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bio lab quiz 3 > exam two > Flashcards

exam two Flashcards

1
Q

evolution

A

genetic change in a population

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2
Q

once the allele frequencies in a population change this leads to

A

evolution

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3
Q

mechanics of evolution

A

mutation
genetic drift
mirgation
natural selection

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4
Q

mutation

A

the ultimate source of all genetic variation
alteration of base-pair sequences in an individuals DNA

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5
Q

genetic drift

A

random change in allele frequencies in population (unrelated to the alleged influence on reproductive success)

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6
Q

most significant evolution noticable in smalle populatons

A

genetic drift

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7
Q

bottleneck effect is an example of

A

genetic drift

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8
Q

migration

A

into or out of population may change allele frequencies

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9
Q

gene flow is an example of

A

migrational effects on population

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10
Q

natural selecti8on

A

occurs when there is heritable variation for a trait, and individuals withone version have better reproductive success than other without

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11
Q

sexual selection

A

some traits make individuals more attractive to the opposite sex

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12
Q

peacock feathers are an example of

A

sexual selection

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13
Q

differential reproductive sucess

A

sexual selection

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14
Q

“survival of the fitest”
fitest=

A

measure of the reproductive output of an individual with a particular phenotype

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15
Q

disruptive selection

A

individuals with intermediate phenotype have THE LOWEST fitness

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16
Q

population becoming better matched with their environment=

A

adaptation

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17
Q

adaptation

A

refers to the process by which organisms become better matched to their environment and the specific features that make an organism more fit

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18
Q

humans have 23 pairs of

A

chromosomes

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19
Q

humans have how many TOTAL chromosomes

A

46

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20
Q

how many chromosomes are in a haploid cell?

A

23

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21
Q

the 23 pairs of chromosomes are made up of

A

one maternal copy
one paternal copy

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22
Q

dominate traits

A

mask the effects of recessive

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23
Q

phenotype

A

outward appearance

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24
Q

genotype

A

organisms genetic composition for a particular trait

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25
a pedigree is used for what
to determine whether a trait is dominant or recessive+ sex-linked or autosomal
26
blood type has THREE
alleles
27
blood type has FOUR
phenotypes
28
AB is an example of
codominance
29
O type is
universal donor (no o antigens)
30
la,lb are dominant over
i
31
when the affects of multiple genes contribute to the ultimate phenotype it is described as an
additive effect
31
polygenic traits
influenced by many genes - think height or behavorioal thiings
31
incomplete dominance
the phenotype of a heterozygous is intermediate between the phenotype of two homozygotes. (pink flowers from red and white ones)
31
sickle cell resulted from
pleiotropy
31
codominance
a heterozygous individual shows features of both homozygotes chickens with their geathers do this
31
pleiotropy
occurs when one gene influences multiple unrelated traits
31
antigens
are like signs in the body's immune system telling whether a cell belongs to the body
31
Antibodies
re immune system molecules in the bloodstream that attack foreign invaders
31
sex-linked traits
differ in their patterns of expression in the males from female X chromosomes
32
sex-linked trait includes
color-blindness
33
prokaryotic cells have
single circular chromosomes
34
eukaryotic cells have
LINEAR chromosomes
35
haploid=
half the chromosomes (sex cells)
36
chromosomes=
strands of DNA, but they also contain proteins (histones)
37
chromatin=
the general word for chromosome
38
cell division happens in two ways
mitosis meiosis
39
mitosis-
somatic cells (body cells, exactly the same as the ones before)
40
meiosis
produces 4 haploid cells ( sex cells, gmetes)
41
I-PMAT
steps of cell divison interphase prophase metaphase anaphase telephase
42
interphase
when cells aqre not dividing, they replicate their CHROMOSOMES. this portion is longer than the division portion. split into different sections; gap1, s phase gap2. (s phase is DNA synthesis)
43
prophase
The DNA in chromosomes and their copies condenses to become more visible. The membrane around the nucleus disappears. this is also where the spindle fibers form
44
metaphase
Chromosomes and their copies line up in the middle of the cell.
45
anaphase
Chromosomes and their copies are pulled to different ends of the cell.
46
telophase
New membranes form around the chromosomes at each end of the cell.
47
centromeres split in
anaphase II
48
after meiosis I
homologous pairs separated
49
UNCONTROLABLE cell division=
cancer second leading death in USA
50
apoptosis=
cell dealth
51
crossing over
genetic recombination occurs when homologous chromosomes swap genetic info
52
chiasmata
the points along the homologous where genetic info was exchanged
53
sex in males
XY
54
sex in females
XXX
55
Hermaphrodites
produce both male and female gamete ex. worms, garden snails, most plants
56
birds
female decide the sex of offspring
57
ants, bees, wasps
sex is determined by the number of chromosomes an individual has
58
turtles
environment (temperature) determines sex of offspring (cool dudes, hot chicks)
59
chromosomal disorders
can be detected before birth ex. aminocerrlesis , chronic villus sample
60
aminocerrlesis
sample is taken from the amniotic fluid surrounding the fetus (detect disorders before birth)
61
chronic villus sample
taking cells from the placenta CVS detect chromosomal disorder before birth
62
trisomy 21
down syndrome estra chromosome on the 21 affects 1 in 1000 kids 1866-john langdon down
63
turner syndrom=
x (female)
64
Klinefelter syndrome=
XXY OR XXX males- metafemales
65
nondisjunction
unequal distribution of chromosomes during cell division this problem is associated with reproduction as women's age increases. think of trisomy 21 this happens often on chromosomes 13,15,18,21,22
66
biotechnology
`the use of tech to modify organisms cells and their molecules to achieve practical
67
chop
isolating a gene of intest using restriction enzymes
68
amplify
polymerasze chain reaction (PCR)
69
insert
using plasmids to transfer DNA from one organism to anther
70
CRISPER
cluster regularly interspaced short pasinarmoic repeats system for editing DNA with a great deal of precision and enabled researchers to modify almost any gene in any organism
71
RISKs with biotechnology
legal issues surrounding who had the right to develop and profit from it ethical risks
72
adenine+ thymine, guanine+ cytosine
base pairs in dna
73
pyrimidines
cytosine + thymine
74
purines
adenine and guanine
75
gene
specific sequence of DNA
76
lous
position or location of gene on a chromosome
77
chromosome
one of more unique piecse of DNA
78
genome
an organisms complete set of DNA
79
allels
different versions of a gene that codes for the same feature
80
trait
any single characteristic or feature of an organism
81
transcription
in the nucleus with RNA polymerase a copy of genes base sequence is made
82
translation
that copy is used to directly the production of polypeptide
83
tRNA
transfers RNA carries a complementary code to mRNA
84
codon
3 base sequence on mRNA
85
DNA
double helix
86
intron
a noncoding region with genes only 2% of DNA is coding for protein the rest of function is unknown other than gene regulation
87
Sickle cell disease is caused by mutation in
hemoglobin
88
A breeder of thoroughbreds selects only the fastest horses for breeding stock. This is an example of artificial ____________ selection.
directional
89

bio lab quiz 3 (3 decks)

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