exam two Flashcards
what part of ancient greece did the phoenicians occupy?
modern-day Lebanon and parts of North Africa
what were phoenicians known for?
- tried to occupy Italy but it was too difficult to invade
- iron-making skills
- maritime (sea) traders
- invented the phoenician alphabet (1st sound-based alphabet)
what was the assyrian empire known for?
- invented and used fighting formation (moved in unison creating a shield/fighting wall upon verbal command = PHALANX)
overthrew the Northern Kingdom of Israel in 722 BC - King Assurbanipat (established library)
- King Tiglath Pilesar
Who was the most notable king of the Babylonian Empire? (612BC-539BC)
King Nebuchadnezzar (630BC_562BC)
What was Babylon?
Lavish showplace (bc King Neb)
More than 2.1k acres and 1.7k temples, walls 12ft thick, hanging gardens
What was the Persian Empire known for? Years?
539BC-330BC
One of the most powerful and significant empires in the world
Reign order of the Persian empire?
Cyrus the Great (FIRST)
Cambyses 2nd, Darius 1st, Xerxes 1st, Artaxerxes, Xerxes 2nd, (ASSASSINATED) Darius 2nd, Artaxerxes 2nd, Artaxerxes 3rd, Artaxerxes 4th
Darius 3rd (LAST)
Where was the Persian Empire?
from Libya, all the fertile cresent, Iraq, Iran and MANY more
What is “Israelites” translated to in Greek?
those who struggled with God
What was the story of Exodus?
1500s BC = Hebrews established in Canaan
1st attempt to enter Canaan under Moses FAILED
2nd attempt to enter Canaan under Joshua and over the course of time were successful
What was the period of the judges?
judges served as military leaders to try and take land of Canaan back
Who were some memorable judges of this pd?
Deborah (because she was a girl)
Gideon
Samson
Samuel
Who was the first king of the israelites? 2nd? 3rd?
King Saul (1000BC) because “he stood a head taller than everyone”
King David (990s)
King Solomon (David’s son)
What’s so special about King Solomon’s reign?
He was the most powerful king of a united nation of Israel) 970-935
Who did King Solomon treat poorly? What happened because of that?
Northern part of Israel
It brought strife between the two parts of the country, which caused a civil war between the 2 parts of Israel after he passed away
Who conquered the Northern Kingdom (Israel) in 722BC?
The Assyrians
Who conquered the Southern Kingdom (Judah) in 586BC?
The Babylonians
What was the center of the Greek world?
Aegea
Why were the Greeks called Hellenes?
it was the most common male name, “my people”
What is Asia Minor?
Modern day Turkey
What effect did geography have on Greece?
- little land for large-scale farming, no broad river valleys or land to grow
- SEAS! no place is Greece was more than 80 miles from the water (good for military, trade and religion-Poseidon)
What was bad about having all of the mountains and valleys in ancient Greece?
the mtns served as geographical walls. it was difficult to unite everyone so all parts stayed at war with eachother
What was the Southern chunk of Greece called? What was special about it?
Peloponnese, it was surrounded by water except it’s connection to the mainland
What were the 4 Epochs called?
The Minoans (2,000-1,4000BC)
Mycenaean Age (2,000-1,100BC)
Hellenic Period (1100-300BC) ^Dark age, enlightenment pd
Hellenistic Age (300BC-100)
^greek culture spreads over the world
What was the theory behind Iliad and Odyssey before 1870?
They were considered “just stories” that were shaped over centuries about Trojans and Greeks not ever getting along and went to war.
The stories didn’t get written down until the 8th century and were attributed to Homer
Who was Heinrich Schliemann?
German, expert in languages, banking, retired at 46 and moved to Athens to figure out if Troy was a real place
He married a 17 year old girl named Sophia
What were Schliemann’s discoveries?
In 1870, him and Sophia went to the Mount of Hissarlik and started digging through layers and thought the second layer from the bottom was Troy but it was Troy 2 (silver and bronze) “Treasure of Priam”
Who is Wilhelm Dorpfeld? What did he do?
He was a real archaeologist and joined Schliemann in 1882 to help him identify where Troy really was (they still needed to find if there was still a war or not)
Who were the Mycenaean Civilization? (2000BC)
nomads from eastern european plains, they conquered a lot of the territories around then by 1300BC (lots of war between the people - internal warfare)
When was the dark age of Greece?
during the Hellenistic period 1150BC-750BC
When did Schliemann find Mycenae? What was there?
