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BIO 203 exam three > exam three > Flashcards

exam three Flashcards

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1
Q

In which process do Rab proteins function?
cargo protein delivery
vesicle tethering
vesicle docking
vesicle fusion

A

vesicle tethering

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2
Q

Which of the following is a difference between exocytic and endocytic pathways?
endocytic pathways transfer proteins to the golgi apparatus, whereas exocytic pathways transfer proteins from the golgi
exocytic pathways often start with synthesis for protiens, whereas endocytic pathways involve breaking down macromolecules like proteins
exocytic pathways utilize transport vesicles, whereas endocytic pathways use only endosomes
endocytic pathways bring in soluble proteins only, whereas exocytic pathways move both soluble proteins and membrane-bound proteins

A

exocytic pathways often start with synthesis of proteins, whereas endocytic pathways involve breaking down macromoleucles like proteins

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3
Q

Lysosomes contain ______ enzymes that can break down diverse macromolecules, cell parts, and microorganisms
hydrolytic
isomerase
biosynthetic
kinase

A

hydrolytic

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4
Q

What binds Ran-GDP during nuclear import?
DNA
nuclear import receptor (NIR)
RNA
receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK)

A

nuclear import receptor (NIR)

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5
Q

Proteins encoded by nuclear genes and destined for the mitochondrial matrix are
synthesized on ribosomes on the rough ER
able to diffuse into the mitochondrial intermembrane space first
in possession of a signal sequence for targeting to the mitochondria
transported across the membrane as a folded protein

A

in possession of a signal sequence for targeting to the mitochondria

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6
Q

Put the below in order for vesicle movement through the golgi
medial cisterna
trans golgi network
cis cisterna
cis golgi network
trans cisterna

A

cis golgi network
cis cisterna
medial cisterna
trans cisterna
trans golgi network

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7
Q

A single-pass transmembrane protein destined for one of the organelles in the endomembrane system would be marked by what type of signal sequence?
an internal ER signal sequence and an internal stop-transfer sequence
an internal ER signal sequence
a cleaved N-terminal ER signal sequence
a cleaved N-terminal ER signal sequence and an internal stop-transfer sequence

A

a cleaved N-terminal ER signal sequence and an internal stop-transfer sequence

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8
Q

One of the two types of GTP binding proteins, often called G-proteins, are membrane bound. These are the ________
G-protein coupled receptors
monomeric GTP-binding proteins
trimeric GTP-binding proteins
cyclic GMPs

A

trimeric GTP-binding proteins

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9
Q

What does a signaling peptide code for?
the cellular localization of a protein
where protein folding occurs
where splicing occurs
where transcription begins

A

the cellular localization of a protein

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10
Q

animal cells depend on multiple signals. which of the following processes require signaling? (select all that apply)
survival
cell division
cell growth
cell differentiation

A

all of the above

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11
Q

Which of the following accurately describes a step in GTP-driven nuclear transport?
GTP hydrolysis powers a membrane-bound transporter protein
Ran-GDP escorts the nuclear receptor back to the cytosol
GTP-bound cargo interacts specifically with the protein fibrils of the pore
binding of the Ran-GTP to the receptor releases the cargo protein

A

Binding of the Ran-GTP to the receptor releases the cargo protein

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12
Q

What is one of the main differences in the behavior of the proteins in a vesicle destined for constitutive secretion, and the proteins in the vesicle destined for regulated secretion?
The regulated secretion vesicle proteins are bound to lipids for supplying the plasma with new lipids.
Proteins in the regulated secretion vesicle tend to aggregate and become highly concentrated in the ionic conditions in the vesicle.
Proteins in the constitutive secretion vesicle unfold to keep the concentration in the vesicle low, and then refold at the cell surface
Proteins in the constitutive secretion vesicle are stored for release in response to a signal

A

Proteins in the regulated secretion vesicle tend to aggregate and become highly concentrated in the ionic conditions in the vesicle

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13
Q

Nuclear pores restrict larger molecules from traversing the membrane due to their _____
hydrophobic interior
interwoven meshwork of protein fibrils
double membrane
very small pore size

A

interwoven meshwork of protein fibrils

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14
Q

Shown below is a diagram of how theoretical intracellular signaling pathways could integrate incoming signals to produce a coordinated cell response. Which signals would lead to activation of both kinase 1 and kinase 2?
signal C
signals A and D
Signals C and D
signals A and C

A

signals A and D

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15
Q

Which of the following organelles is NOT a part of the endomembrane system?
lysosomes
nucleus
golgi apparatus
endoplasmic reticulum

