Exam Two Flashcards
Who argued that if prostitution were calculated in crime statistics, men and women might be on par for criminality?
Cesare Lombroso
________ sexual mores were tied to puritanical values that may have made prostitutes seem more exotic and tempting.
Early American
In what era did women not go barefoot, wore long dresses, did not show ankles and rarely did husbands and wives engage in sexual activity - making prostitutes seem more tempting?
Victorian Era
How many brothels and prostitutes were in Washington DC by the time of the Civil War (1860)?
500 brothels and over 5,000 prostitutes
by world war one in washington, dc - what happened to the establishments?
they were more discreetly hidden as a result of religious and moral crusaders
During the time of urban growth, industrialization and immigration in the US, what happened to prostitution?
prostitution was more regulated to certain areas associated with illegal drinking and gambling during prohibition and high crime areas
During the time of urban growth, where was prostitution more open and “colorful”
in the west
Where did the red-light term originate?
Dodge City, Kansas
What does the red-light term mean?
Men would stop at houses with prostitutes and leave their red light outside so they could be located in case of an emergency. Leaving a red light outside became a law and cities started making these houses put a red shade or curtain over the windows during the day
What is a call girl?
highest ranked prostitute, they have wealthier patrons
Today it is estimated that _____ million prostitutes worldwide collectively earn 186 billion per year
40-42
Which percentage of prostitutes are female?
80
What percent of prostitutes are between the ages of 13-25?
75%
How many prostitutes are said to be in the US and how much is spent on it in a day?
about 1 million prostitutes and about 40 million spent a day
Which state made prostitution legal within closed establishments but illegal to street walk?
Nevada
Which state decriminalized prostitution, but then made illegal in 2009?
Rhode Island
Which area decriminalized prostitution to help the city better control the context in which prostitution takes place and improve public health and safety?
District of Columbia
Prostitutes are victimized in disproportionate numbers, particularly what crime and what percentage of victimizations do they make up?
Serial killers - make up 32% of victims
What are some of the barriers to women leaving prostitution?
drug addiction, mental illness, physical injury or health problems, exhaustion, strained family relations, a criminal record, lack of housing, job opportunities, or education
Were older or younger women who entered into prostitution less likely to be using drugs when they began?
Younger
Were older or younger women who entered prostitution more likely to have negative outcomes?
Younger
Were older or younger women more likely to have children and use drugs when they entered prostitution?
Older
Who was raped in 1925 at 10 years old and thrown in jail?
Billie Holiday
what kind of law states that the victim’s past sexual history cannot be introduced into evidence and victims do not have to demonstrate significant levels of resistance?
rape shield laws
When are women more likely to report rapes or sexual assault?
when a threat or weapon is used and when the offender is not someone they know or have a close relationship with
What is a sexual assault response team (SART)?
government supported initiative to put more effective coordinated resources in place, thus benefitting from uniform strategies
What are the primary members of a SART team?
victim advocates, law enforcement, forensic medical examiners, sexual assault nurse examiners, forensic laboratory personnel and prosecutors.
What are the secondary members of a SART team?
dispatchers, emergency medical technicians, correctional staff, culturally specific organization representatives, sex-offender management professionals, policy makers, federal grant administrators, faith-based providers, and civil and victims’ rights attorneys
What percentage of college women know their assailant?
90%
Which bill enhanced penalties for crimes associated with the use of date rape drugs and dictated punishments for importing or trafficking in such substances?
Drug Induced Rape Prevention Act
Women who used self-protective action during the first incident reduced their likelihood of being a recurrent victim: True or False
TRUE
Which law made it unlawful to create, own, manufacture or distribute child pornography to include enhanced video imaging that could be sold or advertised as such?
Child Pornography Prevention Act (1996)
Everyday more than ______ million victims of modern slavery are being forced to work against their will. There are 5.4 victims of human trafficking for every 1,000 people throughout the world.
40
Which state is receiving the most calls regarding trafficking?
