Exam Three: Renal, Digestive, Reproductive Flashcards
What cells produce androgen-binding protein?
Sertoli Cells
What cells produce testosterone in the testis?
Leydig Cells
What cells found in the seminiferous tubules do not produce sperm?
Sertoli Cells
The gubernaculum is important in what process?
The descent of the testes
What type of cells release pepsinogen?
Chief cells
Functions of the stomach do not include _________ absorption
Protein
Functions of the stomach include _______ digestion, ______ denaturing, _______ of food, and storage of _______ _____.
protein, protein, sterilization, ingested food
What macromolecule is not digested in the mouth?
Fats
What type of cells are a source of intrinsic factor?
Parietal Cells
What type of cells release gastrin?
Enteroendocrine cells
What percentage of filtrate volume will be reabsorbed by the renal tubule?
99%
How are materials returned to the peritubular capillaries?
Diffusion and Osmosis
What three factors make the movement of materials to the peritubular capillaries easy?
1) decreased blood pressure due to narrow efferent arteriole
2) slow flow rate
3) increased colloid osmotic pressure
Where is 65-70% of filtrate reabsorbed?
Proximal Convoluted Tubule
Great length, prominent microvilli, and abundant mitochondria are all characteristics of the _______
Proximal Convoluted Tubule
Why are there so many mitochondria in the PCT?
They produce the ATP needed for active transport
The transcellular route is through _______ cells.
Epithelial
The paracellular route is between _______ cells.
Epithelial
Epithelial nephrocytes have special permeability to _______
Sodium
Cells of the PCT have a special ______ transport protein that binds to ______ and does not act unless also bound to sodium.
glucose, glucose
Why do glucose transport proteins also need to bind to sodium?
They harness the concentration gradient and act as a Sodium Dependent Cotransporter
The transporter for glucose is only present in the ____
PCT
Because there are a fixed number of transporter proteins that may become saturated, there is a _______ _________
transport maximum
The transport maximum of glucose is ____mg/minute
320
Diabetes mellitus causes glycosuria because the glucose level exceeds the _______ _________
transport maximum
Glucose transport is a form of _______ ______ transport
secondary active
Besides glucose, another sodium-dependent cotransporter material is _____ ______
amino acids
Amino acid transport proteins, like glucose transport proteins, have a ________ ________
transport maximum
Water reabsorption is _______
passive
There is more water in the ______ than outside of the ______
filtrate, PCT
Cells of the PCT are extremely permeable to water because they have ________
aquaporins
Filtrate becomes ____ concentrated in water
less
Water concentration will increase in the filtrate until it exceeds the pressure of water outside of the ___ and causes _______, leaving the filtrate _____ concentrated
PCT, osmosis, more
By water leaving the PCT, it creates a _______ ___________
concentration gradient
____ follows water out of the PCT by a solvent drag and diffusion because of the concentration gradient shift
K+ (potassium)
Na+ will always take an anion like ___ to maintain the electric balance.
Cl- (chlorine)
Because nephrocytes are permeable to water, they are also permeable to ______, which takes advantage of the aquaporins
urea
Because of the solvent drag, there is a percentage of ____ and other __________ ______ that will be reabsorbed.
urea, nitrogenous wastes
_____ _____ when present in the blood can have antiparasitic properties
Uric Acid
The primary function of tubular reabsorption in the loop of henle is to _______________
enable the collecting duct to concentrate urine and conserve water
Only ___% of the original filtrate remains when it enters the loop of henle
30
the osmolarity of filtrate entering the loop of henle is ____
300 miliosmoles
Extracellular fluid becomes more ______ as it descends from the cortex to the medulla
salty
osmolarity in the medulla can increase up to ______mOsm/L
1,200
The _________ limb of the loop of henle is very permeable to water
descending
water leaves as the limb descends via ________
osmosis
The descending limb of the loop of henle allows water to leave but does not allow ______ to follow, concentrating the tubular fluid
NaCl
The ascending limb of the loop of henle is/is not permeable to water
is not
the ascending limb of the loop of henle contains a lot of ________ cotransporter proteins
Na-K-Cl2
Why are there 2 Cls in the Na-K-Cl2 cotransporter protein?
