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Pathology (shared) > Exam Two > Flashcards

Exam Two Flashcards

1
Q

Hemostasis

A

1st stage in wound healing
Immeadiate, vasospasm->relaxation
Platelets aggregate to exposed collagen and a network of fibrin forms

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2
Q

Inflammation

A

24-96 hours
degradation- leukocytes clean up cell debris
Leukocytes secrete chemotactic and growth factors-> proliferation phase

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3
Q

Proliferation

A

3-7 days lasting up to 3-4 wks
Regeneration of tissue (angiogenesis, epithelialization, fibrosis)
Granulation tissue forms
collagen deposition

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4
Q

Maturation

A

After 3-4 wks can last years
remodeling of granulation tissue, maturation of fibrosis, wound contraction
vascular regression

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5
Q

Primary intention

A

wounds with opposed edges

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6
Q

Secondary intention

A

gaping, septic wounds
foreign bodies
wounds with delayed healing processes

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7
Q

How do wounds healing by secondary intention heal?

A

large amounts of granulation tissue and wound contraction

Epithelial migration delayed

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8
Q

How to leukocytes degrade a wound?

A

Phagocytosis and lysosomal degradation
degranulation and release of digestive enzymes
Matrix metalloproteinases (degrade ECM)

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9
Q

Growth factors are needed for ________

A

proliferation

differentiation

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10
Q

EGF does what?

A

binds receptors on epithelial cells-> activates MAPK-> induces G0 phase cell cycle

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11
Q

What growth factors are needed for angiogenesis?

A

PDGF, FGF, VEDG-A binding to GF-R

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12
Q

How to growth factors induce vascular formation?

A

endothelial proliferation
recruitment of pericytes
deposition of ECM proteins

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13
Q

fibroplasia

A

migration and proliferation of fibroblasts

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14
Q

fibrosis

A

scar formation by connective tissue remodeling

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15
Q

Factors that favor fibrosis

A

severe and prolonged tissue injury
Loss of basement membranes
large amounts of exudate/inflammation
lack of renewable cell populations

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16
Q

TGF-B is important for

A

firbroblast migration and proliferation and collagen/ECM protein synthesis

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17
Q

TGF-B is produced by

A

platelets and leukocytes

18
Q

Synthesis of ECM

A

cytokines increase collagen synthesis
growth factors induce fibroblasts to make collagen
TIMPs decrease matrix metalloproteinase activity

19
Q

Consequences of fibrosis

A

loss of functional parenchymal tissue

alteration of physical properties of tissue

20
Q

Granulation tissue

A

distinctive arangement of connective tissue fibers, fibroblasts, and blood vessels

21
Q

What is proud flesh?

A

hypertophic scar

exuberant granulation tissue

22
Q

What is wound contraction mediated by

A

fibroblasts

23
Q

What are some conditions with impaired wound healing?

A 
Tension of tissue
prolonged inflammation
disorders in collagen synthesis
poor blood supply
impaired ability of cell regeneration
24
Q

Acute Cell Swelling

A

increase in cell size and volume due to H2O overload

Most common cell injury.

25
Q

Etiology of acute cell swelling

A

failure of energy production
cell membrane damage
Injury to enzymes regulating ion channels of membranes

26
Q

Pathogenesis of acute cell swelling

A

Injury resulting in hypoxia causing sodium and water to move into cell and K to leak out. Osmotic pressure increase and more water moves into the cell. ER distends, ruptures and forms vacuolation.

27
Q

What are the ultrastructural changes of cellular swelling

A

Plasma membrane- blebbling, loss of microvill
Mitochondial swelling
ER Swelling
Clumping of nuclear chromatin

28
Q

What color does trichome stain collagen? Cytoplasm?

A

Blue, Red

29
Q

2 consequences of fibrosis:

A
  1. loss of functional parenchymal tissue

2. alteration of physical properties of tissue

30
Q

6 steps of successful necropsy

A 
1 get history
2 external exam
3 open body
4 remove organs
5 examine then sample organs
6 write the report
31
Q

Necropsies are performed with what BSL?

A

2 (sometimes 2+)

32
Q

How should a brain be sliced to best preserve it?

A

Like a bread-loaf, leaving bottom unsliced to keep parts together

33
Q

How do you store skin?

A

Plastic snap-top vial w/ phosphate buffered saline. 1/4-1/2”

34
Q

How do you store fat?

A

Labeled zipper lock bag, 2”x3”

35
Q

How do you store liver?

A

Labeled zipper lock bag, 1”x2”

36
Q

How do you store kidney?

A

Labeled zipper lock bag, 1”x2”. Usually triangular shaped piece

37
Q

How do you store eyeball?

A

intact, in labeled zipper lock bag

38
Q

How do you store colon contents?

A

2 tsp of colon content, in labeled fecal cup

39
Q

How do you store stomach contents?

A

2 tsp of it in labeled zipper lock bag. If possible freeze asap

40
Q

8 features of a description

A

, size, location, distribution, shape, color, consistency, margins

41
Q

Features of a MDx

A

Organ, pathological process, distribution, chronicity, severity

42
Q

Features of an EtDx

A

Cause, organ, path process

Pathology (shared) (3 decks)

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