California - followed by Texas and Florida
Which state was the first to outlaw human trafficking and make it a second-degree felony in 2003 and require that a national hotline number be posted in certain business?
Texas
Which bill developed the T-VISA?
Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000
Who did field research on juvenile prostitutes and became one of the founding members of the criminal justice department at John Jay College of Criminal Justice in New York?
Dr. Dorothy Bracey
Which bill shifted to condemn the sex trafficking of girls and boys and “bars law enforcement from arresting sex workers who are under the age of 18 for soliciting and engaging in prostitution or loitering with the intent to do so”
Senate Bill 1322 (California)
Has prostitution arrest rates increased or declined?
Declined
which theories of DV state that it might be an indirect consequence of both structural and chemical aberrations in the brain, particularly head injuries that would lower inhibitions and increase the risk of aggressive behavior?
Biological Theories
Which theory of DV state that it is a result of mental illness or psychopathology including attachment issues, inability to manage anger and hostility, lack of assertiveness, low self-esteem, and communication skill difficulties?
Psychopathological theory
which theory of DV states that worsening worsening economic conditions or a decline in the couple’s income status? Such as, Periods of unemployment, underemployment, bankruptcy, poverty, and a cycle of low-status jobs place women at greater risk of being abused and beaten
Stress theories
Which theory of DV suggests that as women earn more, are able to obtain higher jobs, and provide increasing support for the family, they also gain power and leverage? This shift into a position of workforce value allows women to avoid being victimized, causing rates of intimate partner violence, one might predict, to decline.
Bargaining theory
Which theory of DV argues that any advance or economic achievement a women might make would be interpreted as a threat to the male partner and would increase her risk of domestic violence?
Backlash Theory
What has research found to be the most common correlates of domestic violence?
economic hardship, unemployment, and stress
True or false: poorer women are at far greater risk than those with more financial resources?
true
What is battered women’s syndrome?
term used to describe the psychological impact resulting from domestic violence, which further provides explanation for a battered women’s retaliating behavior
What are the 3 criteria to use BWS in court?
- Defendant honestly believed that she was in danger
- Defendants’ belief must be reasonable
- Must have been facing real, imminent danger. Thought of self-defense was last resort
true or false: in the mid-seventeenth century, it was believed that women were property and there was no prosecution of a husband in rape
True
what is the spousal rape exemption?
no prosecution of a husband as the sole actor in the rape of his wife
Which case was the first to attack the spousal rape exemption and argued the concept of equal protection should be used to give married women the same protection as women in general?
State v Smith (late 1970s)
When was marital rape officially a crime in all 50 states?
July 5th, 1993
True or false: In May of 2005, only 20 states had completely eliminated the marital rape exemptions from state law. The remaining 30 states still had some exemptions give to husbands from prosecution?
True
In which states were the exemptions and adopted a “rape is rape” approach?
Pennsylvania and Maine
What was the Violence Against Women Act in 1994?
made gender motivated violence a form of discrimination that is protected like any other civil right. made it a federal offense to cross state lines to injure, harass, or intimate a spouse or partner. Offender is punished up to 5 years in prison
What was the finding of Lawrence Sherman’s study in Minneapolis?
Arrest was the best way to reduce the likelihood of violence in the 6 months following the incident, however, many of the victims were not located for the follow up
What was the finding in the Milwaukee study?
they reasoned that effects were strongest for those individuals who had the most to lose by an arrest
What happened in the Thurman v City of Torrington Case (1984)?
clarified the nature of police responses to domestic violence and set the stage for implementing mandatory arrest polices and liability insurace
what do mandatory arrest policies focus on?
the presence of the offender and the existence of probable cause
what are the issues with restraining orders and no contact orders?
not as easily obtained as they could be, may be filing fees and women that do not show up with a lawyer are less likely to be issued one
what are some issues with domestic violence shelters?
may not be able to admit after hours, on weekends or on holidays, which are some of the periods of highest demand. Some shelters do not accept women with older children or more than a couple of children. Women have to quit their jobs, remove children from schools – there are also few bilingual services and women with disabilities are less likely to be served.
