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Evolution > Exam Two > Flashcards

Exam Two Flashcards

1
Q

Differing phenotypes for one genotype

A

Phenotypic plasticity

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2
Q

A curve that relates the contribution of environmental variation to observed phenotypic variation

A

Norm of reaction

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3
Q

When changes in phenotype are irreversible from one individual to another

A

Developmental plasticity

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4
Q

Differing phenotypes within one species

A

Polymorphism

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5
Q

No phenotypic plasticity even with changes to the environment (can evolve but no plasticity) (ex: living fossils)

A

Canalization

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6
Q

The study of cyclic and seasonal natural phenomena, especially in relation to climate and plant and animal life

A

Phenology

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7
Q

More abundant phenotypic plasticity

A

Shifts in phenology as to be more flexible with changing environments

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8
Q

In the lab and can control for one environmental attribute

A

Acclimate

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9
Q

Is in a natural population where it is difficult to pick out one specific environmental attribute

A

Acclimatization

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10
Q

A type of phenotypic plasticity; plastic development of discrete phenotypes or morphs

A

Polyphenism

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11
Q

Does transgenerational plasticity persist?

A

No

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12
Q

Up regulation or down regulation of specific genes in response to environmental stimuli, often through the action of regulatory genes

A

Gene expression

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13
Q

Downstream products

A

Proteins, mRNA, etc.

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14
Q

When the downstream product of a particular allele responds directly to environmental stimuli

A

Allelic sensitivity

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15
Q

why aren’t all traits in all organism’s plastic?

A

Phenotypic plasticity has a COST in the form of energy that could be used other places such as for growth

Plasticity in a particular trait increases survival but reduces fecundity and the plastic response might “misfire” in response to the wrong environmental cue

Plastic responses are not ALWAYS beneficial

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16
Q

Under what conditions should we expect developmental plasticity to evolve?

A

Non-mobile organisms

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17
Q

Unpredictable environment. What kind of plasticity?

A

Acute plasticity

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18
Q

Climatic variability hypothesis

A

o Broader at high latitude
o Specific to low latitude

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19
Q

Is behavior a type of phenotypic plasticity?

A

We do not truly know as behavior could be genetically predetermined

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20
Q

Good examples are birds as they will diversify into new environments if they are behaviorally flexible

Behavioral flexibility leads to exploitation of new niches and faster evolutionary diversification

Causes evolution and speciation to be more rapid

A

Behavioral drive

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21
Q

Good example is lizards who can live in different environments and use thermoregulation behavior

Behavioral flexibility causes individuals to track their niche and “hide” from selection, reducing evolutionary diversity

When evolution is slowed in a species

A

Behavioral inertia

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22
Q

Traits that appear with a specific environment occurs. Loci are always there waiting for this environment to use and create this new phenotype. Genes will be “turned on” when they enter the new environment and are stimulate and thus allows these new phenotypes to occur

A

Cryptic genetic variation

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23
Q

Any adaptive change in the environmental regulation of a phenotype which can be positive or negative

A

Genetic accommodations

24
Q

Subcategory of accommodation selection for reduced regulation of trait and it is completely genetically canalized or the complete loss of plasticity through genetic assimilation. This focuses on the negative (look at Figure 1 from notes and paper)

A

Genetic assimilation

25
Q

Evolution is slow

A

Gradualist

26
Q

Evolution is fast

A

Contemporary evolution

27
Q

Examples of fast evolution

A

Guppies in Trinidad and Galapagos finch beak breadth

28
Q

Evolutionary and ecological time are the same

A

Eco-Evolutionary Dynamics

29
Q

Shorter-term; changing allele frequencies within species or populations

Ex: beak depth in Galapagos finches

A

Microevolution

30
Q

Longer-term; evolution above the level of species evolution of clades

Ex: Adaptive radiation

A

Macroevolution

31
Q

Proposes that macroevolution is best described as long periods of stasis punctuated by rapid, cladogenesis, or the evolution on new clades. They propose this as an alternative to phyletic gradualism, the idea that evolutionary change proceeds smoothly at similar rates over time.

A

Theory of Punctuated Equilibria

32
Q

Evolutionary change within clades

A

Anagenesis

33
Q

The generation of two or more species from a common ancestor, in the absence of geographic isolation between descendants (disruptive selection)

A

Sympatric speciation

34
Q

The generation of two or more species from a common ancestor, facilitated by complete geographic isolation between descendants, and often aided by reinforcement upon secondary contact (where hybrids do not do well which causes divergence and reproductive isolation).

A

Allopatric speciation

35
Q

The diversification of a group of organisms into forms filling different ecological niches.

Ex: African rift lake cichlids

A

Adaptive radiation

36
Q

What conditions favor adaptive radiation?

A

Sudden opening of new, unexploited ecological niches (especially on islands)

The evolution of novel traits that permit the exploitation of previously existing, but empty, niches

The presence of strong selection leading to phenotypic and genetic divergence across niches

37
Q

The engine of adaptive radiation

A

Ecological speciation

38
Q

What forces the evolution of the genome?

A

Mutations, recombination, genetic drift, selection, and intragenomic conflict

39
Q

A to G or C to T

A

Transitions

40
Q

A to C or G to T

A

Transversions

41
Q

Increase in frequency of an allele due to it’s physical linkage with a
different allele that is under selection

A

Genetic hitchhiking

42
Q

The number of differences in homologous sequences between clades

A

Substitution rate

43
Q

The surprisingly low correspondence between the “complexity” of an organism and its genome size

A

C-Value Paradox

44
Q

A gene gets copied and inserted into another place in the genome, eventually mutates to serve a new or modified function (or lose function completely to become a pseudogene). Can happen by several mechanisms, including retro transposition (mRNA is translated back to DNA and inserted back into the genome).

A

Gene duplication

45
Q

Duplication, deletion, or incomplete retrotransposition

A

Chimeric genes

46
Q

a transposon (chromosomal segment) whose sequence shows homology with that of a retrovirus.

A

Retrotransposon

47
Q

Mutation(s) in non-coding, presumably “junk” DNA give rise to a new, functioning gene

A

De novo genes

48
Q

Difference in sequence variation between clades is primarily due to selection acting to increase the frequency of beneficial mutations (positive selection or evolution of phenotypes(directional)) and decrease the frequency of deleterious mutations (purifying, or negative, selection or stabilizing selection or removal of deleterious things). Loss or gain of neutral mutations is seen as due primarily to their physical linkage with loci under positive or purifying selection.

A

Selectionist hypothesis

49
Q

Differences in sequence variation between clades is primarily due to mutations that do not strongly affect organisms-level fitness (drift of genes that are neutral)

A

Neutralists hypothesis

50
Q

Use of mutation rate to determine the timing of divergence between clades

A

Molecular clock

51
Q

The ratio of non-synonymous to synonymous mutations in protein coding sequences

A

dN/dS ration

52
Q

A nucleotide mutation that alters the amino acid sequence of a protein

A

Non-synonymous substitution

53
Q

A change in the DNA sequence that codes for amino acids in a protein sequence, but does not change the encoded amino acid

A

Synonymous substitution

54
Q

dN/dS >1

A

Positive selection

55
Q

dN/dS <1

A

Negative selection

56
Q

dN/dS=1

A

Neutral evolution

57
Q

The relative high levels of genetic variation in neutral populations were (and still is) seen as evidence in support of the neutral theory, but…

Levels of genetic diversity are only weakly correlated with population size. Is often seen as strong evidence against the neutral theory

However, the more individuals in a population allows for more mutations and thus more genetic variation

A

Neutral Theory and the “Paradox of Variation”

Evolution (1 decks)

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