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Principles of American Government > Exam Two > Flashcards

Exam Two Flashcards

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1
Q

Which of the following terms describes a permanent committee in Congress that has a defined legislative jurisdiction?

A

Standing Committee

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2
Q

The trend toward party unity in Congress can clearly be seen in voting records of members of Congress when their votes are officially recorded during a ________ vote.

A

roll-call

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3
Q

The most powerful leader in the House of Representatives is the…

A

Speaker of the House

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4
Q

If a “turf war” erupts as different committees vie for jurisdiction over a bill, who or what decides the committee assignment?

A

Party leaders decide the committee assignment.

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5
Q

What holds party lawmakers together?

A

They have far more in common with each other than they do with lawmakers of the other party.

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6
Q

In order to be a member of the House of Representatives, a person must be _______ years of age.

A

25

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7
Q

At present there are Blank______ standing committees in the House of Representatives.

A

20

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8
Q

Members of the House of Representatives typically serve on Blank______ committees, while members of the Senate serve on Blank______.

A

two; four

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9
Q

What has been one result of the decreasing number of moderates in Congress?

A

legislative deadlock

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10
Q

When a bill falls into the area in which a committee is authorized to act, that committee is said to have

A

jurisdiction

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11
Q

If congressional representatives find themselves having to choose between angering voters and donors or angering party leadership by refusing to go along with a vote, which will they likely choose?

A

angering leadership by voting the way their donors and voters want them to

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12
Q

Choosing committee chairs based on which member has the longest continuous tenure on a standing committee is an example of the ________ system.

A

seniority

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13
Q

Compared with their percentage of the overall population of the United States, women and minorities are ______ in Congress.

A

underrepresented

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14
Q

The minority party’s committee and subcommittee leaders are its _______
members.

A

ranking

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15
Q

What correctly describes the protocol for committee membership?

A

Most newly elected members of Congress request committee assignments.

Most vacancies occur after elections, either from retirements or incumbent defeats.

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16
Q

A(n) _______ is a proposed legislative act that if passed by both chambers of Congress and signed by the president becomes law.

A

bill

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17
Q

The partisan divide in Congress has grown in recent years, to the point where each party has a high level of ______, which is when party members band together on legislation and oppose the other party.

A

party unity

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18
Q

Why is the Rules Committee considered one of the most important committees in the House?

A

because it decides the length of debate that will occur on a bill and whether amendments will be allowed

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19
Q

One reason standing committees are powerful is that by law they have ______.

A

jurisdiction over bills in their designated policy area

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20
Q

On major bills, it is increasingly typical for the majority party’s leaders to:

A

shape the bill’s broad content

direct the floor debate after the bill leaves the committee

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21
Q

Which of the following methods is most often used to select committee chairs?

A

the seniority system

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22
Q

The steps that a bill must pass through in order to become law:

A
  1. A member of the House of Representatives or the Senate formally proposes the bill.
  2. The bill is submitted to a committee for consideration.
  3. A majority of members in the House and Senate approve the bill.
  4. The president signs the bill.
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23
Q

A limit of ______ exists for how long a Republican member can chair a particular committee.

A

six years

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24
Q

What are the functions of Congress?

A

representation

oversight

lawmaking

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25
Q

When a committee or subcommittee holds a(n) _______, they are trying to gather information about a proposed bill.

A

hearing

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26
Q

In the House of Representatives, a debate is limited on the congressional floor by _______.

A

the Rules Committee

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27
Q

Whether or not Congress takes the lead in the making of laws usually depends on Blank______.

A

the type of policy at issue

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28
Q

True or false: After clearing the committee stage, floor debate on a bill is usually led by the majority party’s leadership in the House.

A

True

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29
Q

The increase in party polarization in Congress has led to increased ______.

A

policy deadlock

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30
Q

If the president chooses to veto a bill, Blank______.

A

Congress can override the veto by a two-thirds vote in each chamber.

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31
Q

What oversight tools help Congress to ensure that the executive branch is administering the laws properly?

A

congressional hearings

budgetary appropriations

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32
Q

Today, Congress and the president ______.

A

share legislative power

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33
Q

True statements about bills that are killed in committee?

A

They can be brought back to life by a vote of the full House or Senate.

Some bills are not supported by the members who introduced them.

Most are poorly conceived or of little interest to anyone.

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34
Q

An example of Congress’s ______ occurs when Congress passes legislation that creates incentives for the development of alternative energy sources.