A

nucleus

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16
Q

The first step in a signaling pathway that responds to a molecule that stays in the extracellular space is
phosphorylation and activation of the receptor protein
activation of gene expression
binding of the signal molecule to a receptor
diffusion through the plasma membrane into the cell

A

binding of the signal molecule to a receptor

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17
Q

Arrange the following events in order for exocytosis:

golgi apparatus
transport vesicles in cytosol
endoplasmic reticulum
extracellular space

A

endoplasmic reticulum
golgi apparatus
transport vesicles in cytosol
extracellular space

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18
Q

Which of the following is a covalent modification that occurs mainly in the ER?
maturation of oligosaccharide chains
formation of disulfide bonds
addition of phosphate groups
methylation of side chains

A

formation of disulfide bonds

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19
Q

Shown is a schematic of the light-induced signaling cascade in rod photoreceptor cells. At which step(s) does the response become amplified so that one photon stimulates a multifaceted response?
action potential propagation down the nerve axon
cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase hydrolyzing cGMP molecules
cGMP hydrolysis leading to the closing of cation channels
G-proteins activating cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase

A

cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase hydrolyzing cGMP molecules

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20
Q

Which of the following pathways helps selectively concentrate substances to be ingested by their binding to proteins on the cell surface?
exocytosis
phagocytosis
pinocytosis
receptor-mediated endocytosis

A

receptor-mediated endocytosis

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21
Q

what is the function of Hsp70 in the mitochondria?
to regulate membrane potential
to fold the polypeptide
to pull the polypeptide through the TIM23 complex
to export the polypeptide

A

to pull the polypeptide through the TIM23 complex

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22
Q

Which of the following are true for mitochondrial import (select all that apply)
only RNA molecules are imported into the mitochondria
some mitochondrial proteins are coded by DNA imported into the mitochondrial matrix
unfolded proteins are imported into the mitochondria
HSP70 is a translator protein that pulls mitochondrial proteins into the nucleus

A

unfolded proteins are imported into the mitochondria
HSP70 is a translator protein that pulls mitochondrial proteins into the nucleus

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23
Q

Which of the following compartments receives proteins directly from cytosol?
peroxisomes
golgi apparatus
lysosomes
endosomes

A

peroxisomes

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24
Q

What type of cell response would take the longest amount of time (on the scale of minutes to hours) to execute?
one that involves the firing of an action potential along a neuron
one that involves a change in gene expression
one that involves the release of secretory vesicles
one that uses a phosphorylation event to activate an enzyme

A

one that involves a change in gene expression

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25
Q

Which of the following organelles is surrounded by a single membrane?
golgi apparatus
nucleus
chloroplasts
mitochondria

A

golgi apparatus

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26
Q

Which of the following organelles is the site of steroid hormone synthesis in endocrine cells?
smooth ER
cytosol
nucleus
mitochondrion

A

smooth ER

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27
Q

How does the binding of a signal molecule activate an RTK for downstream signaling?
the RTK forms a dimer and cross-phosphorylates itself
the RTK undergoes a cleavage event to release the cytosolic portion
the RTK changes conformation to stimulate a G-protein
the RTK is an ion channel that opens in response to ligand binding

A

the RTK forms a dimer and cross-phosphorylates itself

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28
Q

Steroid hormones trigger transcription of target genes by
activating the release of Ca 2+ ions that bind to and activate transcription factors
activating a kinase cascade that results in the activation of a transcription factor for a set of genes
binding to nuclear receptors that act as transcription factors for specific genes
binding directly to DNA and stimulating transcription

A

binding to nuclear receptors that act as transcription factors for specific genes

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29
Q

Which of the following types of cell signaling is long range and uses hormones as signals?
paracrine
endocrine
contact-dependent
neuronal

A

endocrine

30
Q

If Ras contains a mutation that leads to a defect in GTP hydrolysis, this could fuel uncontrolled proliferation in cancer because
Ras is unable to bind to the GEF for activation
Ras is able to migrate to the nucleus and deactivate transcription of proliferation genes
Ras is unable to send signals to downstream pathways
Ras is able to signal to downstream pathways inappropriately

A

Ras is able to signal to downstream pathways inappropriately

31
Q

Which of the following is an example of ion-dependent signalling?
morphine-opiate receptor signaling
epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling
neuronal signaling
light-induced rhodopsin activation

A

neuronal signaling

32
Q

What enzyme catalyzes glycosylation?
DNA nuclease
oilgosaccharyl transferase
leucine sulfatase
saturated lipase

