exam two Flashcards
benefits of plants living in water
little to no support structure needed (why: the water supports the plant)
easily accessible water
easy pollination (how: water flow?)
benefits of plants living on land
easily accessible air
easy access to sunlight (although, may need protective barrier on leaves)
modifications plants went under for terrestrial life - LEAVES
tendrils for climbing, getting the plant higher, creating support
spines (diff then thorns) to protect from herbivories and water loss in arid conditions
bulbs for carb storage
reproductive clones for asexual reproduction (dispersal)
modifications plants went under for terrestrial life - ROOTS
primary function of ROOTS
store carbs, take in water and minerals/nutrients from soil
primary function of STEMS
transport nutrients and water throughout up the plant, provide structure
primary function of LEAVES
photosynthesis, transpiration (water loss / pressure through stomata)
primary function of CONES
house male and female gametophytes, reproduction
primary function of SEED
protects embryo, dispersal
structure and function of the shoot system in plants
all parts of the plant above ground
node, internode, leaf, axial bud (top of plant - vertical growth), stem
structure and function of the dermal, vascular, and ground tissue in a plant
dermal: protective; covers body of plant and regulates what goes in vs. what goes out of plant (gas, water, solutes)
vascular: transport
- xylem transports water and supports the phloem in transporting sugars up the plant
- phloem transports sugars up the plant
ground: photosynthesis in leaves, storage and support from stems, roots also for storage, metabolic processes (cellular respiration?)
_ tissue provides protective covering for the outside of the plant
dermal
_ tissue transports water, minerals, sugars, and hormones throughout the plant
vascular: xylem and phloem
the _ is the site of growth and cell differentiation located at the top of the shoot system (enables vertical growth)
shoot apical meristem
primary vs. secondary (lateral) growth
primary: elongating shoot system (up into air + down into ground/roots
> meristems - sites in plants where new cells form and growth via cell differentiation into specialized cells and tissues happens
secondary: increases thickness/diameter of plant
> only in wood forming plants; lateral meristems
short distance plant transportation processes
osmosis: the movement of water from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high concentration
water potential: Wp = solute potential + pressure potential
solute potential (aka osmatic potential) and pressure potential (pressure on cell membrane: how filled with water is it?)
long distance plant transportation processes
xylem: water and nutrients; cohesion and adhesion properties
phloem: translocation of sugars from source to sink; transpiration; the role of stomata
true plants have what?
chloroplasts, cell walls, starch food reserve
apical meristems
sporangia
gametangia
*diagram, where on the plant + purpose
alteration of generations
sporophyte gen. (diploid), gametophyte gen. (haploid)
four advances of plants shifting to terrestrial life
protection of young sporophyte gen. - embryo
bryophytes (like mosses): structural challenges to living on land; of the four advances plants have moving to terrestrial life, which do these plants have
limited vertical growth due to a lack of stem and vascular growth that would create structural support + water kind of goes right through them meaning they survive best in moist/wet env’s
protection of young sporophyte gen. - embryo
seedless vascular plants (?)
…
seedless vascular plants: sporophyte dominant; embryo protected (and nutritionally supported by gametophyte at first); have cuticle and stomata; have true leaves, roots, stems; vascular tissue (important?)l reproductive challenges to living on land
gymnosperms (like pine cones: …
gametophyte gen nutritionally supported/dependent on sporophyte gen (how?); seed is just inside of cones, lacking protection?
angiosperms (like _):
…
angiosperms: sporophyte dominant, embryo protected inside a seed, have cuticle, stomata, true leaves, roots, stems, vascular tissue; gameophytes reduced and nutritionally supported by and permanently attached to sporophyte; gameophyes inside flwrs (enables internal fertilization, no water nessacry); flwers attract pollinators; fruits develop from ovaries, encourage dispersal