A

lawmaking function

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35
Q

In Insecure Majorities, Frances Lee noted that, in the currently closely matched parties, members of Congress are engaged in “______” rather than “governing.”

A

messaging

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36
Q

Ensuring that laws are being administered by the executive branch in the way intended by Congress is an important function of Congress and is known as ________.

A

oversight (function)

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37
Q

What shift brought the president to a more central role in the legislative process?

A

National and international forces combined to place greater policy demands on the federal government.

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38
Q

Which function is the main responsibility of Congress, to which all other functions of Congress are related?

A

lawmaking

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39
Q

Positive aspects of party polarization include the fact that ______.

A

voters can more clearly see and understand party differences

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40
Q

Which function describes the process by which the legislature checks on the executive branch to make sure it is carrying out the laws in the way Congress intended?

A

oversight

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41
Q

True or false: The Constitution requires that federal judges be citizens and at least thirty years old.

A

False

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42
Q

Alexander Hamilton said that of all the branches of government, the Supreme Court was the ______.

A

weakest

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43
Q

The Supreme Court has…

A

original and appellate jurisdiction

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44
Q

What is the purpose of the writ of certiorari?

A

It is an order from a higher court for a lower court to submit a record of a case to the higher court.

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45
Q

The written brief in a court case ______.

A

is an argument by a party to the case as to why its position should be upheld by the court

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46
Q

They serve until they die or retire voluntarily.
They are appointed by the president, subject to confirmation by the Senate.
The only way to remove them is through impeachment.

A

Federal Judges

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47
Q

Alexander Hamilton said that the power of the Supreme Court rested on the power of ______.

A

judgment—the reasonableness and fairness of its actions

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48
Q

Members of the Supreme Court are called ______.

A

justices

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49
Q

When four Supreme Court justices agree to request a record of the case from a lower court, the court issues a ______.

A

writ of certiorari

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50
Q

What are issued by the Supreme Court after hearing a case?

A

one or more opinions
a decision

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51
Q

During a Supreme Court hearing, who presents oral arguments?

A

the attorneys for each side

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52
Q

Members of the Supreme Court who disagree with the decision of the Court’s majority have the option of writing a ______.

A

dissenting opinion

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53
Q

The Constitution establishes the Supreme Court. Which entity is empowered by the Constitution to establish the lower federal courts?

A

Congress

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54
Q

According to Alexander Hamilton’s argument in Federalist No. 78, the best way to ensure that the federal courts exercise their power reasonably and fairly is to ______.

A

appoint federal judges for life

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55
Q

Which of the following statements correctly describe U.S. district courts?

A

They are the chief trial courts of the federal court system.
They are the only federal courts where cases are decided by a jury.

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56
Q

The Supreme Court receives most of its cases through which jurisdiction?

A

appellate

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57
Q

True or false: The Supreme Court’s decision gives the legal basis for the Court’s ruling.

A

False.

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58
Q

When a majority of the Supreme Court justices agree on a decision but not the legal reasoning behind it, the Court issues a ______, which is the opinion having the most justices in support of it.

A

plurality opinion

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59
Q

True or false: The Constitution requires that federal judges be citizens and at least thirty years old.

A

False

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60
Q

Which type of federal court hears criminal cases?

A

district courts

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61
Q

Which of the following federal court levels does not have original jurisdiction?

A

courts of appeals

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62
Q

A Supreme Court ______ explains the justices’ legal basis for their decision.

A

opinion

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63
Q

What happens during the writing of a Supreme Court opinion?

A

The justice assigned to write the opinion will continue to speak with the other justices while preparing the opinion.

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64
Q

Each of the 50 states structures and maintains its own ______.

A

court system

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65
Q

The only type of federal court that features two sides presenting a case to a jury for a verdict is ______.

A

a district court

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66
Q

Eleven of the thirteen federal appellate courts cover specific geographic regions, which are called ______.

A

circuits

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67
Q

majority opinion

A

issued when all or most of the justices agree on the legal basis of a decision

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68
Q

plurality opinion

A

issued when some justices agree on the majority’s decision but disagree with the legal basis for it

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69
Q

concurring opinion

A

issued by a justice in the majority when that justice disagrees with all or part of the majority’s reasoning

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70
Q

dissenting opinion

A

issued by one or more justices on the losing side to explain their reasoning

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71
Q

per curiam opinion

A

issued as an unsigned decision for the Court as a whole

72
Q

The “federal court myth” is the inaccurate belief that ______.