for neutrality
The Na-K-Cl2 cotransporter protein is what _____ inhibits and what maintains the high osmolarity of the medulla
Lasix
Tubular fluid becomes _____ as it ascends into the cortex
hypotonic
The Na-K-Cl2 that is released from the ascending limb of the loop of henle is taken up by the _____ ______ in its ________ parallel
vasa recta, ascending
Water is reabsorbed by the vasa recta’s ______ parallel
descending
The parallels and reabsorption of the vasa recta are known as
countercurrent exchange
____% of filtrate is reabsorbed in the loop of henle, leaving ___%
25-30, 10
what percentage of the original volume enters the DCT?
10%
electrolyte and waste concentration of filtrate is no longer similar to blood plasma once it enters the ____
DCT
The DCT is very sensitive to which hormone?
Aldosterone
In the DCT there is Na+ ___________ , H20 ___________ and K+ __________
reabsorption, reabsorption, secretion
Aldosterone triggers the production of ___ channels into the basal membrane
Na+
Calcium channels in the DCT are called _______
C-H-ATPase
Reabsorption of Ca is regulated by ___ and _______
PTH, calcitriol
Less than __% of the original filtrate volume is left when it enters the collecting system
5
The collecting system is sensitive to aldosterone, causing H20 _________, Na+ __________, K _________ and urea _________
reabsorption, reabsorption, secretion, reabsorption
Aquaporins are only present when ____ is present
ADH
The movement of substances from the peritubular capillaries into the tubule is called _______ _________
tubular secretion
____ is both water and lipid soluble
C02
Urochrome comes from the breakdown of ___________
hemoglobin
Normal urine pH is ____
6.0
Urine is composed of ___% H20
95
normal urine output is ____L/day
1-2
diabetes can be defined as chronic ______ with hyperglycemia
polyuria
Diabetes __________ is caused by hyposecretion of ADH
insipidus
diuretics function to ________ urine output and _______ blood volume
increase, decrease
diuretic mechanism of action is to __________ glomerular flow rate and ________ tubular reabsorption
increase, decrease
Nephrotic syndrome can be defined as __________ from glomerular injury
proteinuria
Nephroptosis can be defined as _______ ________
floating kidney
increased fluid pressure can obstruct the ureter resulting in a condition called ___________
hydronephrosis
chronic renal failure can be defined as irreversible loss of ________
nephrons
acute renal failure can be defined as an abrupt ________ in ________
decline, function
acute glomerulonephritis can be defined as _________ ___________ of the glomeruli
autoimmune inflammation
What hormone targets the Nephrone loop, DCT and CD causing Na+ reabsorption, K+ secretion and indirectly promoting Cl- and H20 reabsorption?
aldosterone
What hormone targets the PCT and afferent and efferent arterioles reducing water loss, reducing GFR, encouraging water intake and constricting blood vessels, raising blood pressure?
Angiotensin II
What hormone acts on the collecting duct promoting H20 reabsorption, reducing urine volume and increasing concentration?
ADH
What hormone acts on the collecting duct and afferent and efferent arterioles increasing GFR, constricting the efferent arteriole, dilating the afferent arteriole, increasing urine volume and lowering blood pressure?
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide
What hormone acts on the DCT causing reduced Ca2+ secretion?
Calcitonin
What hormone acts on the DCT causing CA2+ reabsorption?
Calcitriol
What hormones act on the juxtaglomerular apparatus and afferent arteriole, inducing renin secretion, constricting the afferent arteriole, and reducing GFR and urine volume?
