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Intercultural Communication > EXAM TERM 1 > Flashcards

EXAM TERM 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is culture based on Geert Hofstede?

A

Culture is the collective programming of the mind, which distinguishes the members of one group of people from another

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2
Q

What are the 3 layers of culture according to Edgar Schein?

A
  1. Artefacts of culture
  2. Norms & Values
  3. Basic Assumption
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3
Q

Mention 3 things that describe artefacts of culture!

A
  1. About what we can see, notice, and touch
  2. Easy to perceive
  3. Not relevant for intercultural communication
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4
Q

What is norms & values in cultural layers?

A

Written & unwritten standards of correct/desired behaviour

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5
Q

What are 3 things related to basic assumptions in cultural layers?

A
  1. Abstract & Invisible
  2. Unaware of their influence
  3. Culture is learned/programmed; lots come from upbringing
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6
Q

The bicycle lines, large windows, open curtains, all material culture are examples of?

A

Artefacts of culture

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7
Q

The perception and judgement we make about others is the example of?

A

Basic assumption

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8
Q

Culture is divided into 2 parts, what are they and who coined it?

A
  1. Programming: Geert Hofstede

2. Learning: Edgar Schein

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9
Q

There are 3 levels of programming, explain each of them!

A
  1. Human Nature: makes us do something in an emergency situation
  2. Cultural: When we do something based on our cultural custom
  3. Individual: When we make personal decisions just because we want to
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10
Q

What does collective mean in Hofstede definition of culture?

A

Collective means in culture there is a group and subgroup/subcultures we belong to

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11
Q

What is intercultural communication?

A

The communication between sources and receivers from different cultures

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12
Q

Anything that distorts or blocks the message, that distracts the receivers or causes them not to understand the message is?

A

Noise

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13
Q

There are 3 types of noise, what are they?

A
  1. External, Internal, Cultural noise
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14
Q

Physical noise that comes from the environment is?

A

External noise

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15
Q

Psychological noise; involves emotions, worries, or personal prejudices that get in the way of paying attention to what is actually being communicated is known as?

A

Internal Noise

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16
Q

The proper voice volume for speaking professionally in Indonesia might be lower than for speaking in the Netherlands or in the US, The appropriate amount of eye contact in one culture may be too much for another culture are examples of?

A

Cultural Noise

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17
Q

Who is the dutch researcher that developed a TOPOI model in resolving cultural noise?

A

Edwin Hoffman

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18
Q

What does TOPOI stand for?

A 
T: Tongue/Language
O: Order
P: People
O: Organization
I: Influence/Intention
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19
Q

In a lot of countries, you can give or receive things with your left or right hand. Not in Indonesia. There, you always give and receive things with your right hand. That is the exampe from which part of TOPOI?

A

Tongue/Langue (non-verbal language)

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20
Q

We see the world around us through different glasses and have different frames of reference. Thus, there is never one truth or one reality is the reflection of which part of TOPOI?

A

Order

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21
Q

What does person mean in TOPOI model?

A

Person means the relationship part of the conversation. (Relationship: Symmetrical & Complementary)

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22
Q

if you are an international student, and new in the Netherlands you might not be aware of the Dutch organization of health care is the example of which part of TOPOI?

A

Organization

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23
Q

What does influence/intention mean in TOPOI model?

A

The aim, motives, intention, needs of the participants in the conversation

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24
Q

Mention 6 Cultural Dimensions based on Hofstede!

A
  1. Power distance
  2. Individualism & Collectivism
  3. Uncertainty Avoidance
  4. Masculinity & Feminity
  5. Short/Long-Term Orientation
  6. Indulgence & Restraint
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25
Q

What does power distance mean in Hofstede’s 6 cultural dimensions?

A

The extent to which members of a culture expect & accept that power is unequally distributed

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26
Q

Children have a choice, Student-centered education, Subordinates are consulted are examples of?

A

Small Power Distance

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27
Q

China, Guatemala, Brazil, Malaysia, Mexico are examples of Small or High Power Distance?

A

High Power Distance

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28
Q

Australia, Sweden, Canada, US, are examples of Small or High Power Distance?

A

Small Power Distance

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29
Q

You have to respect your superiors (parents/teachers/bosses/older) and treat them respectfully is the description of which Hofstede 6 Cultural Dimension?