A

state courts play a role subordinate to federal courts

73
Q

Which of the following is not part of the Missouri Plan for selecting state-level judges?

A

The political parties nominate judicial candidates to run for office.

74
Q

What usually is the best indicator of how individual Supreme Court justices will vote in cases where the Court issues a divided decision?

A

the justices’ political backgrounds

75
Q

They are the chief trial courts of the federal court system.
They are the only federal courts where cases are decided by a jury.

A

U.S. district courts

76
Q

Which of the following circuit courts has jurisdiction over appeals involving patents and international trade?

A

Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit

77
Q

Supreme Court nominations in recent years have been ______ in the Senate.

A

bitterly contested

78
Q

To whom or what does the president typically delegate the task of identifying nominees to lower-court positions?

A

the deputy attorney general

79
Q

The type of state law that involves issues such as shoplifting, murder, and rape is known as ______ law.

A

criminal

80
Q

The Constitution specifies that all federal judges, including Supreme Court justices, shall be Blank______.

A

appointed by the president and confirmed by the Senate

81
Q

Approximately what percentage of Donald Trump’s judicial appointees were minority-group members?

A

fewer than 10 percent

82
Q

Which type of federal court hears criminal cases?

A

district courts

83
Q

Federal courts address which two types of laws?

A

administrative and federal statutory law

84
Q

True or false: Less than 4 percent of presidential nominees to the Supreme Court have been rejected by the Senate on grounds of judicial qualification, legal views, personal ethics, or partisanship.

A

False

85
Q

Presidents typically nominate people to lower-court judgeships ______.

A

who are members of their political party

86
Q

Federal courts usually do not intervene into state court matters unless a ______ issue or law is involved.

A

federal

87
Q

Judges might not be able to use legal precedents if their cases ______.

A

fall in between competing precedents

have significant differences from precedents

88
Q

compared with Republican presidents, Democratic presidents have appointed Blank______ to the federal bench.

A

more women
more minorities

89
Q

True or false: Studies by political scientists have shown that Supreme Court justices tend to vote according to their political attitudes.

A

True

90
Q

Laws made by acts of Congress or state legislatures are called ______.

A

statutory laws

91
Q

Why are future Supreme Court nominees unlikely to be rejected by the Senate?

A

because the use of the filibuster has been abolished for Supreme Court nominations

92
Q

The Supreme Court, recognizing public opinion in the Brown v. Board of Education case, required local school systems to ______.

A

desegregate “with all deliberate speed” instead of immediately

93
Q

Federal judges play a role in the creation of law and public policy because

A

the Constitution can be interpreted in a number of ways.

94
Q

Which interest group regularly files cases seeking to protect individual rights?

A

ACLU

95
Q

Which of the following statements concerning the political orientation of Supreme Court justices is correct?

A

Republican appointees are more likely than Democratic appointees to side with law enforcement officials instead of with the criminally accused.

96
Q

The ______ of a case refer(s) to the circumstances of a legal dispute or offense.

A

facts

97
Q

Presidents can influence the courts by ______.

A

choosing how much to enforce court decisions
influencing the cases that come before courts

98
Q

Chief Justice John Roberts has observed that the Supreme Court ______.

A

is not a political branch of government, and the public has to accept its decisions

99
Q

Interest groups that rely on a judicial strategy to advance their cause are careful in which of the following ways?

A

They choose cases that have a chance of success.
They choose courts with judges who are likely to be sympathetic.

100
Q

The theories of judicial restraint and judicial activism differ in what way?

A

They differ in how much their adherents believe judges should follow precedents and defer to elected officials.

101
Q

Statutory laws are created by which branch of government?

A

legislative

102
Q

The doctrine of judicial restraint implies that it is the duty of judges to

A

apply the law.

103
Q

Identify the checks on judicial power that are available to Congress.

A

exercising its authority to confirm Supreme Court justices

rewriting legislation it feels the judiciary has misinterpreted

104
Q

How does public opinion affect Supreme Court decisions?

A

The Court considers public opinion so as not to create outright defiance of its decisions.
The Supreme Court is less responsive to public opinion than elected government officials are.

105
Q

Amicus curiae briefs have what impact on the American legal system?

A

They help the court to understand how interested parties feel about the case in question.

106
Q

True or false: The line between proper and improper judicial decision-making is very clear.

A

False

107
Q

Judicial review is a term that refers to the power the Supreme Court has to ______.

A

invalidate a law or action on constitutional grounds

108
Q

According to the doctrine of judicial restraint, judges should ______.