1874, it was rich in gold and beehive tombs (they built rulers tombs with gold, silver and ivory)
Where did William Schliemann travel to in 1884?
Tiryns!
Why could Schliemann not travel to Crete?
Because they were at war with Turkey during that time and then he died in 1890
Who was Sir Arthur Evans (1851-1941)?
English archeologist, wealthy, eccentric, highly respected
He went to Crete in 1898 and then bought land there
What did Sir Arthur Evans write? What was it about?
The Palace of Minos (vols 4)
He was talking about all of the things he had found in Crete
What linguistic discoveries did Sir Arthur Evans find?
Minoans hieroglyphics
What did the Minoans call themselves?
Keftiu’s
What was the Circa?
3200BC, 1st highly developed european civilization
What did the old palace period consist of?
Palaces, pottery, trade and writing
What was the new palace period?
(1800-1550) centered in knossos
found giant bulls and seemed to worship them, snake gods and female deities. women were exposed because that’s how they nurse children (Religious significance, feeding)
Why did the new palace pd go into decline?
They were either attacked by invaders and probably destroyed by mudslides or tsunami
What was the period of Greece’s dark age? What happened?
1150-750BC
Great palaces destroyed/deserted, lack of written record, decline of centralized monarchies and no standard body of law
When did the rise of Athens and Sparta take place?
Classical/Hellenic Age (800-323BC)
What was the early hellenic age?
Started around 800BC, institution of the “polis,” Greek city-state, a city that acted as a state
Monarchy and Tyranny (Greek Gov)
Rule by one person who has the final word in law
Tyrant - someone who takes power from someone else and puts themselves in that place as a replacement, wasn’t always a bad thing
Aristocracy (Greek Gov)
rule by those who are born into the leading families (bloodline)
Oligarchy (Greek Gov)
rule by a few, wealthy members of society
Democracy - Athenians
(Greek Gov)
rule by the people by majority vote on disputed issues
“demo” = people
Unification Attica (region controlled by Athens)
united in the early 8th century, hereditary tribal kings replaced by aristocrats and oligarchs, dual rulership
what is a polemarch?
commander of military
what is an archon?
principal ruler
What was the cause of civil wars in 750BC?
monarchy was replaced by oligarchy
Who had an idea that could stop the civil wars? What was that idea?
Solon (a tyrant archon)
He thought that he could stop the fighting by including all people and establishing a constitution
What was the outcome of Solon’s constitution?
No one followed it, especially the wealthy and powerful
Who took Solon’s place? What did they do?
Pisistratus and Hippias (father and son) - tyrant archons
they attempted to establish their family as hereditary rules of Athens (take back to monarchy)
What happened after Pisistratus died?
Hippias took power and everyone hated him. He was kicked out and joined the Persians in war. Isagoras took his place as king (509BC)
What was going around the time that Isagoras took Hippias place as king? (509BC)
Cleisthenes, who was confident in democracy, gets support from the Athenian people.
He was kicked out of power because of the democratic idea but he came back and overthrew Isagora’s gov and democracy is born 508BC!
Who is the true founder of Athenian democracy?
Cleisthenes
What is the Ecclesia? Who was it for? Meeting place?
translated to “assembly created for a special purpose”
place of meeting for the freeborn, adult male with the right to speak and vote, 6,000 people, met at the PNYX
What is the Boule? What years did it exist? Meeting place?
508-494BC
counsel of 500, 50 people from each tribe, each month of the year another tribe would lead, FULL TIME officials, they could rule without approval from Ecclesia
Requirements = age 30+, 1yr term and never to serve again
Bouleuterion
Who were the Archons? Meeting place?
Judges who made decisions about who is following the law, had limited power
Met at Tholos
What is ostracism?
Method of expelling a citizen for a period of 10 years, needed 6,000 votes, name with highest # of votes expelled from city-state Athens for 10 years
What happened in 900BC?
Doric Invasion - group from the North invaded the Peloponnese (central Greece)
What war happened in 700BC?
Messinian War
Spartans (nobles) VS Messinians/Helots (slaves)
What was the outcome of the Messinian War?
Helots enslaved
military society develops out of “necessity” because the Spartans were worried that if the Messinians (slaves) rose again, they might could rule since there was many of them
What was this military society like?
HARSH!! Deformed children killed at birth, all males entered service at 7 y/o, became soldiers at 20, and became full citizens at 30 and were then able to live at home.