A

Power Distance

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30
Q

Mention 3 differences between Individualism & Collectivism using this guideline:

a. They value …
b. Responsibility
c. Upbringing
d. … Oriented
e. Others Classified as?

A

Individualism:

a. Independence
b. For themselves & nuclear family
c. From small core family
d. I oriented
e. Individual

Collectivism:

a. Interdependence
b. Society
c. Grow in large families
d. We oriented
e. In-group or out-group

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31
Q

Privacy is important, task prevails over relationships, expressing personal opinions are example of which Hofstede Cultural Dimension?

A

Individualism

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32
Q

Belonging is important, maintaining harmony, relationship prevails over tasks are examples of which Hofstede cultural dimension?

A

Collectivism

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33
Q

Categorize these options into Individualism or Collectivism type!

a. Norway, Sweden, Finland
b. Brazil Argentina, Mexico
c. The Netherlands, Germany
d. China, Indonesia, Columbia
e. UK, US, Australia

A

a. Individualism
b. Collectivism
c. Individualism
d. Collectivism
e. Individualism

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34
Q

What does Uncertainty Avoidance mean?

A

The extent to which members of a culture feel threatened by the ambiguous and unknown situation

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35
Q

Choose the correct answers regarding High Uncertainty Avoidance!

a. Life is as accepted as it comes
b. Uncertainty is a threat
c. Higher stress & anxiety
d. Don’t like rules very much
e. People tend to stay in their comfort zone
f. What is different is curious

A

B, C, E

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36
Q

What are the characteristics of low uncertainty avoidance?

A
  1. They accept risks
  2. Go with the flow
  3. Don’t like rules
  4. Less stress & anxiety
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37
Q

Singapore, Denmark, Vietnam are countries that are high or low uncertainty avoidance?

A

Low Certainty Avoidance - Accept Risks

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38
Q

Japan, Russia, Greece are countries that are high or low uncertainty avoidance?

A

High Uncertainty Avoidance

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39
Q

What is masculinity or feminity in Hofstede’s 6 cultural dimensions?

A

Social or cultural behaviour that associated with men/women

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40
Q

Select some correct answers that are related to high-masculinity societies!

a. Quality of life and people are important
b. Ego & money orientation
c. Live to work
d. Work to live
e. Men should be tough (performance) and women should be tender (relationship)
f. Value big, fast, strong

A

B, C, E, F

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41
Q

Both men and women should be tender and taken care both performance & relationships are directed on which part of hofstede cultural dimensions?

A

Feminity (Low masculinity Societies)

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42
Q

Short/Long-Term Orientation is a research that was coined from?

a. Hofstede
b. Geert
c. Edgar Schein
d. Michael Harris
e. Edwin Hoffman

A

D. Michael Harris Bond reserach

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43
Q
  • Value thrift, perseverance, self-discipline
  • Hard work = success
  • Good & evil are relative; can change over time
  • Norms depends on the situation
  • Superior: somebody who knows to adapt to the circumstances
  • We should be humble about ourselves
    Are explanations of which Hofstede’s Cultural Dimension?
A

Long-Term Orientation

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44
Q

Which of these statements are true about Short-term orientation?

a. Good & Evil are absolute, always the same
b. Fixed norms are applied
c. Hard work = success
d. We should be humble about ourselves
e. Fast result with short effort

A

A, B, and E

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45
Q

Which Hofstede’s cultural dimension was created from Bulgarian interculturalist Michael Minkow?(invested 10 years in researching World Values)

A

Indulgence & Restraint

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46
Q

Which of these statements are true about indulgence?

a. A society that allows free gratification
b. Leisure time, being with friends, spending money, romantic relations
c. Pleasure is controlled
d. Enjoying life & having fun
e. Harder to be happy

A

A, B, D

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47
Q

Decide which of these countries are long-term or short-term orientation!

a. China, Russia
b. Norway, Sweden, Finland
c. Lithuania, Ukraine, Estonia,
d. USA, Australia, India, Indonesia

A

a: Long
b: Long
c: Long
d: Middle

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48
Q

Indulgence & Restraint is coined from?

A

Michael Minkow

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49
Q

What is microculture?