Epinephrine and Norepinephrine
What hormone acts on the PCT, DCT and nephron loop promote Ca2+ reabsorption and increase phosphate excretion?
Parathyroid Hormone
Accessory digestive organs include the _______, tongue, ________, salivary glands, _______ and pancreas
teeth, gallbladder, liver
Digestive processes of the mouth include ________ of materials, __________, _________ and limited _______ by saliva
analysis, mastication, lubrication, digestion
Salivary amylase breaks down _______________ and works at a _______ pH
polysaccharides, neutral
salivary lipase breaks down _________ and works at a ______ pH
triglycerides, low
lysozyme breaks down gram __ bacteria
positive +
IgA antibodies in saliva function to _______ ________
block infection
mucin functions to ________ _____
lubricate food
secretion of saliva is controlled by the __________ nervous system
autonomic
__________ _________ of the medulla oblongata send action potentials down cranial nerves to stimulate _______
salivatory nuclei, salivation
phases of salivary release include the __________ and ____ phases
cephalic, oral
the ___________ phase of salivary release is brought on by the sight, thought, and smell of food.
cephalic
the ______ phase of salivary release is brought on by chemoreceptors and pressure receptors
oral
sympathetic stimulation results in the production of a _______, _______ saliva with ________ enzyme content
smaller, viscous, little
what substances are absorbed in the mouth?
lipid-soluble substances
the stomach has some limited digestion of _______ and _______
proteins, lipids
the acidity of the stomach and digestive enzyme, pepsin, helps to _______ the food
sterilize
the stomach liquifies food to produce _______
chyme
the stomach is lined with _____ ______ ___________
simple columnar epithelium
the stomach lining produces a carpet of mucus to _________ _____ _________ _____ ______
protect the stomach from acid
the epithelium of the stomach is organized into shallow depressions called _______ _____
gastric pits
B12 helps with the production of _____ ________ ______
red blood cells
gastric pits are lined with columnar epithelium called ______ _________ which release mucus
mucus epithelium
at the base of the gastric pits, there are two or three _________ ________
gastric glands
gastric glands have five types of cells: _________ ______ ______, _________ ______, _____ _____, ____________ ______, and __________ ______
mucus neck cells, parietal cells
mucus neck cells produce _______
mucin
parietal cells produce ________ ______
intrinsic factors
intrinsic factor is required for the absorption of ____ by the intestine
B12
Fe2 binds to gastroferritin and is absorbed by the ____ _______
small intestine
The process of carbonic anhydrase producing H+HCO3, H-K-ATPase pumping out H in exchange for K, and Cl shifting into the cell as HCO3 goes to the blood is called the
alkaline tide
pepsin digests _______
proteins
chief cells in infants produce _______ and _________ _______
rennin, gastric lipase
gastrin and somatostatin are produced by ______________ cells
enteroendocrine
gastrin is produced by ___ cells and _________ secretion by parietal and chief cells
g, stimulates
somatostatin is produced by ___ cells which weakly inhibits ______ release
d, gastrin
regenerative cells undergo ________ to replace old cells
mitosis
release of gastric secretion is controlled by both ______ and ________ mechanisms
neural, hormonal
the release of gastric secretion occurs in three phases: _________, _______ and __________
cephalic, gastric, intestinal
the cephalic phase of gastric secretion is directed by the ____ and occurs _______ food enters the stomach and is triggered by the thought, sight or smell of food
CNS, before
the gastric phase of gastric secretion occurs _______ _____ ____ ________ the stomach. The most important stimuli are ____ pH, __________ and ________
once food has reached, low, distention, peptides
the neural response of the gastric phase is caused by __________ causing ________ cells to make HCl and ________ cells to release pepsinogen and ___ cells to release gastrin
neural, distention, parietal, chief, g
the hormonal response of the gastric phase includes the release of _____ which causes the release of _______ and stimulates HC lfrom _______ cells. it is a _________ feedback loop
gastrin, pepsinogen, parietal, positive
release of gastrin is inhibited when pH drops below ___, and instead _________ is released (_________ feedback control)
2, somatostatin, negative
the intestinal phase of gastric secretion starts when ______ enters the ______ ________
chyme, small intestine
the main function of the intestinal phase is to control the entrance of chyme into the _____________
duodenum
the intestinal phase has both a ________ and __________ response
neural, hormonal
the neural response of the intestinal phase involves stretch receptors in the SI by the chyme inhibiting _________ production by the stomach