What happened when these boys were taken from their families at age 7?
they were paired with a mentor (older soldier) who “trained them up” and used them for sexual favors
What were Spartan women like?
they had more freedom than other greek women, they were fierce and would fight when their men fell in battle, they attended athletic games and trained. were allowed to complete in regional games but not olympic
“thigh-flashers”
Characteristics of Spartans
rejected individualism and discouraged artistic individual expression, had a dual monarchy and elected ephors, rarely had to use their army, peaceful polis
What is an ephor?
old person that makes decisions because they are “wise”
When was the 1st Greco-Persian War? Under who’s rule?
499-490BC
Darius 1
What was the cause of the 1st Greco-Persian War? What happened?
Ionian Greeks were rebelling against Darius the first (king of Persia)
Darius sends leader of his army (Mardonius) to retake Thrace and Macedonia and gets stuck by storm. Then, Darius calls for Earth and Water symbolizing that Persia is over everything land and ocean. Athens didn’t agree and was thrown into pit of punishment and Spartans were thrown into a well. In 490, Darius sends Datus (commander) to CONQUER. Marathon was attacked (best way to gain access to Athens) land march! Persians got to Athens and and tried to divide and conquer but they got conquered.
Athens destroyed the Persian forces in Battle of Marathon. 192 Athenians died, almost 7k Persians died.
When was the 2nd Greco-Persian War? Ruler? What happened?
Xerxes 1 (son of Darius)
480-478BC
Athens, Sparta and other Greek city-states unite in 481.
Xerxes (Persia) launches invasion forces in 480, was the largest invasion force ever, millions of men from whole persian empire (all spoke different languages)
What happened at Hellespont?
Persians crossed the Hellespont river (one mile across a strip of water) by nailing planks across the Persian ships and had soldiers marched over it (created a pontoon bridge)
What was the first major battle of the second greco-persian war?
Battle of Thermopylae (translated “hot gates” bc known for volcanic activity)
300 spartan warrior and 7k hoplites (Greek soldiers who supported Spartas) held the Persians for 7 days
What was the Greek’s go to fighting formation?
Phalanx - shield to shield, side to side, pushing and thrusting with their spears in unison
What did a spartan warrior look like?
long hair, girdle, covered from blow of sword, shields covered in bronze
What did the persian warrior look like?
They were armed with bows and arrows so they didn’t have super nice armor like the greeks
Who was the commander of the Persians?
Datus
Who was the commander of the Greeks?
Miltades
Who was the runner to Sparta?
Pheidippides
What were Triremes?
long, skinny ships that could move really fast used by the Greeks
What was the final Battle of the second greco-persian war?
Battle of Platea (479)
What was so significant about the greco-persian war?
Greek city-states who weren’t fond of eachother prior to the war worked together to fight a common enemy and conquered
What was so significant about the greco-persian war?
Greek city-states who weren’t fond of eachother prior to the war worked together to fight a common enemy and conquered
What was the Peloponnesian war?
431-404BC
After the war, Athens (under Pericles) create an empire and go around asking the smaller city-states to join the Athenian empire.
Corinth said NO and Sparta sided with Corinth.
WAR BEGAN!
What was the end result of the Peloponnesian War?
Spartans shut down Athenians and Athens was starved to surrender and SPARTANS WIN!
What did the Hellenic Culture consist of? What years?
800-323BC
Religion and Philosophy
Where did the Greek creation myths begin?
CHAOS produces night, light and mother earth (Gaea)
Gaea gives birth to the heavens (Ouranos)
Gaea and Ouranos produce 3 monsters and 12 Titans
Cronos, the youngest Titan, castrates Ouranos and Cronos and the Titans rule
Then, Cronos starts to swallow his kids/gods
What did Zues (one of Crono’s sons) force Cronos to do? Then what?
vomit up his kids/gods
then zues and the other gods banish Cronos and the kids begin to rule to world
Who were some of the gods involved during this time?
Zues (father figure)
Hera (wife and sister^)
Athena (godess of wisdom and war strat) ATHEN’S MASCOT
Apollo (god of the sea)
Demeter (goddess of fertility)
Hades (god of underworld)
hephaetus (god of fire)
ares (god of war) SPARTAN’S MASCOT
artemis (goddess of hunting)
aphrodite (goddess of love)
hermes (messenger god)
dionysus (god of wine and ecstasy)
Why was greek religion different from others?