A

Microculture is a group of people who share a set of values, beliefs, and behavior who possess a common history & system that is similar but varies from dominant culture

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50
Q

“A group to which a person belongs & has no choice but to belong” is the definition of?

A

Involuntary Membership Group

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51
Q

person’s sex, race, age groups are examples of?

A

Involuntary Membership Group

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52
Q

What does environmental Context mean?

A

All communication takes place within an environment that influence the nature of communication

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53
Q

What are the three aspects of microcultural context?

A
  1. Microculture
  2. Involuntary Membership Group
  3. Environmental Context
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54
Q

Characteristics imposed upon groups of people because of their race, nationality, and sexual orientation is the definition of?

A

Stereotype

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55
Q

Select the correct answers regarding Stereotype!

a. A simplified and standardized conception or image invested with special meaning and held in common by members of a group
b. Carry a positive or negative evaluation
c. Tendency to place one own’s culture in a position of centrality and worth, while having negative attitudes & behaviors towards other groups
d. A set of characteristics made from person to person
e. Created by members of one group associating characteristics to members of another group

A

A, B, and E

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56
Q

What is Ethnocentrism?

A

A tendency to place a certain culture in a position of centrality and worth, while having negative attitudes and behavior towards other groups

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57
Q

What are the concepts of cultural differences from Edward & Mildred Hall?

A
  1. High context & low context
  2. Monochronic & polychronic
  3. Direct & Indirect
  4. Fast & Slow Information Flow
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58
Q

Choose statements that are correct about high context groups!

a. Direct
b. Most of the message is in the person themselves and in the context of a message
c. Tend to ask details more
d. Information is communicated implicitly & often nonverbally
e. Words are important in communicating a message
f. Starts with the context, circling towards the main point, sometimes zigzag between details
g. Info has a clear structure, detailed, specific.

A

B, C, D, F

59
Q

Words, Gestures, Tones are the important aspects of low or high context?

A

Low context

60
Q

Information is communicated explicitly, Direct, Words are important in communicating a message, Info has a clear structure, detailed, specific are the characteristics of?

A

Low context

61
Q

Information provided frankly, bluntly, honestly and Criticism may be given in front of a group are examples of?

a. High Context
b. Polychronic
c. Low Context
d. Fast Information Flow
e. Direct Feedback

A

E. Direct Negative Feedback

62
Q

Information is provided softly, subtly, diplomatically and Criticism is given only in private are examples of?

A

Indirect Negative Feedback

63
Q 
Categorize these countries based on direct-indirect & low-high context!
a. Indonesia, China, Japan, India
b. US, Canada, UK
C. The Netherlands, Germany, Australia
d. Spain, France
A

a. Indirect & High Context
b. Indirect & Low Context
c. Direct & Low Context
d. Direct & High Context

64
Q

Monochronic prefers do all at once or one task at a time?

A

One task at a time

65
Q

What are the differences between monochronic & polychronic? Guidelines:

a. How do they do tasks?
b. How do they view time?
c. Low/High Context?
d. You can get back to the task later or are deadlines taken seriously?

A

Polychronic:

a. All at once is fine
b. Time is spatial
c. High Context
d. They can get back to the task later

Monochronic:

a. One task at a time
b. Time is linear
c. Low context
d. Deadlines taken seriously

66
Q

Define these countries in Indulgence or Restraint category!

a. The Netherlands
b. Germany, Belgium, Luxembourg
c. Russia
d. China, Pakistan
e. Indonesia
f. Canada, US
g. Mexico
h. Brazil, Argentina

A

a. Indulgence
b. Restraint
c. Restraint
d. Restraint
e. Restraint
f. Indulgence
g. Indulgence
h. Indulgence

67
Q
  • Information “has a life of its own”
  • Large networks, natural sharing of information with friends
  • Sharing is informal: coffee machine, restroom, hallway.
  • High context

Are all examples of?