gastrin
the hormonal response of the intestinal phase involves ____ hormones
four
_______ is released from the small intestine if chyme is above 3 and stimulates gastric secretion
gastrin
_______ is released from the small intestine if chyme is less than 3 and inhibits gastric secretion
secretin
________________ and _________________ are both released from the SI due to the presence of fatty acids and lipids in the chyme. both _______ gastric secretion
cholecystokinin (CCK), gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP), inhibit
the period of gastric emptying must be closely regulated by ________ reflexes and ____________
neural, hormones
if the period of gastric emptying is too ______, chyme is not formed
fast
if the period of gastric emptying is too _____, the stomach becomes too acidic
slow
regulation of gastric emptying is primarily controlled by opening and closing of the _______ sphincter
pyloric
stimulation of gastric emptying is controlled by ______ of the stomach and _______
stretch, gastrin
inhibition of gastric emptying is controlled by _______ of the SI, _________ receptors, and ________ of the SI
stretch, chemical, hormones
the ______ _________ is the site of most digestion and almost all absorption
small intestine
the small intestine has three regions including the ________, ______ and ______
duodenum, jujenum, and ileum
the duodenum receives ______, _________ juices and _____
chyme, juice, bile
the hepatopancreatic sphincter is ______ between meals
closed
the ileum participates _____ in absorption than digestion
more
the jejunum participates _____ in absorption than digestion
less
the deep folds of the submucosa of the small intestine are called the ______ _________
plica circulares
the fingerlike projections of the mucosal surface containing lacteals are called ______
villi
the ________ of the SI have a brush border enzyme for proteins and carbs
microvilli
cells of the mucosal epithelium of the SI include ________ cells and _____ cells
absorptive, goblet
the absorptive cells of the mucosal epithelium participate in _________ _____
nutrient uptake
goblet cells secrete _____
mucus
the cells of the intestinal crypts include ________ cells, _______ cells, __________ cells, _______ cells, and ______ _____ cells
absorptive, goblet, enteroendocrine, paneth, epithelial stem
lysozyme is secreted by ______ ces
paneth
the cells of the submucosal layer include _________ glands, ______ patches and ______
duodenal, peyer’s, MALT
intestinal secretion is largely ______ and ______
water, mucus
water is necessary for acid ________
hydrolysis
intestinal secretion is slightly ________
alkaline
release of small intestine secretion has two phases: _______ and ________
cephalic, intestinal
during the cephalic phase, ________________NS releases secretion in preparation for food
parasympathetic
during the cephalic phase, __________NS inhibits the release of mucus
sympathetic
the intestinal phase involves neural reflexes (__________ caused by chyme) and hormones (______, ______., ______, ____)
distention, gastrin, secretin, CCK, GIP
chemical digestion of the SI requires ______ _______ enzymes, juices from the __________, and juices from the ________
brush border, gallbladder, pancreas
enzymes from the pancreas break down __ ___________ ____ _______
all categories of food
pancreatic enzymes include ________ (like trypsin), ________ enzymes (like pancreatic amylase), ________ enzymes (like pancreatic lipase), and ______ and ______ _________
proteases, stratch, lipid enzymes, dna, rna nucleases
regulation of pancreatic secretion includes neural control and hormonal control (due to _______ in the _____)
food, SI
________ is released in response to HCl in the SI
secretin
______ is released in response to fats in the SI
CCK
_______ acts as a fat emulsifier
bile
bile is composed of bile _____, __________, bile _______, ________ and electrolytes (________ ______)
salts, phospholipids, pigments, cholesterol, sodium bicarb
the cephalic phase of bile release is/is not a strong stimulator
is not
_____ stimulates gallbladder contraction and relaxation of the sphincter of oddi
CCK
_______ stimulates the bile duct cells to produce a watery bicarb rich juice
secretin
the large intestine has four regions: _____, _________, _______, _____
cecum, appendix, colon, rectum
the large intestine functions to ________ digest, _________ water and electrolytes, and _________
chemically, absorb, defecate
cellulose digests ______
glucose
__ complex and most __ vitamins are synthesized by bacteria
B, K
chemical digestion and absorption is a __________ process
catabolic
food is broken down into _________ which can be absorbed
monomers
enzymatic breakdown is called _________
hydrolysis
dietary carbohydrates include ______ __________, _______, __________
starch, glycogen, cellulose, sugars
the most digestible dietary carb is _________
starch
which dietary carb cannot be digested?