A

oilgosaccharyl transferase

33
Q

Which of the following cascades are associated with G-Protein coupled receptors (select all that apply)
MAPK activation
activation of phospholipase C
GTP exchange on the alpha-subunit of the g-protein complex
IP3 calcium release for ER

A

activation of phospholipase C
GTP exchange of phospholipase C
IP3 calcium release for ER

34
Q

Which type of cell-surface receptor(s), when activated, catalyze(s) a reaction inside the cell?
enzyme-coupled receptors
G-protein-coupled receptors
enzyme-coupled receptors AND G-protein-coupled receptors
ion channel coupled receptors

A

enzyme coupled receptors

35
Q

What ion activates muscle contractions?
Na+
Ca2+
K+
Cl-

A

Ca2+

36
Q

Calcium ion release triggers all of the following biological processes EXCEPT
action potential transmission along an axon
muscle contraction
secretion of neurotransmitters
fertilized egg development

A

action potential transmission along an axon

37
Q

Enzymes that add a phosphate group to a switch protein are called
phosphatases
G-proteins
kinases
GTPases

A

kinases

38
Q

Fully folded proteins can be transported into which of the following organelles?
mitochondrion
endoplasmic reticulum
chloroplasts
nucleus

A

nucleus

39
Q

Approximately what percentage of the volume of a typical eukaryotic cell is comprised of cytosol?
10
20
80
50

A

50

40
Q

Which cAMP-mediated signaling pathway would take on the order of minutes to hours for a response to develop (as opposed to seconds)?
a response where cAMP leads to the release of calcium ions from the ER
a response where cAMP leads to the activation of a biosynthetic enzyme
a response where cAMP leads to the activation of a catabolic enzyme
a response where cAMP leads to the activation of a transcriptional regulator

A

a response where cAMP leads to the activation of a transcriptional regulator

41
Q

During tyrosine kinase receptor activation, what is the primary function of a RAS-GEFs
to exchange ADP for ATP
to exchange GDP for GTP
to exchange ATP for ADP
to exchange GTP for GDP

A

to exchange GDP for GTP

42
Q

Which of the following compartments receives proteins directly from cytosol?
peroxisomes
endosomes
golgi apparatus
lysosomes

A

peroxisomes

43
Q

Which of the following are true for mitochondrial proteins (select all that apply)
translocator proteins in the outer and inner mitochondrial membranes import proteins
import requires ATP
only proteins with a mitochondrial import sequence are imported
completely folded proteins are imported
some are translated in the mitochondria

A

translocator proteins in the outer and inner mitochondrial membranes import proteins
import requires ATP
only proteins with a mitochondrial import sequence are imported
some are translated in the mitochondria

44
Q

Which of the endocytic pathways involves the ingestion of large particles or microorganisms and is performed mainly by specialized cells?
exocytosis
pinocytosis
phagocytosis
receptor-mediated endocytosis

A

phagocytosis

45
Q

What would the final destination be for a protein bearing both an ER sorting signal and a nuclear localization signal?
cytoplasm
golgi apparatus
endoplasmic reticulum
nucleus

A

endoplasmic reticulum

46
Q

How are misfolded proteins and incompletely assembled proteins retained in the ER?
the misfolded proteins are immediately sent to lysosomes
incompletely assembled proteins aggregate into large complexes that are degraded in the ER
misfolded proteins can exit the ER but are immediately returned by a KDEL sequence
chaperone proteins bind them and prevent their entry into vesicles

A

chaperone proteins bind them and prevent their entry into vesicles

47
Q

What is the specialized process by which white blood cells take up foreign bodies?
exocytosis
phagocytosis
endocytosis
pericytosis

A

phagocytosis

48
Q

When activated, a G-protein has a structure that
forms a complete complex with three subunits
forms a transmembrane domain
is bound to GTP
is able to bind to extracellular signals

A

is bound to GTP

49
Q

Which of the following accurately describes a step in GTP-driven nuclear transport?
GTP hydrolysis powers a membrane-bound transporter protein
Ran-GDP escorts the nuclear receptor back to the cytosol
Binding of Ran-GTP to the receptor releases the cargo protein
GTP-bound cargo interacts specifically with the protein fibrils of the pore

A

binding of Ran-GTP to the receptor releases the cargo protein

50
Q

What energy storage molecule is used in nuclear transport?
ATP
NADH
GTP
FADH2

A

GTP

51
Q

Which of the following are ALWAYS required for cell signalling? (select all that apply)
nuclear import receptors
ligand
high energy substrates (such as GTP and ATP)
receptor

