angry, she lashes out by hitting. This is an example of:
A) an internalizing problem.
B) an externalizing problem.
C) modulated emotional expression.
D) frustration management.
B) an externalizing problem.
The individual most likely to have grown up with authoritative parents is:
A) Kelly, who is obedient but not very happy.
B) Raquel, who is happy and successful.
C) Mary, who is unhappy and lacks self-control.
D) Lacey, who is homeless and a drug user.
B) Raquel, who is happy and successful.
Compared to parents in the United States, _____ as many Canadian parents use slapping, pinching, or smacking as a form of punishment.
A) 1/2
B) 1/10
C) 2/5
D) 3/4
A) 1/2
Aggression used to obtain a toy or other object is:
A) bullying.
B) instrumental.
C) reactive.
D) personal.
B) instrumental.
Which theory states that gender role differences are rooted in a basic urge to reproduce?
A) cognitive theory
B) behavioral theory
C) evolutionary theory
D) sociocultural thoery
C) evolutionary theory
The four dimensions of a parenting style are warmth, discipline, communication, and:
A) physical contact.
B) expectations for maturity.
C) trust.
D) supportiveness.
B) expectations for maturity.
Which type of aggression tends to be most characteristic of 2-year-old children?
A) reactive
B) adaptive
C) bullying
D) relational
A) reactive
Joel, age 8, lives in a very stressful, chaotic home where he sometimes witnesses his mother being physically abused by her boyfriend. Joel’s problems may be overcome by:
A) denying they exist.
B) running away from home.
C) being actively involved in his church.
D) hiding in his room when trouble starts.
C) being actively involved in his church.
According to Freud, during the latency stage children:
A) develop sexual feelings toward their opposite-sex peers.
B) seek to establish their identity.
C) work to learn self-control.
D) emotional drives and psychosexual needs are quiet.
D) emotional drives and psychosexual needs are quiet.
Many parents believe that they mold their children’s personalities. However, research on twins, siblings, and stepchildren has found that:
A) half of all personality traits may be genetic.
B) half of all personality traits may be environmental.
C) genes and the nonshared environment have the most impact on personality.
D) temperament defines personality.
C) genes and the nonshared environment have the most impact on personality.
Who described middle childhood as a time of latency?
A) Freud
B) Erikson
C) Piaget
D) Vygotsky
A) Freud
While 41% of all US births were to single mothers in 2010, the number of children who grow up in a household with a single mother who never marries is:
A) lower, at about 13%.
B) higher, at about 62%
C) just under the amount, at 39%.
D) unknown.
A) lower, at about 13%.
What period is the prime time for moral development?
A) early childhood
B) late childhood
C) middle childhood
D) early adulthood
C) middle childhood
Developing self-respect, nurturing friendships with peers, and encouraging learning are three of the:
A) family structures.
B) measurements of family harmony.
C) functions of a family.
D) suggestions for stress resilience.
C) functions of a family.
Adrionna has begun to participate in arguments on issues of right and wrong. She is developing her own moral thinking, guided by:
A) her religion alone.
B) her peers, parents, and culture.
C) advanced reading material at school.
D) the urge to internalize her society’s rules.
B) her peers, parents, and culture.
Susan decides not to tell the teacher that her classmate Ian is cheating on the math exam because she is afraid the other kids will call her a snitch. This is an example of Kohlberg’s stage _____ of moral development.
A) conventional
B) preconventional
C) premoral
D) postconventional
A) conventional
Andrea is a typical 11-year-old whose growing self-consciousness and self-criticism drive her to frequently compare herself with her peers. If Andrea is like most children, such comparisons will:
A) confirm her self-concept.
B) not affect her self-esteem.
C) decrease her self-esteem.
D) increase her self-esteem.
C) decrease her self-esteem.
The Piagetian stage of development that is similar to Kohlberg’s stage of preconventional morality is:
A) the sensorimotor period.
B) the preoperational stage.
C) concrete operations.
D) formal operations.
B) the preoperational stage.
Preconventional morality involves:
A) the careful consideration of all options.
B) an emphasis on laws and social order.
C) seeking pleasure and avoiding pain.
D) trying to gain the approval of others.
C) seeking pleasure and avoiding pain.
Two factors that universally interfere with family function in every nation are:
A) ethnic differences and low income.
B) low income and high conflict.
C) high stress and high income.
D) religious differences and low income.
B) low income and high conflict.
Bullying differs from ordinary aggression because bullying attacks are:
A) only seen in the United States.
B) repeated.
C) harmful.
D) aimed at a weaker person.
B) repeated.
What is Erikson’s fourth stage of psychosocial development?
A) autonomy versus shame and doubt
B) industry versus inferiority
C) tryst versus mistrust
D) integrity versus incompetence
B) industry versus inferiority