cellulose
disaccharides include ______, ________ and _________
sucrose, maltose, lactose
monosaccharides include __________, ___________, _________
glucose, galactose, fructose
salivary amylase works in the _________ and ________
mouth, stomach
pancreatic amylase works in the small intestine to yield ________ from starches
maltose
dextrinase and glucoamylase are found on the ______ __________ ________ _________ and yield glucose and maltose
small intestine brush border
___________ is a brush border enzyme that breaks down maltose and produces two glucoses
maltase
_______ breaks down sucrose
sucrase
_________ breaks down lactose
lactase
sucrose is composed of ______ and _______
glucose, fructose
lactose is composed of ______ and _________
glucose, galactose
glucose Is absorbed transcellularly by ____-______ ___________ proteins or paracellularly by ________ _____
Na Glucose transport, solvent drag
_____________, similarly to glucose, is absorbed via a sodium dependent cotransporter protein
galactose
__________ is absorbed transcellularly by facilitated diffusion
fructose
pepsinogen is converted to _______ when cleaved by acid
pepsin
pepsin participates in _________ digestion, which occurs in the stomach and small intestine
protein
pepsin is particularly effective in digesting ___________
collagen
protein digestion in the small intestine includes work from __________ enzymes and __________ __________ enzymes
pancreatic, brush border
__________ enzymes, like trypsin and chymotrypsin, reduce the size of polypeptides by attacking internal peptide bonds
pancreatic
carboxypeptidase, another pancreatic and brush border enzyme, removes single amino acids from the __________ end
carboxyl
aminopeptidase and dipeptidase function to remove single amino acids from the _______ end
amine
enzymes in the small intestine work best at a(n) ________ pH
neutral
the three different amino acid-sodium transporters are dependent upon class, based on _________
charge
most lipid digestion occurs in the ______ ___________
small intestine
fats are __________ in water
insoluble
bile salts emulsify fats by binding to the fat droplets and ________
water
bile salts allow enzymes to act by increasing the __________ __________
surface area
lipases break down triglycerides to _______, that when fatty acids and monoglycerides combine with phospholipids from bile salts are called _________
droplets, micelles
micelles can be defined as a lipid core shielded from water by ____ ______, also containing __________ and fat-soluble vitamins
bile salts, cholesterol
when micelles come into contact with a cell surface, they melt onto the plasma membrane releasing ________ and _______ _______ _______ into the cell which resynthesize into triglycerides and combine with phospholipids, proteins and cholesterol to form a lipoprotein called ________
monoglycerides, free fatty acids, chylomicron
chylomicrons enter the blood and are broken down by __________ _______ to form _____ _____ ____ and _____ to be stored in adipose tissue
lipoprotein lipase, free fatty acids, glycerol
left-over chylomicrons are taken to the liver and converted by hepatocytes to ___ ______ _______ which travel to the adipose. _____ ______ _______ pick up and clean cholesterol and phospholipids and return it to the liver
low density lipoproteins, high density lipoproteins
low-density lipoproteins contain _____ cholesterol
bad
high-density lipoproteins contain _____ cholesterol
good
primary sex organs include the ______ and ________
testes and ovaries
our chromosomes are composed of ____ pairs(s) of autosomes and ___ pair(s) of sex chromosomes
22, 1
the sex of the child is determined by the ______
sperm
by _____ weeks of development, the fetus is sexually undifferentiated and contains two duct systems and undeveloped gonads
5-6
The _______________/mesonephric duct system develops in males and degenerates in females
wolffian
the _____________/paramesonephric duct system develops in females and degenerates in males
mullerian
Y chromosomes contain a gene called the ____-_____________ gene that codes for testis-determining factor.