A

Fast Information Flow

68
Q

Select correct statements regarding Slow Information Flow!

a. High Context
b. Sharing is informal
c. Information is in compartments
d. Information has a life of its own
e. Formal meetings are used to share
f. Strict schedules, Control, and planning.
g. Low context

A

C, E, F, and G

69
Q

Categorize YOU in these concepts that we’ve learned! (1/2)

  1. Hofstede’s 6 Dimensions of Culture
    a. High or Low Power Distance
    b. Individualism or Collectivism
    c. High or Low Uncertainty Avoidance
    d. Short or Long-Term Orientation
    e. High Masculinity or Low Masculinity (Feminity)
    f. Indulgence or Restraint
  2. Edward & Mildred Halls’ Cultural Differences
    a. High or Low Context
    b. Monochronic or Polychronic
    c. Direct or Indirect Negative Feedback
    d. Fast or Slow Information Flow
A

1)

a. High Power Distance
b. Collectivism
c. High Uncertainty Avoidance
d. Short-Term Orientation
e. Low Masculinity (Feminity)
f. Restraint

2)

a. High Context
b. Polychronic
c. Indirect Negative Feedback
d. Fast Information Flow

70
Q

What are the 6 concepts of Kluckhohn’s Model of Basic Assumptions?

A
  1. Society & Nature ways of Surviving
  2. Doing and Being Cultures
  3. The Concept of Time: Past, Present, Future
  4. Individualism & Collectivism
  5. Private or Public Space
  6. Good or Evil
71
Q

The habitual pattern of reasoning heavily influenced from?

A

culture’s educational structure

72
Q

What are the two styles of reasoning?

A

Principles First and Application first reasoning

73
Q

Deductive reasoning is principle or application first reasoning?

A

Principle First Reasoning

74
Q

Inductive is principle or application first reasoning?

A

Application first reasoning

75
Q

Choose statements that are correct about Deductive Reasoning!

a. Develop concrete formula that can be applied to various problems
b. Introduced by Aristotle (Greek) Roger & Francis Bacon (UK)
c. General concept to practical conclusion
d. Explain the methodology & underlying principles
e. How before something

A

Deductive Reasoning or Principle First Reasoning:

A, C, D

76
Q

A general law is applied on a case-by-case basis is called? Inductive/Deductive?

A

Deductive or Principle First Reasoning

77
Q

These countries are defined as principle/application first?

a. UK, US
b. Germany, The Netherlands

A

a. UK, US: Inductive/Application First

b. Germany, The Netherlands: Deductive/Principle First

78
Q
  • Like to receive practical examples up front -> extract learning
  • Get to the point & stick to it

Those are the example of?

A

Inductive or Application First Reasoning

79
Q

Why before something is deductive/inductive?

A

Deductive/Principle First Reasoning

80
Q
  • Observe data from real world ➡️ draw broader conclusion
  • Learn the formula ➡️ start applying it
  • “How?” Before do something
  • Based on common law: a judgment in one case sets a precedent for future cases

Are examples of deductive/inductive?

A

Inductive/Application First Reasoning

81
Q
  • Explain the big picture & show how all pieces fit together
  • Emphasize interconnectedness
  • Importance of background & context
  • More focus on the links between the background & central figures

Those are examples of?

A

Holistic Thinking

82
Q

Which continent is well-known of its holistic reasoning?

A

Asia

83
Q

Where a given country falls on the scale matters less than where two cultures fall relative to one another is known as?

A

Cultural Relativity

84
Q

UK is the most application-first compared to other EU country BUT strongly principles-first compared to US is the view of?

A

Cultural Relativity

85
Q

Based on Maslow’s Hierarchy according to culture, what are the similarities between West & Asia culture? And what aspect is it?

A

Safety & Psychological (Physical aspect)

86
Q

What are aspects of West & Asia in Maslow’s Hierarchy of culture? (5 parts each)

A
  1. West
    - Personal: Self-Actualisation
    - Social: Prestige & Belonging
    - Physical: Safety & Physiological
  2. Asia
    - Social: Status, Admiration, Affiliation
    - Physiological: Safety & Physical
87
Q

What does hygiene factor mean?

A

Things that could cause a person to become unhappy with their job

88
Q

Job satisfaction and dissatisfaction exist on dual scales, what are they?

A

Hygiene factors & Motivational factors

89
Q

Company policies, working conditions, relations with others, rate of pay, personal life are important aspects from?

A

Hygiene Factors

90
Q

a. Personal life
b. Recognition
c. Achievement
d. Relations with others
e. Responsibility
f. Job interest

Define those statements in terms of Hygiene or Motivational Factors!

