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bio lab quiz 3 > exam two > Flashcards

exam two Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

evolution

A

genetic change in a population

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2
Q

once the allele frequencies in a population change this leads to

A

evolution

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3
Q

mechanics of evolution

A

mutation
genetic drift
mirgation
natural selection

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4
Q

mutation

A

the ultimate source of all genetic variation
alteration of base-pair sequences in an individuals DNA

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5
Q

genetic drift

A

random change in allele frequencies in population (unrelated to the alleged influence on reproductive success)

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6
Q

most significant evolution noticable in smalle populatons

A

genetic drift

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7
Q

bottleneck effect is an example of

A

genetic drift

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8
Q

migration

A

into or out of population may change allele frequencies

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9
Q

gene flow is an example of

A

migrational effects on population

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10
Q

natural selecti8on

A

occurs when there is heritable variation for a trait, and individuals withone version have better reproductive success than other without

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11
Q

sexual selection

A

some traits make individuals more attractive to the opposite sex

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12
Q

peacock feathers are an example of

A

sexual selection

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13
Q

differential reproductive sucess

A

sexual selection

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14
Q

“survival of the fitest”
fitest=

A

measure of the reproductive output of an individual with a particular phenotype

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15
Q

disruptive selection

A

individuals with intermediate phenotype have THE LOWEST fitness

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16
Q

population becoming better matched with their environment=

A

adaptation

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17
Q

adaptation

A

refers to the process by which organisms become better matched to their environment and the specific features that make an organism more fit

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18
Q

humans have 23 pairs of

A

chromosomes

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19
Q

humans have how many TOTAL chromosomes

A

46

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20
Q

how many chromosomes are in a haploid cell?

A

23

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21
Q

the 23 pairs of chromosomes are made up of

A

one maternal copy
one paternal copy

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22
Q

dominate traits

A

mask the effects of recessive

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23
Q

phenotype

A

outward appearance

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24
Q

genotype

A

organisms genetic composition for a particular trait

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25
Q

a pedigree is used for what

A

to determine whether a trait is dominant or recessive+ sex-linked or autosomal

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26
Q

blood type has THREE

A

alleles

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27
Q

blood type has FOUR

A

phenotypes

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28
Q

AB is an example of

A

codominance

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29
Q

O type is

A

universal donor (no o antigens)

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30
Q

la,lb are dominant over

A

i

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31
Q

when the affects of multiple genes contribute to the ultimate phenotype it is described as an

A

additive effect

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31
Q

polygenic traits

A

influenced by many genes
- think height or behavorioal thiings

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31
Q

incomplete dominance

A

the phenotype of a heterozygous is intermediate between the phenotype of two homozygotes. (pink flowers from red and white ones)

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31
Q

sickle cell resulted from

A

pleiotropy

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31
Q

codominance

A

a heterozygous individual shows features of both homozygotes
chickens with their geathers do this

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31
Q

pleiotropy

A

occurs when one gene influences multiple unrelated traits

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31
Q

antigens

A

are like signs in the body’s immune system telling whether a cell belongs to the body

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31
Q

Antibodies

A

re immune system molecules in the bloodstream that attack foreign invaders

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31
Q

sex-linked traits

A

differ in their patterns of expression in the males from female X chromosomes

32
Q

sex-linked trait includes

A

color-blindness

33
Q

prokaryotic cells have

A

single circular chromosomes

34
Q

eukaryotic cells have

A

LINEAR chromosomes

35
Q

haploid=

A

half the chromosomes
(sex cells)

36
Q

chromosomes=

A

strands of DNA, but they also contain proteins (histones)

37
Q

chromatin=

A

the general word for chromosome

38
Q

cell division happens in two ways

A

mitosis
meiosis

39
Q

mitosis-

A

somatic cells (body cells, exactly the same as the ones before)

40
Q

meiosis

A

produces 4 haploid cells ( sex cells, gmetes)

41
Q

I-PMAT

A

steps of cell divison
interphase
prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telephase

42
Q

interphase

A

when cells aqre not dividing, they replicate their CHROMOSOMES. this portion is longer than the division portion. split into different sections; gap1, s phase gap2.
(s phase is DNA synthesis)

43
Q

prophase

A

The DNA in chromosomes and their copies condenses to become more visible. The membrane around the nucleus disappears. this is also where the spindle fibers form

44
Q

metaphase

A

Chromosomes and their copies line up in the middle of the cell.