A

generally defer to the policy decisions made by elected officials

109
Q

In his book Electing Justices, Richard Davis likens Supreme Court appointments in the era of party polarization to ______.

A

political campaigns

110
Q

Which of the following statements accurately describes the challenge faced by the judiciary in interpreting the Constitution?

A

The Constitution is silent concerning the approach that judges should take in deciding cases where the law is not completely clear.

111
Q

Overall, what effect has the exercise of judicial review had on the balance of power between levels of government and the branches of government in the United States?

A

It has increased the power of the federal government.
It has increased the power of the courts by creating new powers.

112
Q

A key to understanding the power of the presidency is a recognition that presidential power ______.

A

depends on the occupant of the office

113
Q

Through the use of administrative powers, the president can ______.

A

decide how laws will be implemented

114
Q

True or false: Today, nearly every foreign policy initiative originates with Congress.

A

False

115
Q

Members of Congress cannot claim to be the leader of the United States because they ______.

A

share power with other members of Congress

are elected from different areas and not nationally

116
Q

Under which of the following presidents did the greatest expansion of presidential authority take place?

A

Franklin Roosevelt

117
Q

Which of the following descriptions of the U.S. presidency are true?

A

The degree of leadership the president can exert largely depends on circumstances.

It operates in a system of divided powers.

The formal powers of the presidency are modest.

118
Q

Most of America’s recent wars have been waged on the basis of a ______.

A

presidential directive

119
Q

In his role as chief diplomat, the president ______.

A

negotiates treaties with other nations

appoints ambassadors

120
Q

Andrew Jackson was the first president to forcefully assert the idea that ______.

A

the president rather than Congress should take the lead on national policy issues

121
Q

Compared to the powers of the presidency that George Washington assumed in 1789, the powers of the presidency that Joe Biden assumed in 2021 are ______.

A

considerably more powerful

122
Q

Why was President Hoover slow to respond to the Great Depression?

A

He claimed he lacked the constitutional authority to take strong action.

123
Q

By which name does the text describe past presidencies?

A

the imperial presidency

the imperiled presidency

the heroic presidency

124
Q

Through the use of administrative powers, the president can ______.

A

decide how laws will be implemented

125
Q

Which of the following is the part of the Executive Office of the President that consists of the president’s closest direct personal advisers?

A

the White House Office

126
Q

The president shapes and administers the nation’s foreign policy while acting in the role of ______.

A

chief diplomat

127
Q

Since the 1790s, the power of the presidency has evolved owing to the ______.

A

increased involvement of the presidency in a range of policy areas

128
Q

Under which of the following presidents did the greatest expansion of presidential authority take place?

A

Franklin Roosevelt

129
Q

The duties of each vice president are _____.

A

determined by the particular president with whom he or she serves

130
Q

Which cabinet member can be described as a close advisor to the president in most administrations?

A

Secretary of State

131
Q

The office within the Executive Office of the President that works most closely with the president in developing policy and communicating the president’s agenda is known as the ______.

A

White House Office

132
Q

What are potential problems presidents can have in controlling low-level appointees?

A

Many of them are politically inexperienced.

They can become closer to the agency in which they work than to the president.

133
Q

In his role as chief diplomat, the president ______.

A

appoints ambassadors

negotiates treaties with other nations

134
Q

For which of the following reasons is the president better suited to oversee government activity and develop comprehensive public policy?

A

Final authority rests with a single individual.

The president is able to direct the actions of federal agencies.

135
Q

Which of these communication strategies have presidents used to promote their agenda to the general public?

A

“fireside chats” on the radio

televised press conferences

posts on social media

136
Q

Which of the following statements about the vice president of the United States are true?

A

The vice president holds a separate elective office from that of the president.

The vice president typically forms part of the presidential team.

The vice president is assigned different roles by the president.

137
Q

During his presidency, Donald Trump’s many tweets, campaign-style rallies, and social media advertising were all part of his use of a _____ strategy.

A

permanent campaign

138
Q

Which of the following are duties of the Secretary of State?

A

protecting U.S. citizens abroad

providing advice to the president on foreign policy

participating in international conferences

overseeing the diplomatic corps

139
Q

Which of these presidential appointees are the most difficult for the president to control?

A

directors of federal departments and agencies

140
Q

The president shapes and administers the nation’s foreign policy while acting in the role of ______.

A

chief diplomat

141
Q

What is the danger of modern presidents’ relentless pursuit of public support?