sex-determining
testis-determining factor activates genes for androgen receptors, androgens, aromatase and __________-inhibiting factor
mullerian
aromatase converts testosterone to ___________
estradiol
female development occurs in the absence of ____________
hormones
by ____ weeks of development, the correct duct system is developing inside but the external genitalia is very similar between the two sexes
8
in females, the genital tubercle forms the __________
clitoris
urogenital folds in males develop into the __________
urethra
urogenital folds in females develop into the __________ ______ and hymen
labia minor
labioscrotal folds in males develop into the ________
scrotum
labioscrotal folds in females develop into the ______ ________
labia majora
all 8 week fetuses have the same three structures: ____________ folds, __________ folds, and the _________ _________
urogenital, labioscrotal, genital tubercle
external sexual differentiation occurs between weeks ___ and ____
9, 12
androgen insensitivity syndrome occurs due to a lack of __________ ______, leading to no masculizing effects
androgen receptors
descent of the testes begins near the ____________
kidneys
the _____________ is a cordlike structure containing muscle that extends from the gonads to the abdominopelvic floor
gubernaculum
as the fetus develops, the gubernaculum shortens and guides the testes to the __________
scrotum
descent of the testes creates the ________ canal
inguinal
descent of the testes begins in weeks _____ and is finished by week ____
6-10, 28
_____________ is a condition in which a child is born with undescended testes
cryptorchidism
the ________ functions to regulate the temperature of the testes
scrotum
the _________ muscle pulls the testes close to the body during winter
cremaster
the ______ muscle wrinkles skin, reducing surface area of the scrotum
dartos
blood entering the testis is cooled via the _____________ ______ _________
countercurrent heat exchange
the spermatic cord is within the scrotum and extends through the inguinal canal, sometimes causing _______________
herniation
the testes are covered anteriorly by the tunica ___________
vaginalis
a white fibrous capsule on the testes is called the tunica _________
albuginea
seminiferous tubules are held within __________
lobules
sperm are transported from the rete testes to the epididymis via the _________ ________
efferent ductules
peristalsis during orgasm occurs within the ____ ____________
vas deferens
the ___________ _____ passes through the prostate gland and empties into the urethra
ejaculatory duct
the seminal vesicles create a viscous, yellowish fluid that is added to semen and makes up ____% of the semen volume
60
the prostate gland creates a thin, milky white fluid that is added to semen and makes up ___% of semen volume
30
the bulbourethral glands create a ________ secretion to protect the sperm from acidity
alkaline
normal sperm count is between __ and ____ million per mL
50, 120
phosphate ions in semen act as a ____ _______
pH buffer
when flaccid, arterial branches feeding the erectile tissue are __________
CONSTRICTED
during arousal, the PNS triggers the release of _______ ______ which stimulates the production of _______ which triggers smooth muscle relaxation causing blood to enter the erectile tissue and lacunae which compresses the _____ to maintain the erection
nitrous oxide, cGMP, veins
viagra blocks the enzyme _______________, which breaks down cGMP which keeps vasodilation and the erection going on longer
phosphodiesterases
male sexual response occurs in four phases: __________, _________, _________, _____________ ________
excitement, orgasm, resolution, refractory period
excitement, of the male sexual response, is caused by the _______________ nervous system
parasympathetic
the orgasmic phase of the male sexual response involves _______ and _______, caused by the _______________ nervous system