A

a. Hygiene
b. Motivational
c. Motivational
d. Hygiene
e. Motivational
f. Motivational

91
Q

Survive by changing the environment to meet their needs is the example of?

A

Nature Dominating Societies

92
Q

Select statements that are true regarding Harmony with Nature!

a. Good at problem-solving
b. Survive by accepting some problems & adapting to them
c. Survive by completely accept their situation
d. Solve the problem systematically ASAP
e. Problem is not removed or decide to fix it some day

A

B and E

93
Q

There are 3 items of Kluckhohn’s Ways of Surviving. What are they & explain!

A

a. Nature-dominating: Change the environment to meet their needs
b. Harmony with nature: accept some problems & adapting to them
c. Subjugated to nature: completely accept the situation

94
Q

Cultural orientation where meanings are gleaned from the physical, social, and psychological context is?

A

High Context

95
Q

People survive by changing the environment to meet their needs, they solve their problems systematically is the interpretation of?

A

Nature dominating societies

96
Q

People survive without drastically changing the environment, some problems they change and solve, some they don’t is the interpretation of?

A

Harmony with nature

97
Q

People completely accept their situation. This is their preferred survival strategy is the definition of?

A

Subjugated to nature

98
Q

You, ocha, is doing or being culture?

A

Being Culture

99
Q

Select statements that are true regarding Doing Cultures!

a. Live to work
b. Work to live
c. Relationship-oriented
d. Task-oriented
e. Set goals & take action
f. Events and ideas flow spontaneously.
g. Performance is important

A

A, D, E, and G

100
Q

Decide what countries below are characterized based on doing or being cultures!

a. Germany
b. China
c. Turkey, Marocco
d. Australia
e. Spain
f. Indonesia
g. USA
h. The Netherlands

A

a. Doing
b. Doing
c. Being
d. Doing
e. Being
f. Being
g. Doing
h. Doing

101
Q

Live in houses with locked doors, manager’s control, supervise and punish employees are examples of?

A

Evil Human Nature Belief

102
Q

Believe that people can improve through training is?

A

Mix of good and evil human nature belief

103
Q

Decide which countries below are past, present, or future time-oriented culture!

a. UK
b. France
c. USA
d. India
e. Australia
f. Russia
g. Latin America

A

a. Past
b. Past
c. Future
d. Past
e. Present
f. Past
g. Present

104
Q

What are the concepts of trompenaars theories?

A
  1. Universalism & Particularism
  2. Neutral & Affective
  3. Achievement & Ascription
105
Q

Rules exist for everyone and there is no exception is the example of particularism/universalism?

A

Universalism

106
Q

Decide which of these statements are correlated to universalism or particularism!
a. People believe that each circumstance and each relationship dictates the rules that they live by.
b. People place a high importance on laws, rules,
values and obligations
c. Their response to a situation may change, based on what’s happening in the moment, and who’s involved.
d. Rules come before relationships.

A

a. Particularism
b. Universalism
c. Particularism
d. Universalism

107
Q

They control their emotions, not showing it is the example of?

A

Neutral theory

108
Q

Whom or what you’re associated with?
Who’s your parents? Are u married?
Who they are

Above are examples of what in trompenaars theories?

A

Ascription

109
Q

What are the 4 corporate cultures based on Trompenaar?

A

Family culture, Eiffel tower, Guided Missile, Incubator

110
Q

Hierarchy, person orientation, based on the network, management by subjective, high context

Those are the characteristics of which trompenaars’ corporate culture?

A

Family Culture

111
Q

Task-oriented, Hierarchy, Based on structure, management by job description & expertise, everything coordinated from the top

Those are examples of which trompenaars corporate culture?

A

Eiffel Tower Culture

112
Q

Management by objectives, performance, not focusing on the person, strong emphasis on equality in the workplace, orientation to the task,

A

Guided Missile

113
Q
  • “I stay here because I learn, not for the money”
  • Strong emphasis on equality and personal orientation
  • Organizations are secondary to the fulfillment of the individuals within

Those are descriptions of which trompenaars corporate culture?

