Exam two Flashcards
What is the relationship between receptive/expressive language and literacy skills?
-When a child enters school, in addition to speaking and listening, children are taught to use language for reading and writing
-Oral language skills help literacy skills
What are some medical conditions associated with language disorders in children?
Intellectual disability, Down syndrome, Traumatic brain injury, Fragile X syndrome, Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder, Williams syndrome
basic characteristics and language strengths and weaknesses generally associated with Intellectual Disability
-Neurodevelopment disorder is characterized by significant limitations both in intellectual functioning and in adaptive behavior which affects many everyday social and practical skills
-strengths: basic communication, receptive language, concrete thinking
-weaknesses: limited vocab, delayed language development
basic characteristics and language strengths and weaknesses generally associated with down syndrome
-Trisomy 21: an extra copy of chromosome 21
mild-moderate intellectual disability (85%)
-Phonology and speech sound mastery is delayed
-Morphology and syntax are impaired
-semantics= relative strength (relative strength means that for their profile it may not be as severe as other profiles)
-pragmatics= relative weakness
basic characteristics and language strengths and weaknesses generally associated with pediatric TBI
-Caused by a blow or a jolt to the head or a penetrating head injury that disrupts the normal function of the brain
-Semantics may be a relative strength
-Pragmatic language (responding, turn-taking, topic maintenance) is a relative weakness
-Decoding and comprehending written language can be severely impacted
What are the risk factors and red flags for DLD?
Premature birth, Low birth weight, Infantas who require hospitalization, Family history of language or literacy problems, children who are late talkers
What are some key areas of difficulty for children with DLD in form, content, and use?
-Deficits in one or more language domains (rep and exp or exp)
-Form: phonological impairments (morphology and syntax errors) (morphosyntax)
–Ex: he goes fish, she brushes hair
-Content: smaller vocab, encodes fewer semantic features, needs more trials to learn new words
-Use: immature social communication, difficulty understanding and applying pragmatic rules (ex: conversational rules)
the 4 types of tools used in the assessment that we covered for pediatric language disorders
case history, norm-referenced assessment, Criterion-referenced assessment, Observational tools
case history
collecting info about the client and their communication disorder
-Used to obtain info that may not be collected via other means of assessment
-The following info is usually collected during a case history interview:
–Presenting problem/complaint
–Factors that might contribute to the communication disorder
–Understanding the social context of client’s communication
Norm-referenced assessment
comparing clients’ performance to a sample of peers
-Conform to specific properties that make them valid comparison tools
–Ex: ACT or SAT
-Needs to be administered in a standardized fashion
–Procedures are clearly defined in the instruction manual, including specific instructions on what you can and cannot say/prompt/ reinforce
Criterion-referenced assessment
comparing clients’ skills to a certain predetermined expectation
-Compare skills to a certain predetermined expectation
–EX: 80%= pass
-May or may not use standardized administration procedures
-Can be administered in a naturalistic environment
-Dont provide standard scores
-Helpful in determining communication skills the client does or doesn’t have and can help guide the intervention plan
–Norm reference assessments aren’t designed to do this
Observational tools
observing communication strengths and needs in a real setting
-In-home
-In class
-Interacting with parents vs teachers vs peers
-Clinical expertise guides your observation of play skills, language skills, social communication skills
How do norm-referenced and criterion-referenced assessments differ?
A norm-referenced test shows how a test-taker’s score compares to others by ranking them against a group of people. In contrast, a criterion-referenced test measures a test taker’s score against a fixed set of standards or specific goals, not against other people’s scores
Aphasia
Total or partial loss of the ability to use or understand language; usually caused by stroke, brain disease, or injury
-impairment of language
-Acquired communication disorder that impairs a person’s ability to process language
-Doesn’t affect intelligence
-Can affect all means of communication
understanding, speaking, reading, writing
What are the effects of a left hemisphere stroke?
-Loss of movement to the right side of the body
-Lack of attention to the right side of the body
-Problems swallowing
-Problems using and/or understanding language = Aphasia
What are the effects of a right hemisphere stroke
-Loss of movement to the left side of the body
-Lack of attention to the left side of the body
-Quick and impulsive behavior
-Memory problems
-Problems with swallowing
-Impaired expression of emotion
-impaired perceptual skills
-Decreased insight into deficits
- What are the three tasks that help differentiate which aphasia subtype a person has
1.Case history and chart review
2.Motor speech, cog-comm, dysphagia concerns
3.Language
–Word, sentence, and paragraph comprehension
–Naming
–Repetition
–Spontaneous speech
–Discourse
–Word, sentence, and paragraph writing
–Gestures
What are the characteristics of non-fluent aphasia
Broca’s aphasia
- Comprehension of language is better than expression
-Common feature: word finding
-Hesitant speech while searching for a word
-Single words, phrases, or parts of sentences
What are the characteristics of fluent aphasia
Wernicke’s aphasia
- Difficulty with language comprehension
-No breaks or pauses in speech, normal prosody
-May use nonsense or real words that have little or no meaning
-Unaware speech isnt meaningful
What does recovery from aphasia look like
-Starting treatment earlier is better when possible
-When symptoms persist longer than two or three months complete recovery is unlikely
—People continue to improve over period of time
—Slow process for both patient and family
—May need to learn compensatory strategies for communication
What is primary progressive aphasia (PPA)
-Neurodegenerative disease (onset is gradual, unlike a stroke)
-Often before age 65
-Often progression is slow
-Is a frontotemporal disorder, can progress into frontotemporal dementia or remain isolated to language
-Can affect ability to understand and use words, understand sentences, repeat sentences, use correct grammar…
whats ppa’s relationship to dementia?
Primary progressive aphasia (PPA) is a form of dementia that primarily affects language abilities, including speaking, understanding, reading, and writing, while other cognitive functions may remain relatively intact in the early stages. It is considered a subtype of frontotemporal dementia, with gradual deterioration in communication skills over time. It does not always turn into dementia
What are the 3 ways blood flow can be changed during a stroke?
Ischemic strokes and hemorrhagic strokes
Ischemic stroke
A blockage or clot in a blood vessel restricts blood flow to the brain, leading to oxygen deprivation in affected areas
-2 types:
Thrombus: clot forms on the wall of a blood vessel in the brain and blocks blood flow
Embolus: clot that forms on the wall of a blood vessel somewhere else in the body that breaks off and moves to the brain where it blocks blood flow
hemorrhagic stroke
Hemorrhage: bleeding in the brain which causes pressure on the brain cells
Transient Ischemic Attacks (TIAs)
Brief (aka transient) blockage of blood flow in the brain
-Lasts only a few minutes
-Doesn’t cause long-term damage/widespread neuronal death
-1 in 3 people will go on to have ischemic stroke (50% within one year of the TIA)
-should consider a ministroke a warning sign and take steps to prevent a future stroke