emission, expulsion, sympathetic
resolution follows ejaculation and the penis undergoes _____________
detumescence
the refractory period can last between ____ ________ to ___ _____ ________
ten minutes, a few hours
_________ produces two genetically identical daughter cells
mitosis
_________ is the process of two nuclear divisions without dna replication that produces four haploid daughter cells
meiosis
meiosis introduces _____ ________
genetic variability
sperm formation takes ___ days and begins around age 14 when ____ and ___ levels increase
74, FSH, LH
spermatogenesis occurs in the _____________ ___________
seminiferous tubules
_________________ divide by mitosis to form type a and b daughter cells
spermatogonia
type __ daughter cells are called primary spermatocytes and divide by ______ to form two _____________ _______________
b, meiosis I, secondary spermatocytes
each secondary spermatocyte divides by _______ to form four _________, each with 23 ________
meiosis II, spermatids, chromatids
all four spermatids undergo ___________ to form four sperm (_____________)
spermiogenesis, spermatozoa
sperm contain four parts: the ________, _____, _________ and tail
head, neck, midpiece
the physical maturation of sperm is called ___________________
spermiogenesis
the _______ of the sperm contains mitochondria
midpiece
the acrosomal cap comes from the ______
golgi
_______ _____ _______ stimulates the anterior pituitary to release FSH and LH, starting puberty
gonadotropin-releasing hormone
____ stimulates leydig cells to produce testosterone
LH
____ stimulates sertoli cells to produce androgen binding protein
FSH
testosterone inhibits the release of ____, stimulates spermatogenesis and the secretion of ___
GnRH, GH
the brain-testicular axis begins with ______ from the hypothalamus stimulating the anterior pituitary to secrete _____ and ___
GnRH, FSH, LH
in the presence of androgen binding protein, testosterone stimulates __________
spermatogenesis
testosterone has ________ feedback effects that reduce _____ secretion and sensitivity
negative, GnRH
sustentacular cells of sertoli also secrete _____, which selectively inhibits FSH secretion and thus sperm production and this testosterone secretion
inhibin
stages of female puberty include ______, ______, ________
thelarche, pubarche, menarche
___________ is breast development, induced by estrogen
thelarche
________ is the growth of pubic and axillary hair induced by androgens
pubarche
________ is the first menstrual period, induced by estrogens and progesterone
menarche
menstruation requires ___% body fat because leptin from fat stimulates gonadotropin release
17
the first year of menstruation is typically __________
anovulatory
climacteric is dropping ____ ______ production
sex hormone
during climacteric, ovaries have ______ follicles that are _____ responsive to FSH and LH
fewer, less
tissue migrates to the gonadal ridges by week ___ of development
5
________ divide by mitosis until the fifth month, producing 6-7 million cells
oogonia
primary oocytes are surrounded by limited follicular cells and enter a growth phase, entering meiosis I but stopping at prophase. when primary oocytes combine with follicular cells they are called a ______ _______
primordial follicle
by birth we have ___ million primordial follicles, containing primary oocyte frozen in meiosis I
1
most oocytes degenerate by ______
atresia
in response to FSH and LH, follicular cells become granulosal cells which divide by mitosis to form the _________ _______
secondary follicle
under the influence of LH, the primary oocyte completes meiosis I, producing a secondary oocyte, which enters meiosis II and freezes, and a _______ _______ ___
first polar body
once the secondary oocyte enters meiosis I and produces the first polar body, it is called a ________ follicle
tertiary
the female sexual cycle is 28 days long and consists of a _____ and _____ cycle
ovarian, menstrual
