exam (temperate veggies) Flashcards
significance of horticulture industry in canada and ont?
veg and potatoes account for over half of horticulture cash receipts in Canada
significance of veg production globally, in canada, and in ont?
big for economy and trade
9 criteria to classify veg. crops
1) taxonomic group
2) cropping system (greenhouse, field-processing)
3) growth cycle (annual, perennial)
4) propagation method
5) photoperiodic response
6) type of pollination
7) cool vs warm season crop
8) rooting depth and watering req.
9) growth on mineral or muck soil
importance of the horticulture industry in ont
1) 25% total farm gate value in Ontario
2) most growth in this sector over the last 30 years
3) resulted in expansion of controlled environment and service oriented industries.
how much field production in ont?
54%, field area has been decreasing but the fresh market has been on the up and up.
field veg for processing
lowest sales/land
highest economic threshold
high mechanization and capital investment
mechanical harvest and short storage times
high yields, lower quality product/lower management
commonly based on contract
high prevalence of fert, intermediate pesticides
field veg for fresh market
intermediate sales/land
intermediate economic threshold
low/intermediate mechanization/capital
some mechanical harvest and potentially long storage times
intermediate to high quality product, low yields
intermediate management intensity, high labour
free market,
intermediate fert, high pesticide and fungicide, low herbicide
annuals
require re establishment year after year
biennials
commonly grown as annuals bc second year is for seed
10-10 rule, 10 degrees or less for 10 days or more will flower
perennials
2-3 year establishment
direct seedig
precision seeding, placing seeds exactly where you want, allows high density plants, eliminates transplants, good for crops w big seeds
needs more soil prep and small seeded crops may respond poorly
transplant seeding
allows earlier stands inc frost sensitive crops
conserves seed more uniform stands, decrease insect and disease problemts
higher cost for transplant production and planting
vegetative seedsin
+ allos for faster establishment and maturity
+ for crops where true breeding or hybrid seed can’t be obtained
- high cost for propagation material
- potential disease spread
long day response for photoperiodic response of flowering
longer days promote flowering which can limit production of the crops to early and late parts of the season, often attributed to temp stress but commonly photoperiod is underlying factor
self pollinated crops
- insects of wind not absolute requirement
- bees used in greenhouses for tomato production
cross pollinated crops
sweet corn needs isolation
cool vs warm season veg
seeding dates based on frost tolerance and base temp for growth
cool season veg
frost tolerant, hardy or half hardy germinates seed at cooler temp shallow roots wide variation in days to maturity stored at or near 0 degrees, relative humidity
warm season veg
not frost tolerant
seed germinates at warm temp
deeper roots, higher LAI than most cold season veg
subject to chilling injury if stored near 0 degrees, lower relative humidity
relationship between rooting depth and water req
greater root depth increases water availability, on avg veg require 25 mm water/week ont doesn’t get that so irrigation may be needed
soil texture on water capacity
1) determines water holding capacity and plant water availability
2) determines cation exchange capacity
3) influences water dynamics inc infiltration
muck vs mineral soils
muck soil has more organic matter (20-70% vs 1-4%)
muck has better aeration/ less compaction
muck has oxidation losses, mineral does not
mineral usually plowed, muck not
muck prone to wind erosion
mineral has ample k, n leaches readily
muck deficient in k and some micronutrients, p leaches easily
what does “protected horticulture” mean?
protected from natural environment including, including temp, wind, rain, air movement, insects/weeds etc
modifying the natural environment to get an improved plant growth response and improve efficiency
protected systems that use natural light
mulches and structures like poly tunnels, low tunnels etc - non permanent structures
greenhouses
bathhouses that reduce light for light sensitive crops
nursery field/container
systems that exclude natural light
hothouses (mushrooms, forces winter crops
germination rooms and cold rooms that optimize seed germination ie vernalization and breaking dormancy
cold storage
where is the largest greenhouse veg growing region on earth
near Spain, lots of greenhouses can be seen from space. decreases the temp in that area bc of the reflection of sunlight off the greenhouses
high tech greenhouses
capable off being heater or cooled day/night, temp control is active. non-organic veg operations and ornamental production uses hydroponics, humidity and CO2 control is active
med/low tech greenhouses
no heating systems and limited ventilation. passive temp control. use sand culture and drip irrigation, limited humidity control and no direct lighting or CO2 control. low dependence on fossil fuels
temp control in greenhouses in ont
low temp bc of low irradiance is a problem in the winter, high temps bc of high irradiance in the summer. most greenhouses use hot water heating systems rather than steam.
when is glass used in greenhouses
max winter light is crucial, grower is rich bc expensive, fuel cost is less critical
when to use supplemental lighting
use HPS lamp for days w less that 10mol/m2/d inside greenhouses
relationship between irradiance and water use in greenhouses
watering determined by irradiance. water availability and quality is important for greenhouse production and field production
tree nursery field grown
predominant rpactice in ont bc of possibility of winter kill in containers. many BC producers use containers bc winters aren’t as bad. spacing is important for uniform growth
up to 90% of roots are lost in digging up the tree. can only harvest during dormant stage - nov- march
advantages of nursery-container production
possible for higher plant density removes issues with crop rotation more uniform plant bc can control more do not damage roots marketed any time garden centres like them more dont need good soil only good drainage
disadvantages of nursery container production
dependence on irrigation limited root system limit to tree size need to monitor nutrients needs controlled release fert pots can fall in wind labour intensive root damage w winter temps
what is a temperate fruit crop?
grown between 30-50 degrees n and s perennials that need dormant and active growth period for each cycle or fruiting exhibit some degree of cold hardiness needs chilling to overcome bud dormancy harvestable portion is a botanical fruit nearly all are woody perennial species
what classifies a temperate fruit crop?
taxonomic classification self fertile or self incompatible bee or wind pollinated genetic policy level source of cultivar chance seeding, sexually bred or mutation
self fertile defenition
pollen from diff cultivar in same species not needed for pollination or ferlilization
solid planting of one cultivar is possible
self-incompatible defenit
pollen from a diff cultivar in the same or related species is needed for pollination and fertilization
solid planting of one cultivar is not possible
pollination for most temperate fruit crop
insects, except for grapes which are wind pollinated.
chance seedling definition
cultivar found by chance from seed of unknown parentage
sexually bred definition
bred through controlled crossing by ppl, ie cortland etc
mutation sport defenitin
cultivar from the mutation of an existing cultivar
factors that impact site selection
temperature, proximity to water, slope and elevation
importance of temp on site selection
growing season temp needs to be compatible, minimum chilling requirements, dormant seasons temp.
berry cropping system
unique set of parameters that need to be considered for a successful cropping system. can be divided based on geographic location
tree fruit (orchard) cropping systems
also has unique set of parameters.
what is included in orchard planting system
cultivar selected
tree size and rootstock
tree spacing and density
support system and training
rootstocks and tree size control
dwarfing, making smaller more manageable plants