A

It can lead them to pursue policies with immediate advantages rather than long-term benefits.

142
Q

The ability to command attention via the bully pulpit serves primarily to ______.

A

focus the public and media on issues the president cares about

143
Q

Who works together to achieve legislative goals?

A

the president

the Congress

144
Q

The blurring of the line between campaigning and governing has come to be known as the _____.

A

permanent campaign

145
Q

Which of the following correctly describes the role of the cabinet in the modern presidency?

A

Members are important figures in an administration.

It is made up of the heads of the executive departments.

Members are selected by the president, subject to Senate confirmation.

146
Q

Since the Truman administration, the number of bureaucratic agencies has more than ______.

A

doubled

147
Q

Executive order

A

A directive that implements or interprets a law passed by Congress.

148
Q

Executive agreement

A

Formal agreements made with foreign nations that are legally binding.

149
Q

More than half of post-World War II presidents have left office with an approval rating of ______.

A

less than 50 percent

150
Q

Political scientist Richard Neustadt contended that an effective president is successful in using ______.

A

“the power to persuade”

151
Q

The importance of an advertising style of governing emerged when candidates began to build their campaigns around ______?

A

the media

polling

rallies

152
Q

Disagreement with Congress on Reconstruction policies led to the impeachment of ______ and almost led to his removal from office.

A

Andrew Johnson

153
Q

In 2020, when President Trump directed the production of ventilators and other medical supplies in response to the COVID-19 crisis, he did so by issuing an ______.

A

executive order

154
Q

After Vietnam, Congress sought to limit the ability of presidents to commit the United States to war by passing the

A

War Powers Act

155
Q

Presidents might not succeed in achieving certain goals if Congress does not provide the necessary funding for them. This illustrates the government’s ______.

A

separation of powers

156
Q

In relation to Congress, the president’s power is ______.

A

limited by the willingness of Congress to act on the president’s agenda

more effective in setting the national agenda

157
Q

Among presidents remembered for rising to challenges (benefiting from circumstance) while in office are ______.

A

Ronald Reagan

Franklin Roosevelt

Lyndon Johnson

158
Q

The beginning of a new presidential administration, which is often characterized by higher levels of public approval, is known as a ______.

A

honeymoon period

159
Q

Which chamber of Congress has the power to try and remove the president from office once the president has been impeached (placed on trial)?

A

senate

160
Q

Which of the following documents revealed that President Lyndon Johnson had presented a falsely optimistic picture of the Vietnam War?

A

the Pentagon Papers

161
Q

President Ronald Reagan was viewed as ______.

A

more powerful than President Jimmy Carter

162
Q

Which of the following circumstances help to create a powerful president?

A

a major national problem

a decisive election victory

163
Q

When, during a term of office, should the president expect to experience the highest level of public approval?

A

early in a new presidents administration.

164
Q

When foreign countries look to the United States for leadership, they direct their attention to the ______.

A

president

165
Q

Disagreement with Congress on Reconstruction policies led to the impeachment of ______ and almost led to his removal from office.

A

Andrew Johnson

166
Q

the War Powers Act

A

requires the president to inform Congress within forty-eight hours of the reasons for military action.

167
Q

The scenario in which the president belongs to the same political party that controls the House and Senate is called ______.

A

unified government

168
Q

Which of the following are considered criteria that the average American uses to evaluate presidential leadership?

A

whether the president prioritizes many of the same issues that concern much of the public

whether the president is a strong leader unafraid to exercise power and to communicate a vision for the nation

169
Q

To what does political scientist Hugh Heclo’s term the illusion of presidential government refer?

A

the public’s belief that the president actually runs the entire government in the United States

170
Q

In general, presidents have more power to act on their own in which policy area?

A

foreign policy

171
Q

Who was the only U.S. president to resign from office?

A

Richard Nixon

172
Q

Presidents are most able to get Congress to pass policy initiatives when ______.

A

their party controls both houses of Congress

173
Q

Which of the following describe the irony of the presidency?

A

Presidents get too much credit when things go right.

Presidents get too much blame when things go poorly.

174
Q

The scenario in which the president belongs to one political party while the opposition party has majority control of at least one chamber of Congress is known as ______.

A

divided government

175
Q

Among the reasons that presidents are less powerful than many Americans assume is that they ______.

A

face uncontrollable circumstances that can hurt their ability to lead

ultimately derive their power from the American public itself

Principles of American Government (2 decks)

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