A

ligand
receptor

52
Q

In the ER proteins transmembrane regions of proteins are imbedded into the lipid by layer using
translocators and stop sequences in the hydrophobic regions
Ran-GTP and Ran-GAP
Hsp70 and import pores
GTP and ATP

A

translocators and stop sequences in the hydrophobic regions

53
Q

Which of the following are components of the unfolded protein response (UPR) (select all that apply)
stimulation of genes encoding chaperones
activation of ER quality proteins
blocking exocytosis
inhibition of protein synthesis

A

stimulation of genes encoding chaperones
activation of ER quality proteins
inhibition of protein synthesis

54
Q

How do clathrin-coated vesicles select their cargo molecules?
cargo is selected randomly and is sorted later in the endosomes
cargo receptors bind specifically to cargo proteins and to clathrin
cargo is actively transported into preformed clathrin-coated vesicles
specific cargo molecules have a high affinity for clathrin

A

cargo receptors bind specifically to cargo proteins and to clathrin

55
Q

Which of the following correctly matches a G-protein-activated enzyme with the second messenger molecule it produces?
adenylyl cyclase to inositol triphosphate
guanylyl cyclase to GTP
protein kinase A to Ca2+
phospholipase C to diacylglycerol

A

phospholipase C to diacylglycerol

56
Q

Which of the following is generally always required for endocytosis
the golgi apparatus
chaperones
plasma membrane receptors
the ER

A

plasma membrane receptors

57
Q

What is the most common protein modification that occurs in the ER
glycosylation
trunication
carbonation
peptization

A

glycosylation

58
Q

Which of the following would produce the fastest response to G-protein activation?
cyclic AMP production
ion channel activation
cyclic GMP production
production of inositol triphosphate

A

ion channel activation

59
Q

Which of the following describes negative feedback regulation?
a component acts to further activate the signaling pathway and enhance the cell’s response
a component generates an all-or-none, switch-like mechanism
a component amplifies the signal for a more robust response
a component late in the pathway inhibits an enzyme early in the pathway

A

a component late in the pathway inhibits an enzyme early in the pathway

60
Q

Which of the following depicts the correct order of steps involved in nitric oxide (NO) signaling to trigger smooth muscle relaxation?
receptor tyrosine kinase activation to activation of protein kinase A to activation of guanylyl cyclase
activation of guanylyl cyclase to cGMP production to activation of NO synthetase to NO diffusion into neighboring cells
acetylcholine receptor activation to activation of guanylyl cyclase to activation of NO synthetase to NO diffusion into neighboring cells to cGMP production
acetylcholine receptor activation to activation of NO synthetase to NO diffusion into neighboring cells to activation of guanylyl cyclase to cGMP production

A

acetylcholine receptor activation to activation of NO synthetase to NO diffusion into neighboring cells to activation of guanylyl cyclase to cGMP production

61
Q

The active form of a monomeric GTP-binding protein is the
guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF)
GTPase-activating protein (GAP)
GTP-bound form
GDP-bound form

A

GTP-bound form

62
Q

Which of the following is Clathrin protein coating associated with:
cell division
protein synthesis
exocytosis
endocytosis

A

endocytosis

63
Q

Which of the following organelles is the site of steroid hormone synthesis in endocrine cells?
cytosol
mitochondrion
nucleus
smooth ER

A

smooth ER

64
Q

Which of the following is NOT an intracellular signaling protein activated by an RTK?
Ras
PI-3-kinase
monomeric GTPase
G-protein

A

G-protein

65
Q

Which of the
following are required for nuclear import?

A

GTP
nuclear import receptor
RAN GAP

66
Q

Which of the following statements is true for long range signaling?

A

It acts over a large and/or broad area like hormones being transported in the blood and affecting target tissues in different parts of the body

67
Q

March the signal molecules below

A

Glutamate- limb movement
Delta- inhibition of neuronal differentiation
Epinephrine- increased heart rate
Histamine- inflammation

68
Q

The function of RAS-GEF is

A

Exchange GDP for GTP abound RAS

69
Q

Which of the following would be a fast cellular response to ras signalling?

A

Phosphorylation of beta-actin to induce actin polymerization

70
Q

Acetylcholine produces a variety of responses in the body including

A

Salivary gland secretion
Deceasing free firing rate in heart pacemaker cells
Contraction of skeletal muscle

BIO 203 exam three (1 decks)

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