A

Incubator

114
Q

Tell me what blabla oriented these theories are based on trompenaars corporate culture!

a. Family culture
b. Eiffel Tower
c. Guided Missile
d. Incubator

A

a. Power-oriented
b. Role-oriented
c. Project-oriented
d. Fulfillment-oriented

115
Q

Which of these countries are family culture?

a. UK
b. Spain
c. China
d. Japan
e. Sweden
f. France
g. Brazil

A

b, c, d, f, g

116
Q

Which of these countries are Guided Missile culture?

a. Canada
b. France
c. Sweden
d. UK
e. Spain
f. US

A

a, d, f

117
Q

Germany & Denmark are countries from which theory of corporate culture?

A

Eiffel Tower

118
Q

Sweden is from which theory of corporate culture?

A

Incubator

119
Q

There are two types of trust. What are they?

A

Cognitive trust & Affective trust

120
Q

Confidence in other person’s accomplishments, skills, and reliability is considered as which type of trust?

A

Cognitive trust

121
Q

Personal interactions and feelings of emotional closeness, empathy, friendship are considered as which type of trust?

A

Affective trust

122
Q

What do task-based and relationship-based mean?

A

Task-based: separate cognitive & affective trust

Relationship-based: mix cognitive & affective trust

123
Q

The US, The Netherlands, Australia, Finland are examples of relationship or task-based?

A

Task-based: separate cognitive & affective trust

124
Q

What are the differences between peach and coconut culture?

A

Peach: friendly, open to strangers, smile more
Coconut: close & cold to strangers, not smile often

125
Q

Choose the correct countries that are categorized as peach culture!

a. Indonesia
b. Russia
c. The Netherlands
d. US
e. Germany
f. Brazil
g. France

A

A, C, D, F

126
Q

Polish, French, German, and Russian are considered as peach or coconut?

A

Coconut

127
Q

What does intercultural sensitive mean?

A

When we are able to look at different cultures from their cultural frame

128
Q

You are able to adjust your behavior and able to move between multiple frames without losing your identity defined as?

A

Intercultural Sensitivity

129
Q

What are the 6 stages of intercultural competence? (Bennett)

A
  1. Denial
  2. Defense
  3. Minimization
  4. Acceptance
  5. Adaptation
  6. Integration
130
Q

We think cultures are all the same, not aware of cultural differences is the picture of which stage of intercultural competence?

A

Denial

131
Q

Other cultures are seen as threatening and inferior or superior is the example of which stage of intercultural competence?

A

Defense

132
Q
  • Still see our norms and values as universal
  • Still look it from our own cultural glasses
  • “We can help them change, so they’ll be more like us. Then they’ll be alright.”

Those are characteristics of which stage in intercultural competence?

A

Minimization

133
Q
  • We are able to recognize and accept cultural differences.
  • Cultural differences are a source of new ideas and solutions

Are examples of which stage of intercultural competence?

A
134
Q
  • We are able to evaluate another culture from the frame of reference of the other culture.
  • We can adjust our behaviour appropriately, place ourselves in their norms-and-values system and behave like it. (Knowledge and behaviour level)

Those are characteristics of which stage in intercultural competence?

A

Adaptation

135
Q

We are able to practice multiple frames of reference, Good intercultural mediators are picture of which stage in intercultural competence?

A

Integration or Intercultural Competence

136
Q

A process of adjusting from living in a familiar, predictable environment to living in a country where everything is new is called?

A

Cultural shock

137
Q

What are the stages in cultural shock? EXPLAIN each!

A
  1. Pre-departure stage: stressful uncertainty
  2. Vacation stage: excited of new envrnmnt
  3. Angry stage: emotional & physical stress
  4. Adjustment & strategy stage: resolve the stress
  5. Re-entry shock: when fitting back to old envrnmnt
138
Q

the idea that a person’s belief should not be used to judge another culture is called?

A

Cultural relativism

139
Q

Mention 4 concepts of trust!

A

English, German, French, Japanese concept of trust

140
Q

-Reliance on and confidence in the truth
-Worth and reliability of a person
or thing.

Those are examples of which concept of trust?

A

English concept of trust

141
Q

In german concept of truth there are 2 things, what are they?

A

Trauen (-) & Vertrauen (+)

142
Q

Vertrauen is considered negative or positive in german concept of trust?

A

Positive

143
Q

Notion of sharing common beliefs is central is from which concept of trust?

A

French

144
Q

shin-yô: sincere business is from which concept of trust?

A

Japan

Intercultural Communication (1 decks)

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