45
Q

anaphase

A

Chromosomes and their copies are pulled to different ends of the cell.

46
Q

telophase

A

New membranes form around the chromosomes at each end of the cell.

47
Q

centromeres split in

A

anaphase II

48
Q

after meiosis I

A

homologous pairs separated

49
Q

UNCONTROLABLE cell division=

A

cancer
second leading death in USA

50
Q

apoptosis=

A

cell dealth

51
Q

crossing over

A

genetic recombination
occurs when homologous chromosomes swap genetic info

52
Q

chiasmata

A

the points along the homologous where genetic info was exchanged

53
Q

sex in males

A

XY

54
Q

sex in females

A

XXX

55
Q

Hermaphrodites

A

produce both male and female gamete
ex. worms, garden snails, most plants

56
Q

birds

A

female decide the sex of offspring

57
Q

ants, bees, wasps

A

sex is determined by the number of chromosomes an individual has

58
Q

turtles

A

environment (temperature) determines sex of offspring (cool dudes, hot chicks)

59
Q

chromosomal disorders

A

can be detected before birth
ex. aminocerrlesis , chronic villus sample

60
Q

aminocerrlesis

A

sample is taken from the amniotic fluid surrounding the fetus (detect disorders before birth)

61
Q

chronic villus sample

A

taking cells from the placenta
CVS
detect chromosomal disorder before birth

62
Q

trisomy 21

A

down syndrome
estra chromosome on the 21
affects 1 in 1000 kids
1866-john langdon down

63
Q

turner syndrom=

A

x (female)

64
Q

Klinefelter syndrome=

A

XXY OR XXX
males- metafemales

65
Q

nondisjunction

A

unequal distribution of chromosomes during cell division
this problem is associated with reproduction as women’s age increases.
think of trisomy 21
this happens often on chromosomes 13,15,18,21,22

66
Q

biotechnology

A

`the use of tech to modify organisms cells and their molecules to achieve practical

67
Q

chop

A

isolating a gene of intest using restriction enzymes

68
Q

amplify

A

polymerasze chain reaction (PCR)

69
Q

insert

A

using plasmids to transfer DNA from one organism to anther

70
Q

CRISPER

A

cluster regularly interspaced short pasinarmoic repeats
system for editing DNA with a great deal of precision and enabled researchers to modify almost any gene in any organism

71
Q

RISKs with biotechnology

A

legal issues surrounding who had the right to develop and profit from it
ethical risks

72
Q

adenine+ thymine, guanine+ cytosine

A

base pairs in dna

73
Q

pyrimidines

A

cytosine + thymine

74
Q

purines

A

adenine and guanine

75
Q

gene

A

specific sequence of DNA

76
Q

lous

A

position or location of gene on a chromosome

77
Q

chromosome

A

one of more unique piecse of DNA

78
Q

genome

A

an organisms complete set of DNA

79
Q

allels

A

different versions of a gene that codes for the same feature

80
Q

trait

A

any single characteristic or feature of an organism

81
Q

transcription

A

in the nucleus with RNA polymerase
a copy of genes base sequence is made

82
Q

translation

A

that copy is used to directly the production of polypeptide

83
Q

tRNA

A

transfers RNA carries a complementary code to mRNA

84
Q

codon

A

3 base sequence on mRNA

85
Q

DNA

A

double helix

86
Q

intron

A

a noncoding region with genes only 2% of DNA is coding for protein the rest of function is unknown other than gene regulation

87
Q

Sickle cell disease is caused by mutation in

A

hemoglobin

88
Q

A breeder of thoroughbreds selects only the fastest horses for breeding stock. This is an example of artificial ____________ selection.

A

directional

89
Q
A

bio lab quiz 3 (3 decks)

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