- Less Powerful (each greek god had power over certain groups but no total reign)
- No caste system
- No holy book/moral code
(had little to no concern of afterlife, more of a concern about forming a legacy that would be remembered forever)
What is Greek Philosophy?
general examination of entire spectrum of human knowledge
“philo” - love in Greek
“sophia” - wisdom
Love of wisdom
What/when was the pre-socratic period of philosophy?
600-399
focus was on the orgin and nature of the physical world, began to question legitness of mythology
Who was Thales of Miletus? (600BC)
1st true mathematician
had a non-mythological explanation of the physical world
Who was Democritus?
Father of Science
theorized about existence of atoms, developed concepts of universal law (gravity)
Who was Anaximander?
developed simple theory of evolution (things have evolved overtime) and theory of boundless universe (things go on forever and ever)
Who was Hippocrates?
1st great empiricist
Instead of believing mythology, he said they needed to learn the world using physical measurements and some sort of evidence
Invented the Hippocratic Oath “I promise not to give my patients anything to intentionally harm them”
When was the Classical Age of Greek philosophy? Who was involved?
399-300
Socrates, Plato and Aristotle
Who is Socrates?
470-399
Talks heavily about ethics, epistemology, and was accused of perverting minds of the youth and was given the choice of exile or suicide, chose suicide
What is Epistemology?
seeking the root of knowledge by asking questions to get to the point of what you are talking about
Who is Plato?
427-347
Socrate’s student, anti-democracy, the “master of Aristotle”
What did Plato write? What was it about?
The Republic
Had a story inside of it called “Allegory of the Cave” and was trying to say that people believe the shadows and they need to step outside the box to become truly aware, learn for themselves
He said that most people “enjoy the comfort of their cave”
Who was Aristotle?
384-322
“The Master” of Philosophy
Wrote about politics, physicals, and metaphysics Mathematician, Astronomer, Botanist (study of planets), Anatomist
what did early greek plays look like?
not scripted, drunk men who dressed up in goat skins (had a sexual meaning), sang songs to welcome gods at festivals, tribes would compete and usually had no more than 3 actors
where did the word tragedy come from? what was it?
tragos (goat) ode (song)
based off mythology/history
deals with the meaning of life and nature of the gods
What did Aeschlus write? (tragedy)
The Persians
Oresteia
What did Sophocles write? (tragedy)
Antigone
Oedipus Rex
What did Eurepides write? (tragedy)
Madea
Hercules
Trojan Women
What did Aristophanes write? (comedy)
Lysistrata (strong women leads female coalition to stop sex until men stop the war)
What is a fresco? (art)
formed by wet paint and plaster
What did Classical Architecture look like? (pillars)
Doric (square)
Ionic (scrolled ends)
Corinthian (flowery)
what was the primary occupation during the pre-alexanderian period?
small-scale farming (farms owned by families)
Race (pre-alexanderian pd)
homogenous (everyone looked very similar)
Who could have formal education (pre-alexanderian pd)?
middle class and wealthy
Slavery in Athens
Chattel Slavery (humans bought, sold and leased), 30% of population was slaves, most not abused, allowed to own property and eat with master
Criminals worked in mines, quarries and mills and had a short life time because they were beaten
Slavery in Sparta
serfdom (hellots), tied to land and paid dues to spartan masters, had freedom but were treated AWFULLY! they were used as target practice to the agoges (trainees in military)
Home and Children (women)
oikia and paidia
running home businesses
Women and politics relationship
they were excluded from overt political or economic power but would exercise their power through sons and husbands to make changes
Marriage for the women
numphe (unmarried women) and gunaikes (married women), arranged by parents, bride price, early to mid-teen girls
What was Hetaerae (prostitution)?
wealthy man (sugar daddy) who paid for everything
What was Sacred (temple) prostitution?
women or man would pay money to have sex with temple prostitutes which would get you closer to the gods and help your relationship back at home
seen as more acceptable for a man to see a temple prostitute than going to a neighbor’s wife (in case of pregnancy or adulterous behavior)
Homosexuality (pre-alexanderian pd)
not unheard of among unmarried women (learned from Saphhos, writer from Lesvos) but forbidden among married girls
middle-aged and old men with younger males was common (in the mentoring relationship)
Sports (prealexanderian pd)
Greeks were the the first to focus on nurturing of physique, muscle building, and athletic performance.
Had local athletic festivals and then began Olympic Games (776BC) and every 4 years after that.
Began in a small polis of Olympia on west coast.
Games were originally more religious (had sacrifices at the games), in the nude.
